SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO PRELIM FINAL-1-11.pdf

PSYCH 12: SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO effort to reject and correct the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology. The course is a study of concepts and methods in the 2. 1970s – Sikolohi...

PSYCH 12: SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO effort to reject and correct the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology. The course is a study of concepts and methods in the 2. 1970s – Sikolohiyang Pilipino was initiated field of culture and psychology, giving meaning to when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the psychological reality based on the language and Philippines. Along with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, worldview of the Filipino. The students will be they embarked on research into the historical introduced to indigenous concepts in Sikolohiyang and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. Pilipino and its applications in various fields of 3. 1975 – Enriquez chaired the Unang psychology. They will also be trained in the use of Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang indigenous research methods. Furthermore, issues Pilipino (First National Conference on Filipino regarding Sikolohiyang Pilipino as a discipline and as a Psychology) held at the Abelardo Auditorium at movement will also be discussed. The course will be UP. The ideas, concepts, and formulations of conducted in Filipino. Sikolohiyang Pilipino were formally articulated. 1. Demonstrated and understood the basic tenets of psychological reality using the Filipino perspective. Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez 2. Acquired knowledge in understanding indigenous psychology concepts. Formally initiated into psychology in 1963. 3. Described the Filipino personality, religion, and In 1966, he left for the United States to pursue a culture. Master’s and later a Doctoral degree in 4. Demonstrated knowledge in the use of various Psychology at Northwestern University, indigenous methods in research. Illinois. 5. Appreciated the true Filipino identity. He started preparing for teaching in Psychology in Filipino and had discussions (and arguments) with friends and professors at Northwestern University such as Ernesto Unit 1: Basic Elements and Features of Sikolohiyang Kole, Lee Sechrest, and Donald Campbell. Pilipino His western education drove him to be more Filipino-oriented in his teaching and research in Introduction to Sikolohiyang Pilipino psychology. He established the Philippine Psychology Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the Research House (PPRH), which later became psychology born out of the experience, thought, and the Philippine Psychology Research and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Training House (PPRTH). It houses over 10,000 Filipino culture and language. The approach is one of references on Sikolohiyang Pilipino. “indigenization from within”, whereby the theoretical He became Chairman of the Department of framework and methodology emerge from the Psychology (1977-1982), motivating students to experiences of the people from the indigenous culture. write papers in Filipino, contributing to the It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural growth of the national language. realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Enriquez received numerous awards during his Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through lifetime: the eyes of the native Filipino. o Outstanding Young Scientist of the Philippines o National Academy of Science and Technology (1982) The Beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino o National Achievement in the Social Sciences Award (1997) by the National 1. 1960s – Many Filipino intellectuals were Research Council sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of Western-oriented approaches to psychology. However, there was no concerted What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino? produce a Philippine-type version of the originally borrowed test. It is the system of studying consciousness, awareness, 2. Indigenization from within, as opposed to thought, emotions, knowledge, and psyche based on indigenization from without. the Filipino perspective. Much of the strategy for discovering Kamalayan – Consciousness, including both Sikolohiyang Pilipino is based on assessing emotive and cognitive experience. historical and socio-cultural realities, Ulirat – Awareness of one’s immediate understanding the local language, unraveling surroundings. Filipino characteristics, and explaining them Isip – Knowledge and understanding. from a native Filipino perspective. Diwa – Habits and behavior. The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Kalooban – Emotions or feelings. is to foster national identity and Kaluluwa – Psyche; translates to the soul of a consciousness, social involvement, and a people. psychology of language and culture. It is thus concerned with proper applications in health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of daily life. Sikolohiyang Pilipino Concepts Virgilio Enriquez extended the definition of psychology to include emotions and experience Forms of Psychology in the Philippines knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of one’s surroundings (ulirat), 1. Psychology in the Philippines – Refers to a information and understanding (isip), habits and series of events related to the field of behavior (diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa), which psychology in the Philippines (e.g., number of is key to learning about people’s conscience degree programs, journals, and research (Enriquez, 1975). conducted). Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino 2. Psychology of Filipinos – Refers to any thought and experience, as understood from a theories or knowledge of Filipino nature, Filipino perspective. regardless of source (Western or Local). In 1985, Enriquez defined Sikolohiyang Pilipino 3. Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) – as the study of diwa ("psyche"), referring to the Refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s wealth of ideas from awareness to motives to true thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, derived behavior. from indigenous Filipino sources, language, Reservations regarding the appropriateness and methods. and applicability of Western models in a Third World setting have been expressed by growing numbers of social scientists (Enriquez, 1987, 1992; Diaz-Guerrero, 1977; Sinha, 1984). Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a However, the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang metaphor: Pilipino is to contribute to universal psychology by understanding each group of “Tao sa bahay” (person in the house) = people from their own perspective. Psychology in the Philippines or Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas “Taong-bahay” (house person) = Filipino Psychology or Sikolohiyang Pilipino Initial Work of Developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino 1. Psychological tests were translated into the local language and modified in content to PSYCH 13 - SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO traditions as important components of psychological theory and practice. 4th Year BS-Psychology Enhanced Research and Practice: Encourages research that addresses local issues and phenomena, leading to more effective interventions and solutions tailored to Filipino Three Periods in the Development of Sikolohiyang needs. Pilipino 1. Pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino 2. The Rise of Sikolohiyang Pilipino 3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino After Enriquez 3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino after Enriquez Integration of Diverse Perspectives: Continued development allows for the integration of diverse Filipino experiences and perspectives, Pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino enriching the field with a more comprehensive understanding of psychological phenomena. Zeus Salazar (1985) traced the history of Philippine Application in Various Fields: The principles of psychological thought and identified four separate Sikolohiyang Pilipino are applied in fields such as historical threads or "filiations" across Philippine education, counseling, and community historical time. Salazar’s historical analysis sought to development, contributing to more culturally emphasize the deep-rootedness of psychological sensitive and effective practices. thought in the country’s rich heritage of knowledge from Global Recognition: Sikolohiyang Pilipino has its cultures, traditions, and folk practices. gained recognition and respect in the global academic community, showcasing the Philippines' contribution to the broader field of psychology. 1. Pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino Introduction to Psychological Concepts: Western psychology introduced fundamental Four Separate Historical Threads or "Filiations" concepts and methodologies that helped Across Philippine Historical Time establish the groundwork for psychology's development in the Philippines. 1. Academic - Scientific Psychology Foundation for Local Adaptation: The adoption 2. Academic - Philosophical Psychology of Western psychology provided a basis for 3. Ethnic Psychology local scholars to critique and adapt these 4. Traditional Psycho-Medical System theories to fit the Filipino context. 1. Academic - Scientific Psychology 2. The Rise of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Started in 1925 when Dr. Agustin Alonzo Cultural Relevance: Sikolohiyang Pilipino returned to the University of the Philippines. emphasizes understanding psychological Alonzo introduced American-oriented concepts from a Filipino perspective, making educational psychology and mentored several psychological theories and practices more well-known Filipino psychologists, including relevant and applicable to the local context. Alfredo Lagmay, Estafania Aldaba, and Identity and Empowerment: It fosters a sense Sinforoso Padilla (Enriquez, 1994). of national identity and pride by validating The Academic-scientific psychology was seen Filipino cultural practices, values, and as a tool of colonization.  1. Katutubong Sikolohiya – The truly indigenous knowledge base. Western Tradition: 2. The Psychology of Filipinos – A more sophisticated psycho-social approach to The roots of academic-scientific psychology can be understanding the traits of Filipinos. traced back to the German tradition of scientific 3. The Practice of Psychology of Filipinos – This psychology, starting around 1876. This tradition encompasses the normal techniques of emphasized experimental and systematic approaches enculturation or socialization and the proto- to studying the mind and behavior. clinical approaches to addressing problems, tensions, and conflicts. American Influence: Katutubong Sikolohiya (Indigenous Psychology) or By the early 20th century, Western psychology, Ang Kinagisnan at Katutubong Sikolohiya particularly from the American tradition, began to spread into Philippine universities, marked by a focus Refers to the subconscious psychology on Western theories and methods. embedded in native language, art, music, culture, and religion, which individuals are born The use of English as the medium of into but may be unaware of. instruction in psychology facilitated the rapid introduction of American-oriented psychology and values. American textbooks in psychology, from The Psychology of Filipinos or The Perceived Ethnic authors such as Thorndike, Hall, Lindzey, Traits Hilgard, and McConnell, became standard. Filipinos not only learned new psychology Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR): A concepts but also adopted a new culture. core value for every Filipino community that Education became miseducation, as it de- involves shared identity, engagement on an Filipinized Filipino psychologists, teaching them equal basis with others, and giving importance to look up to American departments of to the individual versus institutions. psychology as superior to their own and to see American society as the ideal model for Philippine society (Enriquez, 1994). Ethnic Psychology 2. Academic - Philosophical Psychology 1. Pakikisama – Derived from the Filipino word "sama", Pakikisama entails a genuine, intrinsic Salazar identified the start of academic- appreciation of togetherness. Group harmony philosophical psychology with the and unity are valued. People prefer to get along establishment of a system of higher education rather than stand out. at the University of Santo Tomas during the 2. Go Between – The need for a mediator or Spanish colonial period. facilitator. A go-between is a person who takes messages between people who are unable or unwilling to meet each other. The go-between tries to work out an agenda, facing or spelling out 3. Ethnic Psychology danger. 3. Euphemism – Stating an unpleasant truth, Salazar differentiated three levels of ethnic psychology: opinion, or request in beautiful language and with a fine manner.  o Euphemism is the substitution of an withdrawal or running away from agreeable or inoffensive expression personal responsibilities. There is a for one that might offend or suggest tendency to leave initiative and action to something unpleasant. superiors. o Example: In Noli Me Tangere, they don’t o Some people use the term "Bahala Na" say "malaya ka na" (you are free), when they have done everything instead: possible, but the future remains “Patawarin mo ako kung nainip ako’t uncertain. They calculate the risk, and sumuko, patawarin mo ako kung naging although it doesn’t seem in their favor, mahina man ako, patawad sa hindi they proceed because much is at stake. paglaban, mahal, palayain mo sana ang o Discussion: iyong sarili sa pag-ibig kong taksil.” ▪ Can the "Bahala Na" attitude 4. Hiya – A Filipino value that is difficult to be considered a form of translate. Literally, it has several meanings, such resilience, or is it a sign of as shy, timid, or sensitive rather than ashamed. fatalism? Filipinos believe they must live up to the ▪ How does the "Bahala Na" accepted standards of behavior and make it a attitude manifest in different point not to cause another person aspects of Filipino life, such as embarrassment. work, education, and o Examples of Hiya in Action: relationships? ▪ In Social Situations: When 6. Ningas Kugon – "Ningas" means to catch fire, invited to a gathering, a person and "kugon" refers to a fast-burning grass. with hiya might carefully observe Ningas Kugon is defined as the enthusiasm and adhere to the social norms which is intense only at the start but gradually and expectations, such as fades away. This can be a hindrance to dressing appropriately and initiatives and productivity. behaving politely, to avoid o In Filipino culture, child-rearing practices standing out or causing a scene. often do not emphasize self-reliance or ▪ In Public Spaces: If someone independence. One consequence is the accidentally bumps into another curtailment of initiative to plan, person, they might quickly organize, and execute. apologize and show concern to o Ningas Kugon results in people starting avoid causing embarrassment or something with great enthusiasm but discomfort. quickly losing interest and stopping, ▪ In Family Dynamics: A person leaving things incomplete. might refrain from discussing o Discussion: sensitive family issues in ▪ Have you ever started public to prevent something with great embarrassment. enthusiasm, only to lose interest o Discussion: Imagine you’re in a quickly? situation where you’re the only one who ▪ How does your environment or can correct a mistake, but doing so might the people around you influence embarrass a friend. How would you your tendency toward "Ningas handle it while respecting the value of Kugon"? hiya? 7. Utang na Loob – The reciprocity of debt or 5. Bahala Na – Derived from the word “Bathala” or gratitude is of primary importance in the Filipino God. It is the “come what may” or “que sera value system. sera” attitude. At times, it reflects a tendency to o Utang na Loob stems from a service leave things to God and not exert any effort rendered, though sometimes a material because God will take care of everything. gift may be involved. Qualification is o Bahala Na is a form of fatalistic impossible. resignation, manifesting in the  o Children owe their parents gratitude and between is a person who takes messages obedience because parents raise, feed, between people who are unable or unwilling to and spend for their education and other meet each other. He will act as a go-between to needs. Therefore, children are expected try and work out an agenda. Face the danger or to care for their parents in their old age. spell danger. 8. Hospitality – Welcoming others to one’s home 3. Euphemism and offering the best to visitors while denying Stating unpleasant truths, opinions, or requests the same to members of the family (Samson, with beautiful language and a fine manner. 1965). o Euphemism is the substitution of an o Filipinos are known for treating visitors agreeable or inoffensive expression for warmly, regardless of race. They try to one that may offend or suggest put their best foot forward every time something unpleasant. someone comes in. This is shown not o Example: In Noli Me Tangere, instead of only through good service to tourists but saying “malaya kana,” it is phrased as: also in interactions with relatives, “Patawarin mo ako kung nainip ako’t friends, and even new acquaintances. sumuko, patawarin mo ako kung naging o Discussion: mahina man ako, patawad sa hindi ▪ Do you think the idea of paglaban, mahal, palayain mo sana ang hospitality in Filipino culture is iyong sarili sa pag-ibig kong taksil.” changing in modern times? If so, 4. Hiya in what ways, and why do you It is a Filipino value that is difficult to translate. think these changes are Hiya literally has several meanings such as shy, happening? timid, or sensitive, rather than ashamed. 9. Amoral Familism – Family expectations such as Filipinos believe they must live up to the sharing the gains one member gets with the accepted standards of behavior and make it a entire family can discourage creativity and point not to cause another person productivity (Pal, 1967). embarrassment. o Amoral Familism may lead to holding o Examples of Hiya in Action: on to children, making them feel guilty ▪ In Social Situations: When if they leave their “helpless” parents, invited to a gathering, a person which can hinder success. with hiya might carefully observe o Banfield (1958) proposed that strong and adhere to the social norms family ties might induce an "amoral and expectations of the event, familism," defined as a social such as dressing appropriately equilibrium where people exclusively and behaving politely, to avoid care about their immediate family, standing out or causing a scene. exploit those outside the family, and ▪ In Public Spaces: If someone expect everybody else to behave in that accidentally bumps into another way. person, they might quickly apologize and show concern to avoid causing any embarrassment or discomfort. Ethnic Psychology ▪ In Family Dynamics: A person might refrain from discussing 1. Pakikisama sensitive family issues in Derived from the Filipino word “sama”. public or in front of others to Pakikisama entails a genuine, intrinsic prevent any member from appreciation of togetherness. Group harmony feeling embarrassed or and unity are valued. People want to get along uncomfortable. rather than stand out. o Discussion: Imagine you're in a situation 2. Go Between where you’re the only one who can The need for a mediator or facilitator. A go- correct a mistake, but doing so might  embarrass a friend. How would you o Ningas Kugon leads to people losing handle it while respecting the value of interest and stopping whatever it is they hiya? are doing, leaving things incomplete. 5. Bahala Na o Discussion: An expression derived from the word “Bathala” ▪ Have you ever started or God. It is the “come what may” or “que sera something with great sera” attitude and at times rests on the line of enthusiasm, only to lose least resistance, where one need not exert any interest quickly? effort because God will take care of everything. ▪ How does your environment or o Bahala Na is a fatalistic resignation the people around you which manifests in the withdrawal or influence your tendency toward running away from personal "ningas kugon"? responsibilities. It reflects the tendency to 7. Utang na Loob leave initiative and action to superiors. Reciprocity of debt or gratitude is of primary The religious belief here is that importance in the Filipino value system. humankind is governed by forces o Utang na Loob stems from a service beyond his or her control. rendered, though sometimes a material o Some people use the term “Bahala Na” gift may be involved. Qualification is when they have done everything they impossible. could do, but the future remains o Children owe their parents gratitude and uncertain. Despite calculated risks that obedience because parents raise, feed, may not seem to be in their favor, they and spend for their education and other proceed because much is at stake. needs. Therefore, children are expected o Discussion: Can the "Bahala Na" to care for their parents in their old age. attitude be considered a form of 8. Hospitality resilience, or is it a sign of fatalism? Welcoming others to one’s home and offering the Discuss its implications in contemporary best to visitors while denying the same to Filipino society. members of the family (Samson, 1965). ▪ How does the "Bahala Na" o Filipinos are known for treating their attitude manifest in different visitors warmly, regardless of race. They aspects of Filipino life, such as try to put their best foot forward every work, education, and time someone comes in. This is shown relationships? not only through good service to tourists 6. Ningas Kugon but also in interactions with relatives, Ningas means to catch fire, and kugon is a type friends, and even new acquaintances. of fast-burning grass. Ningas Kugon refers to o Discussion: Do you think the idea of enthusiasm which is intense only at the start but hospitality in Filipino culture is changing gradually fades away. It can be a hindrance in modern times? If so, in what ways, towards initiatives and productivity. and why do you think these changes are o In Filipino culture, child-rearing practices happening? often do not emphasize self-reliance 9. Amoral Familism and independence training. One Colorally to these are family expectations such as consequence is the curtailment of sharing the gains one member gets with the initiative to plan, organize, and execute entire family, which can tend to discourage one tasks. from being more creative and productive (Pal, o The child’s life is often dominated by 1967). overindulgent adults, leaving very little o Holding on to children, making them feel room for creativity. Ideally, the child guilty if they leave their helpless should be trained to be self-reliant and parents, can be a hindrance to success. to have a sense of responsibility and o Amoral Familism is a term proposed by integrity. Banfield (1958), which defines a social equilibrium where people exclusively  care about their immediate family, o Babaylans are called by other names in exploit those outside the family, and the languages of various Philippine expect everybody else to behave indigenous communities: Mombaki, similarly. Dawac, Balyan or Balian, Katalonan, Ma-Aram, Mangngallag, Mumbaki, Mambunong. 2. (1650) Messianic Movements Ethnic Psychology o Enriquez (1979): "Faith healing" is probably just one of the forms in which The Practice of Psychology by Filipinos our prehispanic medico-religious system of beliefs and practices Techniques of Enculturation and Socialization continues to survive. A. Indigenous Techniques of 3. (1730) Herbolaryo Enculturation/Socialization o The Albularyo or Herbolaryo are herbalists who have studied herbs and Myths for social control, or as affected by their medicinal properties, as well as the Christian or Islamic influences. processes by which they can apply herbs B. Proto-Clinical Practices to cure illness. Tagapayo, Manghuhula, and ancient o The Mananambal are also herbalists, techniques of group therapy that are still but they learn the medicinal and magical present today (alternating chants during wakes, properties of herbs from their elders, poetry, consensus). through observation of nature and guidance by spirits. o Discussion: How do you think cultural beliefs influence a person's choice to Traditional Psycho-Medical System seek traditional healing practices? 4. (1900) Espiritista Religion as a Cohesive Element and Explanation o The Espiritista is a term used in Latin America and the Caribbean to refer to This is manifested through faith healing, the belief that good and evil spirits can connected with the Espiritista movement, and affect health, luck, and other aspects of techniques of healing through the Herbolaryo human life. and other indigenous methods. Traditional Psycho-Medical System Timeline Summary of Pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino 1. (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan Techniques of Healing In summary, the pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino period, o This involves disease theory, coinciding with the colonial era, was a period causation, and therapy. dominated by western knowledge structures in o Philippine indigenous communities psychology. recognize a woman (or man) as a Babaylan, someone who has the ability to mediate with the spirit world, has her own spirit guides, and is given gifts of The Rise of Sikolohiyang Pilipino healing, foretelling, and insight. o The Babaylan may also have knowledge In 1971, Virgilio G. Enriquez returned to the of healing therapies such as Hilot and University of the Philippines with a Ph.D. in Arbularyo. She is a ritualist, chanter, Psychology from Northwestern University in and diviner, with the gift of traveling to Evanston, Illinois. the spirit world or non-ordinary states of reality to mediate with spirits.  Enriquez raised questions about the validity of He had crafted Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Western psychological concepts and their shaped its direction. When he died, methodologies. Sikolohiyang Pilipino was orphaned, and none Enriquez (1997) identified the "neo-colonial of his followers were ready to fill his shoes. status" of Philippine psychology, the Great The heir-apparent was Rogelia Pe-Pua. Cultural Divide between the Anglicized elite The task later fell on Grace Dalisay and and the Filipino masses, and the meeting of subsequently Elizabeth Marcelino (now de East and West as the backdrop for this new Castro), both former students and colleagues of indigenous psychology. Enriquez at the university. Enriquez viewed this as a form of resistance to the hegemony of psychological literature from the West, which was part of the social activists' efforts in the 1970s for national liberation. This Approaches in the Development of Indigenous emphasized the need to establish a body of Viewpoints (Types of Indigenization) literature that would give meaning to Filipino psychology based on the experiences of 1. Indigenization from Without Filipino culture, rather than on pseudo- o Transporting psychological theories, universals (Torres, 1997). concepts, and methods from the West Enriquez advocated for a Sikolohiyang Pilipino and modifying them to fit the local that would be based on the experience, ideas, cultural context. and orientation of the Filipino (Enriquez, 1976). 2. Indigenization from Within In January 1976, Enriquez founded the o Using culture as a source of knowledge Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang to come up with cross-cultural Pilipino (National Association for Philippine knowledge. Psychology) with the objective of inquiring into and clarifying the value and nature of the Filipino personality and consciousness, as well as developing studies towards a more Ethnic Psychology scientific universal psychology (Lagmay, 1984). The Practice of Psychology by Filipinos Indigenous measure of personality: Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao. Techniques of Enculturation and Socialization Indigenous research methods, which consider and emphasize the relational distance between A. Indigenous Techniques of researcher and research participants. Enculturation/Socialization The development of an undergraduate course in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Myths for social control or as affected by The publication of several books of readings on Christian or Islamic influences. Sikolohiyang Pilipino. The establishment of a graduate program B. Proto-Clinical Practices specializing in Sikolohiyang Pilipino as an area of study. Tagapayo, Manghuhula, and ancient techniques of group therapy that are still present, including alternating chants during wakes, poetry, and consensus-building. Sikolohiyang Pilipino after Enriquez Enriquez's premature death in 1994 shocked his many followers and left much work to be done in Traditional Psycho-Medical System the field of Sikolohiyang Pilipino that he initiated. Religion as a Cohesive Element and Explanation  This is manifested through faith healing, which is connected with the Espiritista movement, along with healing techniques through the Summary of Pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino Herbolaryo and other indigenous methods. During the pre-Sikolohiyang Pilipino period, Traditional Psycho-Medical System Timeline which coincided with the colonial era, there was a dominance of Western knowledge structures 1. (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan Techniques of in psychology. Healing o This involves disease theory, causation, and therapy. o Philippine indigenous communities The Rise of Sikolohiyang Pilipino recognize a woman (or man) as a Babaylan, who has the ability to mediate In 1971, Virgilio G. Enriquez returned to the with the spirit world, has her own spirit University of the Philippines with a Ph.D. in guides, and is given gifts of healing, Psychology from Northwestern University in foretelling, and insight. Evanston, Illinois. o The Babaylan also has knowledge of Enriquez questioned the validity of Western healing therapies such as Hilot and psychological concepts and methodologies. Arbularyo. She is a ritualist, chanter, Enriquez (1997) identified the neo-colonial and diviner, with the gift of traveling to status of Philippine psychology, the Great the spirit world to mediate with spirits. Cultural Divide separating the Anglicized elite o Babaylans are known by different from the Filipino masses, and the intersection of names in the various indigenous Eastern and Western influences as key languages of the Philippines, such as elements of the rise of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Mombaki, Dawac, Balyan, Katalonan, Sikolohiyang Pilipino was framed as a Ma-Aram, and Mambunong. resistance movement to the hegemony of 2. (1650) Messianic Movements Western psychological literature, in line with the o Enriquez (1979) proposed that "faith social activists' efforts of the 1970s for healing" is likely one form in which the national liberation. The movement aimed to prehispanic medico-religious system establish a body of literature that would give of beliefs and practices continues to meaning to Filipino psychology, based on the survive. Filipino experience, rather than relying on 3. (1730) Herbolaryo pseudo-universals (Torres, 1997). o The Albularyo or Herbolaryo are Enriquez advocated for a Sikolohiyang Pilipino herbalists who study herbs and their that was grounded in the experiences, ideas, medicinal properties, learning how to and orientations of the Filipino people apply herbs to cure illnesses. (Enriquez, 1976). o The Mananambal also learn the In January 1976, Enriquez founded the medicinal and magical properties of Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang herbs from elders, observing nature and Pilipino (National Association for Philippine seeking guidance from spirits. Psychology). The association aimed to clarify o Discussion Prompt: How do you think the value and nature of Filipino personality cultural beliefs influence a person's and consciousness and to foster studies choice to seek traditional healing towards a more scientific universal practices? psychology (Lagmay, 1984). 4. (1900) Espiritista Sikolohiyang Pilipino further developed: o Espiritista is a term used in Latin o Indigenous measures of personality: America and the Caribbean for the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao belief that good and evil spirits can o Indigenous research methods that affect health, luck, and other aspects of emphasized the relational distance life. between the researcher and participants  o The creation of an undergraduate course in Sikolohiyang Pilipino o The publication of several books on Sikolohiyang Pilipino o The establishment of a graduate program specializing in Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Sikolohiyang Pilipino After Enriquez Enriquez's premature death in 1994 left many of his followers in shock, as he had shaped Sikolohiyang Pilipino and its direction. The movement was left orphaned, and none of his followers appeared ready to fill his role. Rogelia Pe-Pua was seen as the heir-apparent, but the task of leading Sikolohiyang Pilipino fell to Grace Dalisay and, later, Elizabeth Marcelino (now de Castro), both of whom were Enriquez's former students and colleagues. Approaches in the Development of Indigenous Viewpoints (Types of Indigenization) 1. Indigenization from Without o This involves transporting psychological theories, concepts, and methods from the West and modifying them to fit the local cultural context. 2. Indigenization from Within o This involves using local culture as a source of knowledge to develop cross- cultural psychological knowledge.