signed off_EAPPG11_q1_ mod1_reading for acadtext_v3.pdf

What’s New yo What You Know 1. What is the easiest writing assignment you have done so far? _________________________________________________________________ 2. How about the most difficult writing assignment you have done? ________________________________________________________...

What’s New yo What You Know 1. What is the easiest writing assignment you have done so far? _________________________________________________________________ 2. How about the most difficult writing assignment you have done? _________________________________________________________________ 3. Based on your answer, what do you think is academic writing and its differences from other kinds of writing? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ What is it LESSON 1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ACADEMIC TEXT ACADEMIC TEXTS Essay Paper Report Project Article Thesis Dissertations What is an Academic Text? An academic text is a written language that provides information, which contain ideas and concepts that are related to the particular discipline. Below are the examples: 89  Sample Structure and Example line Academic Description Text 1. Essay - Introduction Example: taken from the text titled argumentative - gives the reader with a “Getting Married to Writing” text, usually clear idea of the short (1,500 emphasis and purpose of Surviving a marriage may to 6,000 the writing perhaps be one of the most laudable words). - It also provides the feats in the world. Before a person background of marries, he or she experiences mostly the argument, presents the jubilation and excitement whenever he theoretical or she imagines himself or herself viewpoints, basking in the promise of a life with a language, etc. that will be used, and describes how significant other. But at the moment a the writing will be person recites the marital vows, he or structured. she becomes forever bound with his or her spouse in a relationship accompanied by enumerable ordeals. Body Example: taken from the text titled - Where the essay's “Getting Married to Writing” argument, concepts and outcomes are For this reason, I guess that established and married life, in all its ups and downs, is discussed. the best metaphor to describe my experience with writing. In my innocent mind, I had always romanticized the idea of being a writer. I used to think that writers are inexhaustible fountains of knowledge who thrive in the comforts of their air-conditioned offices, wielding knowledge at fingertips. Conclusion Example: taken from the text titled - Should not have any “Getting Married to Writing” new facts or ideas, but rather function as a brief At this point, I know that my repetition of the key relationship with writing will grow even arguments and facts that more as I embark on new professional have been treated in the challenges. The key to a successful life essay in writing, however, does not lie in talent alone, but more so in commitment. 10 9  Sample Structure Description Academic Text 2. Research Title - Gives information and description of Paper the subject matter of the research. - It must contain keywords to predict - longer the content and tone of the research essay paper. involving - It must be SHORT, INFORMATIVE, library made up of only 15 to 20 WORDS. research - It must NOT be in a sentence, not all (3,000 to capitalized, and not negative in tone. 6,000 words). - Jargons and acronyms are a big NO- NO to research title writing. Abstract - Concisely discusses the essential aspects of your paper such as the Background of the Study, Objectives, Significance, Research Design, data collection techniques, data analysis method, discussions of the findings, scope, conclusions. - Giving 100- to 150- word discussions of the salient parts of the research paper. Introduction - Explains the background of the Research Problem. - States a set of specific Research Questions, and of Optional hypotheses or assumptions. - The purpose of this section is to let the readers see the connection of the purposes of your research questions not only with the current world condition, but also with theoretical principles that underlie your topic and other aspects of your research. Method - Explains the types and sources of data as well as the method you used in collecting and analyzing the data you have gathered. - Enables the readers to determine how objective and ethical you were in conducting the research and how 11 10  possible it could be for them to replicate your research study for validation purposes. Findings, Discussion - Present as finding of your study those and Conclusion that you have analyzed and commented on. This can be done by means of graphical presentation, statistical method, or written discussion. - Findings resulting from thematically or theoretically gathered and analyzed data with the capacity of leading you to a valid conclusion are explained in this section. - Any conclusions stated in this part of the paper derive their validity or truthfulness from factual or logically determined data. Recommendations - To broaden the readers’ knowledge and understanding of the area covered by the research, recommend or let the readers positively consider some activities they can possibly do to extend, modify, replicate, or validate the findings of your research work. References - Follow a standard documentary style. Alphabetize, identify, and list down in this section all sources of knowledge you used in carrying out your study. Appendix - This contains copies of table, questionnaires, interview rates, observation checklist, and other materials that are indispensable or necessary in completing your research study. Sample Structure/Parts Description Academic Text 3. Research Title, Author, Abstract, - Descriptive information that lets Article Keywords readers search for an article. Introduction - What is the context for this project? 12 11  - an essay - How does it fit in with other research written to be on the topic? published in - What is the research questions? scientific Methods - What did the author(s) do to answer journals. the research question? Results - What was the answer to the question? - This is often shown in tables and figures. Discussion/Conclusion - What is the significance of this project? - How does it fit in with what else is known about the topic? References - Materials the author(s) cited when writing this paper. Accessed: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-structure-of-research-papers-article Sample Structure/Parts Description Academic Text 4.Dissertation Cover page This is a first page that reveals most - long essay crucial data to audience, such as your involving study name, where you study and for which and research department you are writing, name of your (6,000 to supervisor, and of course title. 2,000 words). Acknowledgments This is structure section where you can express your gratitude to all who supported, helped, encouraged you during writing. Abstract Briefly describe your topic, what you did, what for, which methods were used and what was achieved here. Table of contents Dissertation structure involves chapters instead of more usual sections. Mention each chapter, its title and its subtopics along with page numbers. Appendix should be present as well. Make sure that page numbers in the table correspond to those in the text, as it is common problem that requires constant re-printing. Tables It is a complex work, so it is likely to involve figures and tables. Glossary It is optional. It depends on complexity of research, so clarify whether it should be a 13 12  part of structure with your supervisor. Make an alphabetical list of complex terms that common audience will not be able to understand and provide concise explanations about their meaning. Introduction Dissertation introduction is where you explain your topic and its relevance. It should feature research objectives, the ways to achieve them, as well as their overall and individual significance — for example, their meaning for target population. Literature review It is a backbone of structure. First, pick only credible sources, those that will be truly useful in research, but do not make a mistake by just summarizing them. Evaluate them critically by pointing out their strengths, weaknesses, as well as objectives. Methodology Dissertation methodology structure is not difficult but it has to be detailed. Write how you conducted your research in particular so everyone could see for themselves whether it is valid and trustworthy. Include type of research (for example, qualitative or quantitative, which are most common kinds), how data were collected (questionnaires, physical interviews, etc.), what methods and tools were used. Results What did the obtained data indicate? How did it support/refute your hypotheses? Include some graphs here so audience could see what you achieved. Conclusion and Were your hypotheses confirmed? What discussion does it mean in terms of this topic now? Provide recommendations and admit limitations of your work that future research could address. Conclude by emphasizing your study relevance. Reference list Depending on style (APA, Oxford, MLA, etc.), list all sources you have mentioned in text at least once. 14 13  Appendix This normally includes survey questions or interviews’ transcripts. Mention parts that helped in composing research but which are not enough to include them into main text. Detailed figures could also be present here. Accessed: https://uk.edubirdie.com/blog/dissertation-structure Sample Structure/Parts Description Academic Text 5.Thesis Abstract Write this last. It is an overview of your - completed whole thesis, and is between 200-300 over a words. number of Introduction Usually longer than an abstract, and years. Offers provides the following: an original  background to the topic; contribution  brief review of current knowledge to the (Can include literature review in research some schools); area. (20,000  indicates gap in knowledge, states words). aim of your research and how it fits into the gap;  can include hypotheses; can include an outline of the following chapters. Literature review Often part of the Introduction, but can be a separate section. It is an evaluation of previous research on your topic, where you show that there is a gap in the knowledge that your research will attempt to fill. The key word here is evaluation. Methods Often the easiest part of the thesis to write. Outlines which method you chose and why (your methodology); what, when, where, how and why you did what you did to get your results. Results Results contain the facts of your research. Often you will include a brief comment on the significance of key results, with the expectation that more generalized comments about results will be made in the Discussion section. 15 14  Discussion The Discussion should also relate your specific results to previous research or theory. You should point out what the limitations were of your study, and note any questions that remain unanswered. Conclusions This is where you emphasize that your research aims/objectives have been achieved. Accessed: https://student.unsw.edu.au/thesis-structure Sample Structure/Parts Description Academic Text 6. Technical Letter of Transmittal Report: Title Page - report title - describes - your name process, - submission date progress and Executive Summary - overview of subject matter results of the - methods of analysis scientific - findings research - recommendations Table of Contents - list of numbered sections in report and their page numbers Introduction - terms of reference outline of report’s structure Body - headings and sub-headings which reflect the contents of each section Conclusion - states the major inferences that can be drawn from the discussion Recommendations - indicates any further work that needs to be done or identifies the alternative you think best solves or improves the problem Reference lists - list of reference material consulted during research for report Appendix - information that supports your analysis but is not essential to its explanation Accessed from: https://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/3b.html 16 15 Purposes in Reading an Academic Text 1. To locate a main idea; 2. To scan for information; 3. To identify gaps in existing studies; 4. To connect new ideas to existing ones; 5. To gain more pieces of information; 6. To support a particular writing assignment; and, 7. To deeply understand an existing idea. Factors to Consider in Writing Academic Text 1. State critical questions and issues; 2. Provide facts and evidence from credible sources; 3. Use precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon; 4. Take an objective point of view; 5. List references; and, 6. Use cautious language. Let us see now how well do you know about the structure of an academic text. Below is the activity that you are going to do. What’s More Activity 1.1 Instruction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if is not. _______1. One of the purposes of reading an academic text is to look for a specific information. _______2. An academic text makes use of complex jargons to promote a higher level of comprehension. _______3. Academic text uses words which tones up claims expressing certainty. _______4. Academic text helps fill existing gaps between information. _______5. An academic text observes a format. _______6. In reading an academic text, it helps acquire new information. _______7. An academic text needs less concentration and focus because the terms are simple. _______8. It is in academic text that issues are stated to provoke information discussion. _______9. A magazine is an academic text. _______10. Critique paper is classified as an academic text. (Accessed from: https://www.slideshare.net/jellianerosedinorog/academic-text-style- and-structure) Key to answers on page 193 17 16  What is it LESSON 2 LANGUAGE USED IN ACADEMIC TEXTS FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINES Academic writing in English is linear; it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than to entertain. Most of the writing you do outside of university and the texts you read are likely to be very informal and conversational. Think about the emails you write, the posts you share onto the Internet, the messages you send on your phone are the magazines you read. Academic subjects are generally more complex than everyday communication and the readers of academic texts are often experts in their field who have certain expectations about the communicative style and language used in their specialist subject. One way of looking at the characteristics of academic writing is summarized in the figure below. Complex Formal Characteristics Objective of Academic Writing Concise Specific Eight Main Language Features of Academic Writing 1. Complexity Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language. Written texts are lexically dense compared to spoken language - they have proportionately more lexical words than grammatical words. Written texts are shorter and have longer, more complex words and phrases. They have more noun-based phrases, more nominalizations, and more lexical variation. 19 18 Example: Spoken Written Whenever I had visited there before, I had Every previous visit had left me with a ended up feeling that it would be futile if I sense of the futility of further action on tried to do anything more. my part. Because the technology has improved it Improvements in technology have is less risky than it used to be when you reduced the risks and high costs install them at the same time, and it does associated with simultaneous not cost so much either. installation. Accessed: http://www.uefap.com/writing/feature/complex_intro.htm 2. Formality Academic writing is relatively formal. In general, this means that you should AVOID: a. colloquial words and expressions: stuff, a lot, thing b. abbreviated forms: can’t, doesn’t, shouldn’t c. two-word verbs: put off, bring up d. subheadings, numbering, and bullet points e. asking questions 3. Precision In academic writing, you need to be precise when you use information, dates, or figures. Do not use “a lot of people” when you can say “50 million people.” 4. Objectivity Written language is, in general, objective rather than personal. It, therefore, has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make. For that reason, academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs). 20 19 A. Compare these two paragraphs: A. The question of what constitutes “language proficiency” and the nature of its cross-lingual dimensions is also at the core of many hotly debated issues in the areas of bilingual education and second language pedagogy and testing. Research has suggested ways of making second language teaching and testing more “communicative” (e.g., Canale and Swain, 1980; Oller, 1979b) on the grounds that a communicative approach better reflects the nature of language proficiency than one which emphasizes the acquisition of discrete language skills. B. We do not really know what language proficiency is, but many people have talked about it for a long time. Some researchers have tried to find ways for us to make teaching and testing more communicative because that is how language works. I think that language is something we use for communicating, not an object for us to study and we remember that when we teach and test it. Which is more objective? B. In general, avoid words like I, me, myself A reader will normally assume that any idea not referenced is your own. It is, therefore, unnecessary to make this explicit. Don’t write: In my opinion, this is a very interesting study. Write: This is a very interesting study. Avoid “you” to refer to the reader or people in general. Don’t write: “You can easily forget how different life was 50 years ago.” Write: “It is easy to forget how difficult life was 50 years ago.” C. Examples ▪ Clearly, this was far less true of France than… ▪ This is where the disagreements and controversies begin… ▪ The data indicates that… ▪ This is not a view shared by everyone; Jones, for example, claims that… ▪ …very few people would claim ▪ It is worthwhile at this stage to consider… ▪ Of course, more concrete evidence is needed before… ▪ Several possibilities emerge… 5. Explicitness 21 20 Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different signaling words. Academic writing is explicit in several ways. It is explicit in its signposting of the organization of the ideas in the text. As a writer of academic English, it is your responsibility to make it clear to your reader how various parts of the text is related. These connections can be made by the use of different signaling words. a. For example, if you want to tell your reader that your line of argument is going to change, make it clear. Example: The Bristol 167 was to be Britain’s great new advance on American types such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6, which did not have the range to fly the Atlantic non-stop. It was also to be the largest aircraft ever built in Britain. However, even by the end of the war, the design had run into serious difficulties. b. If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another sentence, make it explicit. Example: While an earlier generation of writers had noted this feature of the period, it was not until the recent work of Cairn cross that the significance of this outflow was realized. Partly this was because the current account deficit appears much smaller in current (1980s) data than it was thought to be by contemporaries. c. If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so. Example: Marx referred throughout his work to other systems than the capitalist system, especially those which he knew from the history of Europe to have preceded capitalism; systems such as feudalism, where the relation of production was characterized by the personal relation of the feudal lord and his serf and a relation of subordination which came from the lord’s control of the land. Similarly, Marx was interested in slavery and in the classical Indian and Chinese social systems, or in those systems where the ties of local community are all important. d. If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear. Example: He is born into a family, he marries into a family, and he becomes the husband and father of his own family. In addition, he has a definite place of origin and more relatives than he knows what to do with, and he receives a rudimentary education at the Canadian Mission School. e. If you are giving examples, do it explicitly. Example: 22 21  This has sometimes led to disputes between religious and secular clergy, between orders and bishops. For example, in the Northern context, the previous bishop of Down and Connor, Dr. Philibin, refused for most of his period of leadership in Belfast to have Jesuits visiting or residing in his diocese. 6. Accuracy Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. In academic writing, you need to be accurate in your use of vocabulary.  Do not confuse, for example, “phonetics” and “phonology” or “grammar” with “syntax.”  Choose the correct word, for example, “meeting,” “assembly,” “gathering,” or “conference.”  or from: “money,” “cash,” “currency,” “capital,” or “funds” 7. Hedging In any kind of academic writing you do, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject or the strength of the claims you are making. Different subjects prefer to do this in different ways. Linguists know a technique common in certain kinds of academic writing as a “hedge”. It is often believed that academic writing, particularly scientific writing, is factual, simply to convey facts and information. ▪ However, it is now recognized that an important feature of academic writing is the concept of cautious language, often called “hedging” or “vague language.” Language used in hedging: Introductory Verbs ▪seem ▪tend ▪look like ▪appear to be ▪indicate ▪think ▪believe ▪doubt ▪be sure ▪suggest Certain Lexical Verbs ▪believe ▪assume ▪suggest Language used in hedging: Certain Modal Verbs ▪will ▪must ▪would ▪might ▪could ▪may Adverbs of Frequency ▪often ▪sometimes ▪usually Language used in hedging: Modal Adverbs 23 22  ▪certainly ▪definitely ▪clearly ▪probably ▪possibly ▪perhaps ▪conceivably Modal Adjectives ▪certain ▪definite ▪clear ▪probable ▪possible Language used in hedging: Modal Nouns ▪assumption ▪possibility ▪probability That clauses ▪It could be the case that… ▪It might be suggested that… ▪There is every hope that… EXAMPLES: Compare the following. 1. A. It may be said that the commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now. B. The commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now. 2. A. The lives they chose may seem overly ascetic and self-denying to most women today. B. The lives they chose seem overly ascetic and self- denying to most women today. 3. A. Nowadays, the urinary symptoms seem to be of a lesser order. B. Nowadays, the urinary symptoms are of a lesser order. 4. A. There are certainly cases where this would seem to have been the only possible method of transmission. B. There are cases where this would have been the only possible method of transmission. What Is It What are your observations about the examples given? Write your observation on the space provided. ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________. 8. Responsibility In academic writing, you must be responsible for and must be able to provide evidence and justification for any claims you make. You are also responsible for demonstrating an understanding of any source texts you use. This 24 23  What’s New Thinking About How You Read What are your reading strategies? Enumerate some of these and state how these help you. Are these reading strategies effective? Strategy How this strategy helps you? 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. Are these reading strategies effective? Why? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Below are some of the strategies that may help you. What is it LESSON 3 READING STRATEGIES Metacognition: Thinking About How You Think Before you can truly develop your reading skills, you need to know what happens in good readers; minds while they read. You may even do these things already. Good readers have developed good habits when they read. We call these habits strategies. Strategies help readers understand, connect to, and determine the importance of what they are reading. They also visualize, ask questions about, and read between the lines of what they read. 27 26 The Reading Strategies: 1. Make Connections. In making connection, try to consider the following:  Text to Self (similar events in your life)  Text to Text (books, movies, T.V., etc.)  Text to Life (real world events) Ask yourself: a. What do I already know about this? b. Has anything similar ever happened to me? c. How would I feel if this happened to me? d. Can I relate to the characters? e. Does this story remind me of something? 2. Ask Questions. In asking questions, try to consider the following: a. What is it that you do not get? b. What is it that you get? c. What are the words that you do not understand? d. What other questions do I have? e. What do you wonder about as you read? Why Ask Questions? a. Asking questions helps keep you focused on the text. b. If your mind wanders, you will not understand; then, you will be bored. c. If you run into problems, things you just do not understand, then you can check yourself with a question. 3. Determine the Importance of Inferring and Predicting. The following are two of the important things to remember:  Think about what a teacher might ask on a test.  Think about what the author hints might be important later on. Why Determine the Importance of inferring and predicting? Anything you read contains a lot of information. You cannot remember everything. By deciding what is important, you do not have to remember everything. You can prioritize the information you need in order to understand. 4. Infer and Predict  Good readers are like detectives.  They use clues to determine what happening in a story.  This is called INFERENCE!  Good readers also make educated guesses about what may happen later in the story.  They use the author’s hints to PREDICT what will most likely occur. 28 27  Ask Yourself: a. What isn’t stated that I have figured out? b. What do I predict will happen? c. Why do I think so? REMEMBER: KNOWLEDGE + TEXT = INFERENCE 5. Visualize  Picture in your mind the images the author creates with his/her words.  Pay close attention to sensory details. For example, if you were there, what would you SEE, HEAR, SMELL, TASTE, TOUCH, FEEL? Why Visualize?  If you do not picture the events of the story, you will get bored.  The author’s job is to paint pictures in the reader’s mind. The reader’s job is to visualize what the author describes. 6. Synthesize Synthesize is a fancy way of saying that you must bring everything together in the end. In other words, what is the meaning of what you are reading? Ask Yourself: a. What does it all mean? b. What is the big idea? c. Are there questions still left unanswered? d. What are the lessons I should learn? e. What do I think about this book? 7. Use Fix Up Strategies Make sure you understand what you are reading. When you run into trouble, (you just do not get it), use little correction strategies to help you figure out what went wrong. We call these methods FIX UP STRATEGIES. Here are some examples of Fix Up Strategies: 1. Re-read 2. Underline 3. Use a Dictionary 4. Read Aloud 5. Ask for Help Why Use Strategies?  Strategies create a plan of attack. Then you can solve any reading problems yourself.  Strategies help you learn HOW to understand. If you know HOW to understand, then you are more likely TO understand. 29 28  What’s New Pre-Writing Activity Try to recall one of the novels or short stories you discussed in one of your previous classes in English; choose one selection out of the several you tackled throughout your school life. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, try to rewrite the story using your own words. Did you find the retelling of the story difficult? Why or why not? What strategies did you employ in order to retell the story? Did you find these strategies helpful? Why or why not? What is it LESSON 4 SUMMARIZING, IDENTIFYING THESIS STATEMENT, PARAPHRASING AND OUTLINING READING TEXTS IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES What is Summarizing? Summarizing refers to providing an abridged version of the narrative. What is Summary? Summary is a synopsis or digest of the essence of an entire text. Helpful Techniques in Summarizing: 1. Read the text you are about to summarize over and over again. 2. Identify the main idea of the text you are planning to summarize 3. Put your feet into your readers’ shoes. 4. Ensure a smooth flow of ideas. 5. Limit your summary to a few sentences. 6. Do not forget to proofread your work. 32 31  Main Idea Supporting Supporting Supporting Detail Detail Detail source: www.edgalaxy.com Here’s how you will do it on your own: Example 1: Taken from the excerpt Understanding Calories A calorie, also known as kilocalorie, is a unit of energy. This unit represents the energy required to heat a kilogram of water on degree Celsius. While people generally link the term calorie with food, it is a unit of measurement that can be applied to any substance possessing energy. For instance, there are 8200 calories in a liter (about one quart) of gasoline. Calorie is a unit of energy Represents the A unit of 1 liter of gasoline is energy required measurement composed of 8200 calories Sentence summary… A calorie is a unit of energy that represents the energy required to heat a kilogram of water on degree Celsius. This is also a unit of measurement where 1 liter of gasoline is composed of 8200 calories. You are now equipped on how to summarize. Here is what you should do next. What’s More Activity 4.1 Self-Test: Summarize the following text below. Do the same as the given example. 1. Taken from the excerpt “Wrigley’s Chewing Gum “ Wrigley’s chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other product rather than as a primary product for sale. As a teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap that has been manufactured in his father’s factory. The soap was not very popular with merchants 33 32 because it was priced at 5 cents, and this selling price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley convinced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of premium was an effective sales tool. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sentence summary… ________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. 2. “The movement toward education by computer is developing fast. Massive Open Online Courses, called MOOCs, are changing how people could receive study materials from colleges or universities and take part in online classes. But such classes were not designed for many thousands of students at one time, as MOOCs are.” (5 points) ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. Key to answers on page 193 What is Paraphrasing? Paraphrasing is restating text giving the meaning in another form. What are the steps to paraphrase? 1. Repeatedly read the passage to be paraphrased until you have completely understood what it says. 2. Do not look at the passage while you are writing your paraphrase. 34 33 3. After writing your paraphrase, read the original passage once again to check if you were able to accurately capture its meaning. By doing this, you will avoid misquoting your source. 4. Check whether your paraphrase has errors in grammar or mechanics. 5. Always cite your source. Example 1 Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day. Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay everyday. Example 2 Original: A group of US researchers has carried out trials on a new vaccine. Paraphrase 1: A team of American scientists has conducted tests on a new vaccine. Paraphrase 2: Trials on a new vaccine were carried out by a group of US researchers. Paraphrase 3: Tests on a new vaccine were conducted by a team of American scientists. Example 3 Original: An unhealthy lifestyle can be the cause of many diseases. Paraphrase 1: An unhealthy way of living can result in a multitude of illnesses. Paraphrase 2: Many diseases can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. Paraphrase 3: A multitude of illnesses can be caused by an unhealthy way of living. Example 4 Original: Usually, female kangaroos give birth to one joey at a time. Newborns weigh as little as 0.03 ounces at birth. After birth, the joey crawls into its mother’s pouch, where it will nurse and continue to grow and develop. Red Kangaroo joeys do not leave the pouch for good until they are more than eight months old. Paraphrase: After a female kangaroo gives birth to a joey, the newborn crawls into its mother’s pouch where it feeds and grows until its eight months old. REMEMBER:  A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source.  A paraphrase includes both the main idea and minor details from the text.  If rewording is too similar to the original, it is plagiarism. 35 34  Technique Original Sentence Paraphrased Sentence 1. Change word form or American news When American part of speech. coverage is frequently journalists cover events, biased in favor of they often display a Western views. Western bias. 2. Use synonyms of Budget shortfalls at the Higher university tuition “relationship words” such state level have resulted costs are due to lack of as contrast, cause, or in higher tuition costs at money in the state effect, and substitute a universities. budget, word or phrase that conveys a similar meaning. 3. Use synonyms of There was a resurgence At the beginning of the phrases and words. of tuberculosis at the 1980s, the incidence of start of the decade. tuberculosis increased. 4. Change passive voice The entrance exam was Over one-third of the to active and move failed by over one-third of applicants failed the phrases and modifiers the applicants. entrance exam. 5. Do not change concept Gamma rays consist of High-energy photons words, special terms, or high energy photons that do not have mass or proper names. that have neither mass charge form Gamma nor charge. rays. What’s More Activity 4.2 Practice paraphrasing the following sentences: 1. We need more proof that active learning really works. 2. They will build a huge medical center on the old site in the near future. 3. The organizers cancelled the talk because the main speaker was ill. Write your answer on the blank space provided: 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ Key to answers on page 193 36 35 What is Outlining? An outline is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or a article. It arranges a material in a logical way into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting details. The main idea or topic is the main topic of the outline. All main topics are indicated by Roman Numeral. Subtopics are noted by letters and supporting details are indicated by Arabic Numerals. An outline can be a sentence outline or topic outline. A sentence outline is written in full sentence while a topic outline is in words or phrases. Guidelines in Writing an Outline: 1. Place the title at the center above the outline. 2. Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2). 3. Put a period after each numeral and letter. 4. Indent each new level of the outline. 5. All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each other. 6. Capitalize the first letter of each item. 7. The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They are not topics; they are merely organizational units in the writer’s mind. Example Benjamin Franklin – Scientist and Inventor I. Experiments with Electricity A. Studied nature of Electricity B. Discovered Lightning Equals Electricity C. Invented Lightning Rod II. Other Scientific Work A. Inventions 1. Bifocal Glasses 2. Franklin Stove https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/wp- 3. Daylight Saving Time content/uploads//2013/06/ben-Franklin.jpg B. Scientific Studies 1. Charted Gulf Stream 2. Worked on Soil Improvement III. Importance as a Scientist A. Scientific Honors B. Writings Translated into Other Languages C. Experts’ Comments 37 36