Education Paper - Teaching Methods

ch0Vh0lh0 çFke lsesLVj lkekU; fo"k; &edu 02 r g f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds fl)kUr.o r a u...

ch0Vh0lh0 çFke lsesLVj lkekU; fo"k; &edu 02 r g f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds fl)kUr.o r a u a th t m i e d. jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] w w bykgkckn w 1 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  ch0Vh0lh0 çFke lsesLVj eq[; laj{kd % lfpo Jh uhrh'oj dqekj csfld f'k{kk ifj"kn] m0ç0] y[kuÅ laj{kd % jkT; ifj;kstuk funs'kd] m0ç0] lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk ifj;kstuk ifj"kn] y[kuÅ funsZ'ku % Jh losUZ nz foØe cgknqj flag] funs'kd] jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn] g m0ç0 r leUo;u % Jh jke ukjk;.k fo'odekZ çkpk;Z] jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] bykgkckn ijke'kZ. o % % Jh vt; dqekj flag] la;qDr funs'kd ¼,l0,l0,0½ jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku a ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] m0iz0] y[kuÅ r Jherh yfyrk iznhi] izkpk;Z] Mk;V] y[kuÅ u Jherh nhik frokjh] ofj"B izoDrk] Mk;V] y[kuÅ th Jh jes'k frokjh] lgk;d mi funs'kd] jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] m0ç0] bykgkckn a m ys[kd % Jherh lq"kek ;kno] Jherh uhye feJk] Jherh eatqys'k fo'odekZ 'kks/k t çk/;kid] MkW0 la/;k flag] Jh johUnz izrki flag] Jherh ijethr xkSre] Jherh i e vLer uhyks vUlkjh] Jherh jRuk ;kno] Jherh jf'e pkSjfl;k] MkW0 Jherh pUnuk eq[kthZ] Jherh ehjk vLFkkuk] Jh lat; ;kno] Jh fufru vjksjk] fiz;k. d vjksjk] eukst xks;y] Jherh vpZuk feJk] Jh iadt f=ikBh] Jherh 'osrk w JhokLro w dEI;wVj dEiksftax % eukst dqekj xks;y] jkts'k dqekj ;kno w 2 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  d{kk f'k{k.k % fo"k;oLrq 1. f'k{k.k dk vFkZ rFkk mn~ns'; 2. lEçs"k.k g 3. f'k{k.k ds fl)kUr 4. f'k{k.k ds lw= o r. 5. f'k{k.k çfof/k;k¡ 6. f'k{k.k dh uohu fo/kk,¡ ¼mikxe½ r a u 7. lw{e f'k{k.k ,oa f'k{k.k ds vk/kkjHkwr dkS'ky th 8. visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj a 9. f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh] çdkj] fo'ks"krk,a] fuekZ.k] ç;ksx rFkk j[kj[kko esa lko/kkfu;k¡ m ™ çkstsDV@l=h; dk;Z ™ lUnHkZ lwph e t d i. w w w 3 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  f'k{k.k dk vFkZ rFkk mn~ns'; (Meaning and Aims of Teaching) f'k{kk o f'k{{k.k fo'o esa ifo=re] ijeko';d] ijfgrk; o loZJ"s B dk;Z gSA çeq[k f'k{k.k fcUnq f'k{k.k dk vFkZ f'k{k.k dk O;kid o ladqfpr vFkZ g f'k{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk,a r mRre f'k{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,a o f'k{k.k ds çeq[k mn~ns'; f'k{k.k esa iz;qDr izeq[k fØ;kdyki a. u r ;g ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd f'k{kk jk"Vªh; fodkl dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls th gh ge vius ns'k ds Hkkoh d.kZ/kkjksa dks mudh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ls ifjfpr djkrs gSaA f'k{kk dh izfØ;k dks izHkkoh :i ls lapkfyr djus okys dsUnz ds :i esa fo|ky; dh Hkwfedk vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{k.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teaching) a m fo|ky;ksa esa lh[kus&fl[kkus o ius o lh[kus dh xfr esa Hkh vk'p;Ztud :i ls ifjorZu gqvk gS ftlds dkj.k vkt f'k{k.k dk;Z dks vf/kd O;kogkfjd cukus dh t:jr gS rkfd fo|ky; dk gj cPpk viuh #fp] {kerk] Lrj o xfr ds vuq:i lh[k g ldsA r f'k{k.k dk;Z djuk f'k{kd dk izeq[k nkf;Ro gSA vius nkf;Ro ds csgrj fuoZgu] f'k{k.k dks o. lQy cukus o Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj esa okafNr ifjorZu ykus ds fy, og d{kk f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu a rjhdksa@fo/kkvksa@fØ;kdykiksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA f'k{kd }kjk viuk;s x;s ftl rjhds ls Nk= vPNh r rjg lh[k tk;sa ogh f'k{k.k dk lcls mRre rjhdk gksrk gSA u çf'k{kqvksa ls ppkZ djsa fd&f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k esa Nk=ksa dh lgHkkfxrk dSls izkIr dj ldrk gS\ th f'k{k.k esa ç;qDr çeq[k fØ;kdyki a d{kk&d{k esa Nk=ksa ds e/; f'k{k.k djrs le; f'k{kd fuEufyf[kr fØ;kdyki djk ldrs gSa& m fo"k; o ikB~;oLrq vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa@fØ;kdykiksa dks djkukA t NksVs o cM+s lewg esa dk;Z djkuk ftlls cPps Lo;a dk;Z djrs gq, lh[k ldsa] le> ldsaA i e ,sls çkstsDV dk;Z djkuk ftUgsa cPps Lo;a o lkfFk;ksa ds lg;ksx ls dj ldsaA fofo/k izdkj ds vH;kl dk;Z djkuk o mudh tk¡p djukA. d 'kSf{kd o euksjatukRed [ksy f[kyokukA o.kZu] O;k[;ku o dFku dgukA w iz'uksRrj o izkIr mRrjksa dks lHkh cPpksa ds lkeus Li"V djukA w fyf[kr vkSj ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr {kerk ds fodkl gsrq izR;sd cPps ls okrkZyki djuk] dfork] dgkuh] n`';@fp= vk/kkfjr ys[k fy[kokukA w lgk;d lkexzh dk leqfpr iz;ksx djukA izk;ksfxd dk;Z djkukA ppkZ& ifjppkZ djokukA egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks ';keiV~V ij fy[kukA izsj.kk o vko';d lq>ko iznku djukA ewY;kadu djukA Lok/;k; o fopkj&foe'kZ ds volj iznku djukA çf'k{kq fopkj djsa vkSj dqN fØ;kdyki Lo;a Hkh tksM+sAa 8 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  orZeku lUnHkksZa esa f'k{k.k dsoy Kku] lwpuk o tkudkjh iznku djuk gh ugha gSA f'k{k.k rFkk lh[kuk nksuksa ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaA f'k{k.k dk dk;Z vf/kxe esa izHkko'khyrk ykuk gSA f'k{k.k ,d dk;Z gS tcfd vf/kxe ,d miyfC/k gSA f'k{k.k rHkh lkFkZd o izHkkoh gksxk tc Nk= lh[ks x;s fo"k; o Kku ds vk/kkj ij vius O;ogkj esa ldkjkRed ifjorZu yk ldsa rFkk thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa o ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mldk leqfpr mi;ksx dj ldsaA ewY;kadu vH;kl g 1. f=eq[kh izfØ;k ds :i esa f'k{kk ds rhu dsUnz dkSu&dkSu ls gSa \ 2. f'k{k.k D;k gS \ Li"V dhft,A o r. 3. vius O;kid o ladqfpr vFkZ esa f'k{k.k fdls dgrs gSa \ 4. f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; Li"V djrs gq, vPNs f'k{k.k dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A r a u 5. f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k dks vf/kd fØ;k'khy] izHkkoh o vUr% fØ;kRed dSls cuk ldrk gS \ th çf'k{kqvksa gsrq Lo;a djus ds fy, a ,sls dkSu&dkSu ls mik; gSa ftudk iz;ksx djds f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cuk ldrk gS \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- m ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- t ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A e i ,d f'k{kd dks vius f'k{k.k ls iwoZ D;k&D;k rS;kjh djuh pkfg, \------------------------------------------------------- d. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- w ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A w w 9 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  lEçs"k.k lEçs"k.k Communication f'k{k.k fcUnq lEizs"k.k dk vFkZ vko';drk ,oa egRo lEizs"k.k ds ?kVd ;k dkjd r g o lEizs"k.k ds izdkj izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds rjhds a. r f'k{kd d{kk esa çf'k{kqvksa ls ppkZ djsa vkidk D;k uke gS \ u th vkidk ?kj dgk¡ gS \ a vkids ?kj esa vkSj dkSu&dkSu lnL; gSa \ vkids fdrus HkkbZ&cgu gSa \ t m D;k vki vius HkkbZ&cgu dks iuk] ftl :i vkSj vFkZ esa laçs"kd pkgrk gSA lEizs"k.k dks vkaXy Hkk"kk esa ^dE;wfuds'ku* dgk tkrk gSA bl vkaXy Hkk"kh; 'kCn dk fuekZ.k ySfVu 'kCn ^dE;wuh* (Commune) ls gqvk gSA bldk vk'k; lkekU; fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku ls gksrk gSA bl izdkj lEizs"k.k 'kCn le~ vkSj izs"k.k nks 'kCnksa esa feydj cuk gSA le~ dk vFkZ gS&Hkyh izdkj vkSj izs"k.k dk vFkZ gS HkstukA vFkkZr~ lans'k o lwpukvksa dks Hkyh izdkj izsf"kr djuk] ftlls lkeus okyk ml lans'k dks ;Fkkor~ Hkyh izdkj xzg.k dj ldsA 10 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  çHkkoh lEizs"k.k gsrq /;krO; fcUnq lans'k dh Li"Vrk rFkk Hkk"kk dh ljyrk ,oa 'kq)rk lans'k dks lko/kkuhiwoZd le>uk lans'k esa fo'oluh;rk lEizs"k.k izfØ;k dh ljyrk lEizs"k.k esa le;c)rk g lEizs"k.k fo/kk esa yphykiu r i'piks"k.k dh O;oLFkk. o ifjHkk"kk,a a ikWyyhxUl ds vuqlkj& ^^lapkj ¼lEizs"k.k½ og fØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk nks ;k vf/kd yksx fopkjksa] rF;ksa] vFkZ] mn~ns'; rFkk mi;ksx dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ysrk gSA** u r Hkkoukvksa ,oa izHkkoksa vkfn dk bl izdkj fofu;e djrs gSa fd lapkj izkIr djus okyk O;fDr lUns'k ds th "Communication is the process by which two or more people exchange facts, ideas, a feelings, impressions and the like in a manner that the receiver gains a clear understanding of the meaning interact and use of the message." m lEizs"k.k ;k lapkj ,d izfØ;k gS] tks fd nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds e/; ?kfVr gksrh gS t rFkk blds ek/;e ls vfHko`fÙk;ksa] bPNkvksa] vkn'kksZa ,oa lwpukvksa bR;kfn dk vknku&iznku gksrk gSA e i f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa ^lapkj* 'kCn ds fy, mi;qDr 'kCn lEizs"k.k gh gSA d Ø; ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh oLrq ds fo"k; esa leku ;k lgHkkxh Kku dh izkfIr ds fy, izrhdksa dk mi;ksx. gh lEizs"k.k gSA ;|fi euq";ksa esa lEizs"k.k dk egRoiw.kZ ek/;e Hkk"kk gh gS] fQj Hkh vU; izrhdksa dk iz;ksx w fd;k tk ldrk gSA** w MkW0 vkbZ0ih0 frokjh& ^^lEizs"k.k thou dh ,d fØ;k gSA blds vHkko esa thou dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA lEizs"k.k thou ds lkFk 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj thou ds vUr ds lkFk [kRe gks tkrk gSA lkekftd w O;oLFkk esa lEizs"k.k dh Hkwfedk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA vko';drk ,oa egÙo Needs and importance f'k{k.k dh leLr izfØ;k fofHkUu izdkj ls Kku] cks/k ,oa le> fodflr djus ds fy, dh tkrh gSA vr% Kku dh lajpuk f'k{k.k ds lzksr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ lajpuk gSA bl izdkj ds f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa f'k{kd rFkk Nk= nksuksa gh lfØ; jgdj vUr% izfØ;k djrs gSaA bl izfØ;k esa lapkj ek/;eksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA f'k{kd ds }kjk ikB dh izLrqrhdj.k ds le; izf'k{kqvksa@ckydksa ds le{k ikBxr 11 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  fo"k; mifLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA mn~ns'; dFku ds lekIr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ ckyd dk /;ku u;s ikB ij fdl izdkj dsfUnzr gks \ u;s Kku ls fdl izdkj ifjfpr djk;k tk, \ ;g leL;k f'k{kd ds lEeq[k vkrh gSA okLro esa ;g mRlqdrk cqdrk gSA vPNh ;kstuk lEizs"k.k dk fo"k;] le;] f'k{kksidj.k rFkk buesa iz;ksx dh tkus okyh f'k{k.k i)fr vkfn feydj ,d vPNs lEizs"k.k dh ;kstuk cukrh gSA mldk f'k{k.k dkS'ky mldh Js"B ikB;kstuk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{k.k esa lEizs"k.k iz.kkyhc) ;k lqO;ofLFkr gksuk pkfg,A 12 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  mfpr iFk&çn'kZu lEizs"k.k f'k{k.k dk og Hkkx gS] ftlesa f'k{kd ds funsZ'k f'k{kkFkhZ ds fy, iFk&izn'kZu dk dk;Z djrs gSaA izf'k{kqvksa dks ;g fn'kk&funsZ'k nsdj le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd og viuh d{kk esa cPpksa dks fdl izdkj jkspd rjhds ls i ysrk gS rks ;g lEizs"k.k dgykrk gSA lEizs"k.k iwjk gksus ds fy, lEizkfIr dh vko';d gS vFkok fdlh ds }kjk dgh xbZ ckr dks mlh rjg le> ysuk lEizs"k.k dgykrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& izs"kd Ldwy] LVs'ku] LFkku vkfn 'kCnksa dks 'kq) cksyuk ,oa fy[kuk fl[kkuk pkgrk gSA og igys Lo;a 'kq) mPpkj.k djds fl[kk;sxkA ;fn fQj Hkh xzkgh 15 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  us mls lgh rjhds ls ugha lh[kk gS og Ldwy dks bLdwy] ldy LVs'ku dks bLVs'ku] Vs'ku vkSj LFkku dks bLFkku ;k vLFkku cksyuk ;k fy[krk gS rks izs"kd mls ';keiV~V ij ;k pkVZ o pkVZ ifV~Vdk ij fy[k dj Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Li"V djds le>k,aA 3- ek/;e ¼Media½ ek/;e izs"kd vkSj izkid ds chp esy djkrs gSaA ;g nksuksa ds e/; e/;LFkrk dk dk;Z djrk gSA orZeku le; esa vusdksa lEizs"k.k ek/;e izpfyr gS] tSls& jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] vksoj gsM] izkstsDVj] QSdt] g VsyhQksu] ch0lh0vkj0 bR;kfn izs"kd viuh vko';drk] mi;ksfxrk dks n`f"Vxr j[kdj vius lans'k dks r lEizsf"kr djus ds fy, fdlh ,d ek/;e ;k lHkh ek/;eksa dk lfEefyr :i ls mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA o ek/;e loZlqyHk] lLrk] yksdfiz;] O;kogkfjd] fØ;k fof/k dks ekuus okyk gksuk pkfg,A 4- xzkgh& Achiever a. u r xzkgh vFkkZr~ xzg.k djus okys izkIr djus okyk lh[kus okyk lEizs"k.k ds }kjk fn;s tkus okys Kku dks xzg.k djus okyk xzkgh dgykrk gSA lEizs"k.k ds rhu izeq[k ?kVd gS& lEizs"k.k] lans'k] xzkghA rhuksa th dk gh vkil esa vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSA laizs"kd &&&&&&& lans'k &&&&&& xzkgh&&&&&& a izfriqf"VA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd laisz"kd vFkkZr~ f'k{kd us fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ¼xzkgh dks½ ftl fdlh Hkh fo"k; dh egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dh tkudkjh nh mldks xzkgh ¼fo|kFkhZ½ us fdruk lh[kk] mls fdruh miyfC/k gqbZA m bldks laizs"kd chp&chp esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk gqbZA bldks laizs"kd chp&chp esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh t lgHkkfxrk ls tku ysrk gS fd og lh[k o le> jgk gS fd ughaA ;fn og lkewfgd :i ls de lh[k e i jgk gS ;k mldh fl[kus dh miyfC/k de gks jgh gS rc ,slh fLFkfr esa laizs"kd O;fDrxr :i ls /;ku d nsdj mldh bl deh dks nwj djrk gS ckyd dks dkSu lk fo"k; fdl fof/k ls ikrs gq, d{kk v/;kiu esa bldh mi;ksfxrk dks fyf[k,A g lEizs"k.k fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa \ fdlh ,d lEizs"k.k dks xq.k&nks"k lfgr Li"V dhft,A r oS;fDrd vkSj lkewfgd lEizs"k.k esa D;k vUrj gS\ f'k{k.k esa budh mi;ksfxrk fl) dhft,A o d{kk&f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh o jkspd cukus ds fy, lEizs"k.k fdl izdkj lgk;d gS \ Li"V dhft,A a. lEizs"k.k ds ik¡pksa ?kVdksa dk vkil esa vU;ksU;kfJr lEcU/k gSA bl dFku dks Li"V dhft,A r lEizs"k.k dh mi;qDr ifjHkk"kk fy[krs gq, d{kk f'k{k.k esa lgk;d egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A u y?kqmRrjh; iz'u th lEizs"k.k ls D;k vk'k; gS \ a lEizs"k.k dh ,d ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A lEizs"k.k esa lgk;d eq[; pkj fcUnqvksa dks fyf[k,A t m lEizs"kd vkSj xzkgh esa Hksn Li"V dhft,A e izHkkoh lEizs"k.k ds pkj rjhds fyf[k,A i oS;fDrd lEizs"k.k dh pkj fo'ks"krkvksa dks fyf[k,A d. lkewfgd lEizs"k.k D;k gS\ w lEizs"k.k vkns'kkRed u gksdj funsZ'kkRed D;ksa gksuk pkfg,\ oS;fDrd ,oa lkewfgd lEizs"k.k D;k gS\ w vfry?kq mRrjh; iz'u w lEizs"k.k 'kCn fdu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS \ iwoZ vuqHko ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \ lEizs"k.k ds izeq[k ?kVd dkSu&dkSu ls gSa \ oS;fDrd lEizs"k.k esa Nk=ksa dh fdu&fdu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS \ lEizs"k.k fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS \ oS;fDrd lEizs"k.k ds nks mn~ns'; fyf[k,A 23 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  lqfu;ksftr lEizs"k.k ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \ oLrqfu"B iz'u 1- ^^lapkj og fØ;k gS ftlds }kjk nks ;k vf/kd yksx fopkjksa rF;ksa] Hkkoukvksa ,oa izHkkoksa vkfn dk bl izdkj fopkj fofue; djrs gS fd lapkj izkIr djus okyk O;fDr lUns'k ds vFkZ] mn~ns'; rFkk mi;ksx dks Hkyh Hkk¡fr le> ysrk gSA** ;g dFku gS& (i) ikWy yhxUl dk] (ii) izks0 ek'kZy dk (iii) gjcVZ LisUlj dk (iv) Øp dk 2- lEizs"k.k dk;Z dk lEizs"k.k gksuk pkfg,& r g o (i) Li"V (ii) fo'oluh; (iii) le;c) (iv) mijksDr lHkh 3- lEizs"k.k dk okLrfod vFkZ gS& a. r (i)lwpukvksa dks Hkyh izdkj ls izsf"kr djuk (ii) lwpukvksa ij Hkk"k.k nsuk u iii) f'k{kd vkSj Nk= ds chp okrkZyki gksuk (iv) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA th 4- lkewfgd lEizs"k.k dk xq.k gS& (i) ;g fof/k ljy rFkk lLrh gS (ii) Nk=ksa dks O;ogkj dq'ky cukrh gSA a (iii) Nk=ksa esa usr`Ro dq'kyrk dk fodkl djrh gSA (iv) mijksDr lHkh tm 5- lEizs"k.k ds izdkj gSa& e (i) pkj (ii) nks (iii) rhu (iv) ik¡p 6- lEizs"k.k izfØ;k ds rjhds gSa& d i. (i) çsj.kkLin (ii) fpUru (iii) ys[ku (iv) mijksDr lHkh w 7- lfØ; v/;kiu ls rkRi;Z gSa& (i) f'k{kd rFkk Nk= nksuksa dh lfØ;rk (ii) f'k{kd dh lfØ;rk w (iii) Nk= dh lfØ;rk (iv) mijksDr lHkhA w 24 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  f'k{k.k fl)kUr f'k{k.k ds fl)kUr vFkZ ,oa Hkwfedk djds lh[kus dk fl)kUr çsj.kk dk fl)kUr #fp dk fl)kUr fuf'pr mn~ns'; dk fl)kUr fu;kstu dk fl)kUr r g o p;u dk fl)kUr. oS;fDrd fHkUurkvksa dks fl)kUr a yksdrU=h; O;ogkj dk fl)kUr thou ls lEcU/k LFkkfir djus dk fl)kUr vko`fRr dk fl)kUr u r th fuekZ.k ,oa euksjatu dk fl)kUr a foHkktu dk fl)kUr ¼y?kq lksikuksa dk½ Hkwfedk t m cpiu esa vkiesa ls T;knkrj yksxksa ls ,d loky t:j iwNk x;k gksxk fd vki cM+s gksdj D;k e cusaxs\ dqN dk tokc gksxk cM+s gksdj Vhpj cuwaxk@cuwaxhA dHkh vkius tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k fd i f'k{kd dSls curs gSa \ ;k f'k{kd dk eryc D;k gS\ okLro esa f'k{kd og gS ftls ikus esa djrk gSA r xfrfof/k o vki lcus i;kZoj.k] Hkwxksy] lkekftd fo"k; dk Kku vftZr fd;kA ml Kku dk mi;ksx vius vkl&ikl ds LFkku dks LoPN cukus ds fy, dSls djsaxs& --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Lo;a ppkZ djs& a u r th cPpk tc Ldwy esa izo's k djrk gS rks og Ldwy dh rqyuk vius ?kj ds okrkoj.k ls D;ksa djrk gS\ f'k{k.k esa dsoy thou ls gh ugha oju ,d fo"k; dk nwljs fo"k; ls lg lEcU/k Hkh t:jh gS tSls& vFkZ'kkL= dk xf.kr ls] x`gfoKku vkSj thofoKku] ,d Hkk"kk dk nwljh Hkk"kk lsA a m iqujko`fr fcUnq izR;sd O;fDr ,d&nwljs ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSA e t i yksdra= dk ewy Hkko lekurk rFkk lgHkkfxrk gSA d lQy f'k{k.k ogh gS tks O;fDr ds thou ls tqM+k gksA. cks/k ç'u w f'k{kd dks d{kk f'k{k.k esa oS;fDrd fHkUurk dk /;ku D;ksa j[kuk pkfg, \ Nk= lgHkkfxrk ds fl)kUr dk euksoSKkfud vk/kkj D;k gS \ w vko`fÙk dk fl)kUr w vki lHkh us ;g tqeyk vDlj lquk gksxk& ^^djr& djr vH;kl ds tM+efr gksr lqtku** bldk vk'k; gS ftl dk;Z dks ge ckj&ckj djrs gSa og dk;Z vklku gks tkrk gSA f'k{k.k esa ftl ikB dks] rF; dks ge ckj&ckj i esa vk tk;A bl fof/k esa gkykafd f'k{kd gh T;knk lfØ; jgrk gS fdUrq ;fn a #fpiw.kZ ukA ^^mn~n's ; izkfIr ds fy, vkil u esa fey tqydj lg;ksxkRed f'k{k.k mn~ns';ksa ,oa fof/k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk mudh Hkkouk ls dk;Z djukA** th izHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu djukA fØ;kRed mn~ns'; f'k{k.k dh fof'k"V {kerkvksa dk fodkl djukA a m lewg esa dk;Z djus o lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA t f'k{k.k dh izHkkoh fof/k;ksa@izfof/k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA e f'k{kk o f'k{k.k ds uohu mikxeksa dk izf'k{k.k nsuk i f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodkl o lq/kkj djukA d. dk;Z'kkyk dk {ks= (Field of Workshop Techninque) w f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dk;Z'kkyk izfof/k csgn mi;ksxh gSA bldk mi;ksx f'k{k.k esa O;kid :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds {ks= esa fuEufyf[kr dk;Z lfEefyr gSa& w ikB ;kstuk ds uohu izk:i cukus gsrq w fØ;kRed 'kks/k ds iz;ksx gsrq ikB;kstuk esa izkIr mn~ns';ksa dks O;ogkjxr ifjorZuksa ds :i eas fy[kus gsrq uohu izdkj dh ijh{kkvksa ds iz'uksa o iz'ui=ksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fofo/k izdkj dh iz'ukoyh ds fuekZ.k gsrq ppkZ djs& a mi;qZDr ds vfrfjDr vkSj fdu izdj.kksa gsrq dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gS\ 52 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  dk;Z'kkyk esa f'k{k.k dk Øe (Sequence of Teaching in Workshop) dk;Z'kkyk esa f'k{k.k dk Øe fuEu izdkj dk gksrk gS& izdj.k@leL;k dk p;u] izLrqrhdj.k o Li"Vhdj.k ikB ij vk/kkfjr dk;Z ¼lewgksa esa½ dk;Z ds fofo/k rkSj rjhdksa ds iz;ksx dk vH;kl okLrfod vuqHkoksa dk vknku iznku lgHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk dk;Z g dk;ksZa@rS;kj lkexzh dh tk¡p@ijh{k.k@fujh{k.k r fu"d"kZ ¼ikB ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dk Kku½ o f'k{k.k esa dk;Z'kkyk dk egRo (Importance of Workshop in Teaching) a. f'k{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns'; O;fDrRo dk lokZaxh.k o lUrqfyr fodkl djuk gSA vr% f'k{kd dk r izeq[k nkf;Ro ;g gS og fo|ky; esa ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj djs ftlesa izR;sd cPpk Lo;a lh[kus esa #fp ys o rRij jgsA lh[kus dk ,slk okrkoj.k cukus esa dk;Z'kkyk izfof/k vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA blesa u okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Nk= leL;k lek/kku dk iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj Lo;a djrs gq, lh[krs gSaA lh[kus th ds fy, og v/;kid ij fuHkZj ugha jgrs vkSj lewg ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk feytqydj dk;Z djrs gq, uohu vuqHko izkIr djrs gSaA Hkze.k fof/k a t m Hkze.k ls vk'k; gS& ?kweuk Li"V gS bl fof/k esa LFkyksa] oLrqvksa dk Kku ?kwe&?kwe dj izkIr fd;k e tkrk gSA bl fof/k dks 'kSf{kd Hkze.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Hkze.k ds i'pkr lh[kh xbZ ckrksa dk ys[ku i vo'; djokuk pkfg, rkfd Kku LFkk;h jg ldsA bUgsa Hkh tkusa& Hkze.k fof/k ls. d w lh[kuk #fpiw.kZ yxrk gSA w lkekftd Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA leLr bfUnz;ka fØ;k'khy jgrh gSA w fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa dk Kku lgtrk ls gks tkrk gSa lh[kus esa LorU=rk jgrh gSA Lo;a djsa o tk¡pas vkius fdlh LFky dh ;k=k dh vkSj ml LFky dk iqLrdh; v/;;u fd;kA lh[kus esa D;k vUrj Fkk\ mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd leLr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk viuk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA f'k{kd ij ;g xq#rj nkf;Ro gS fd og fo"k;] Nk= Lrj] lalk/kuksa ds vuqlkj fof/k;ksa dk f'k{k.k esa vuqiz;ksx djsa vkSj vf/kxe dh xq.koRrk esa mrjksRrj lq/kkj dk y{; izkIr djsaA 53 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  ewY;kadu cks/k iz'u 1- iz'uksrj fof/k fdl izdkj f'k{k.k dk fodkl djus esa lgk;d gS \ 2- fooj.k fof/k ,oa o.kZu fof/k ,d leku gS] vxj ugha rks vUrj Li"V dfj;s\ 3- iz;ksxkRed fof/k dk vk/kkj D;k gS\ ;g fof/k fdu fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k esa fo'ks"kr% iz;ksx gksrh gS\ g 4- [ksy] dgkuh fof/k dks vkt lcls T;knk yksdfiz; D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS \ y?kqmRrjh; iz'u o r. 1- dk;Z'kkyk izfof/k dk D;k vfHkizk; gS \ 2- ^^Nk= lewg esa dk;Z djds gh okLrfod :i esa lh[krs gSaA** Li"V dhft,A r a u 3- f'k{k.k esa dk;Z'kkyk izfof/k dh D;k mi;ksfxrk gS \ th nh?kZ mRrjh; iz'u 4- dk;Z'kkyk izfof/k dks Li"V djrs gq, blds mn~ns';ksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A a 5- dk;Z'kkyk dk {ks= D;k gS \ blesa f'k{k.k dk Øe D;k gksuk pkfg, \ çf'k{kqvksa gsrq Lo;a djus ds fy, t m i e çf'k{kq vius izf'k{k.k fo"k;ksa ds fdlh izdj.k ij izf'k{k.k d{k esa nks fnolh; dk;Z'kkyk dk izLrko cuk;sa] lkFk gh f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk dh lgk;rk ls mldk vk;kstu djsaA dk;Z'kkyk esa. d fodflr ikB~; lkexzh dk d{k esa izLrqrhdj.k Hkh djsa] lkFk gh mldh vk[;k rS;kj djsaA w w w 54 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  f'k{k.k dh uohu fo/kk,¡ ¼mikxe½ New Methods/Approach of Teaching f'k{k.k dh uohu fo/kkvksa ;k mikxe dh vo/kkj.kk Concept of New Approaches of Teaching f'k{k.k ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS] ftl ij izR;sd ns'k dh 'kklu iz.kkyh] lkekftd n'kZu] g lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk ewY;ksa ,oa laLd`fr dk izHkko iM+rk gSA çtkrU= 'kklu iz.kkyh ds dkj.k r Hkkjr esa turk dh bPNk dks ojh;rk nsrs gq, mldk lEeku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh f'k{k.k. o iz.kkyh esa f'k{kd vkSj Nk= nksuksa lfØ; jgrs gSa vkSjmuds e/; 'kkfCnd vkSj v'kkfCnd vUr% fØ;k a pyrh jgrh gSA f'k{kd dk mn~ns'; ckyd dks vf/kd ls vf/kd fl[kkuk gSA og ckyd dks f'k{k.k ds r }kjk fl[kkrk gSA f'k{kd ckyd dks uohu rF;ksa dh lwpuk nsrk gSA Nk=ksa dk f'k{k.k djrs le; u v/;kid viuh lHkh {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA v/;kid vius iw.kZ euks;ksx] vius iwoZ vuqHko] th n{krkvksa ds lkFk fofHkUu izfof/k;ksa] fof/k;ksa rFkk fo/kkvksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA v/;kid }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;h x;h fo/kk,¡ ;k mikxe mldh f'k{k.k dyk dks lqxe cukrs gSaA f'k{kd ;g pkgrk gS fd d{kk dk a izR;sd Nk= f'k{k.k&vf/kxe dk iwjk ykHk mBk;sA mn~ns'; t m çf'k{kqvksa dks f'k{k.k dh uohu fo/kkvksa ¼mikxe½ dh tkudkjh nsukA e cPpksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dh tkudkfj;ksa ls voxr djkukA i xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k dk Kku nsukA d. izf'k{kqvksa dks Hkkoh f'k{kd ds :i esa d{kk esa cPpksa dks Lo;a djds lh[kus dh izo`fRr dk fodkl djukA w #fpiw.kZ f'k{k.k ds }kjk [ksy&[ksy esa cPpksa dks ik;k tkrk gSA bldh vko';drk bl ckr esa fufgr gS fd ;g lhfer le; o lalk/kuksa esa f'k{k.k dk;Z dk vuqHko nsrk gS vkSj ,d&,d dkS'ky dks Øe'k% lh[krs t m gq, f'k{k.k dyk esa n{k cukrk gSA bl f'k{k.k }kjk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd izf'k{kq ik;k tk;] /khjs&/khjs lEiw.kZrk d dh vksj ckus esa en~n djrk gSa njvly lw{e f'k{k.k ¼y?kq ls nh?kZ½ NksVs ls cM+s dh rjQ ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd [k.M ls iw.kZ dh vksj ckb;s \ vc djus dh ckjh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ';keiV~V dkS'ky] Nk= lgHkkfxrk] mnkgj.k rFkk iqucZyu dkS'ky ds iz;ksx }kjk ,d ikB ;kstuk rS;kj dfj;sA dqN u;s rjhdksa dks Hkh [kkstsa \ 97 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj (Expected Learning Level) visf{kr vf/kxe Lrjksa dks mu vf/kxe n{krkvksa ds vFkZ esa fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gSa] ftuesa fdlh fo'ks"k d{kk vFkok f'k{kk Lrj ds vUr esa izR;sd Nk= }kjk iw.kZ n{krk dh izkfIr visf{kr gSA g çeq[k f'k{k.k fcUnq f'k{k.k dk okLrfod mn~ns'; Nk= r visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj dh ladYiuk rFkk vFkZ Nk=kvksa ds O;fDrRo dk lokZaxh.k fodkl o visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj ds mn~ns'; djuk gSA bldh lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj. visf{kr vf/kxe Lrj dh lEizkfIr esa vf/kxe gS fd Nk= us fdruk lh[kkA vf/kxe foghu a vuqHkoksa dk la;kstu f'k{k.k O;FkZ gSA lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd izfØ;k ds eq[; rhu i{k gksrs gSa& r vf/kxe vuqHkoksa ds izdkj KkukRed] HkkokRed fØ;kRed 'kSf{kd mn~ns'; u visf{kr vf/kxe izfrQy dk vf/kxe ds iqucZyu vf/kxe vuqHko th esa egRo ewY;kadu mi;qZDr rhuksa ?kfu"B :i ls lEcfU/kr a gSaA f'k{kk dh lQyrk gsrq 'kSf{kd mn~ns'; fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq Nk=& Nk=kvksa dks fo|ky; esa fofo/k izdkj ds vf/kxe vuqHko iznku fd;s tkrs gSaA ewY;kadu ds }kjk ;g t m tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd 'kSf{kd mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr fdl lhek rd gks ldh gSA e visf{kr vf/kxe Loj dh ladYiuk (Concept of Expected Learning level) d i 6&14 o; oxZ ds cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd o vfuok;Z izkjfEHkd f'k{kk miyC/k djkus ds. mn~ns'; ls f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ykxw djds mls w ekSfyd vf/kdkj dh Js.kh esa yk;k x;k gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bls Hkh tkusa& fd;s x;s vusdksa iz;klksa ls ;|fi ukekadu o Bgjko esa rks lHkh Nk=ksa dks dq'kyrk@ikjaxrrk ds w i;kZIr o`f) gqbZ ijUrq fo|ky;ksa esa 'kSf{kd xq.koRrk dh Lrj rd ys tkuk gh visf{kr vf/kxe w n`f"V ls Nk=ksa dk visf{kr miyfC/k Lrj vR;Ur Lrj dk y{; gSA ;g og Lrj gS ftls fpUrktud gSA vr% blds fy, ;g vko';d le>k x;k gj cPps dks izkIr dj ysuk vko';d gSA blls f'k{kk ds Lrjksa esa fofHkUurk ds fd izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij lh[kus ds dqN ,sls LFkku ij ,d:irk LFkkfir gks] lkFk gh Lrj@n{krk,a fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk,a ftUgsa izR;sd cPpk ml lkFk ,d vksj xq.koRrk cuk] fpUru] rdZ] dYiuk] fo'ys"k.k] iwokZuqeku yxkukA KkukRed vuqHkoksa dk ewY;kadu mu fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa irs gSa \ bldk izHkkoh mi;ksx vki d{kk/;kiu esa dSls djsaxs \ 117 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  ç;ksxkRed dk;Z@l=h;@izkstDs V dk;Z@ekWMy%& çf'k{kq f'k{kdksa dks f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds fl)kUr ds izR;sd ikB esa vUrfuZfgr Kku] ladYiuk dks cPpksa rd igq¡pkus ds fy, izkstsDV] ekWMy Game, Video clip, Audio clip, Experiment rS;kj djus dk dk;Z fn;k tk;sxkA rS;kj fd;s tk ldus okys ekWMy@izkstsDV dh lkadsfrd lwph lgk;rkFkZ fuEuor~ gSA f'k{kdx.k vU; fo"k;ksa ij Hkh ekWMy@izkstsDV dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrs gSaA d{kk ds cPpksa dks NksVs&NksVs lewgksa esa foHkDr dj xk¡o@eqgYys ds Ldwy tkus okys rFkk u tkus okys 5 o"kZ ds Åij ds cPpksa dh lwpuk dk ,d=hdj.k ,oa vuqikr Kkr dj lwph dk fuekZ.k djsaA izf'k{kq }kjk ekg esa leLr Nk=ksa dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa foHkDr dj fdlh ,d fo"k; ij r g o okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djuk A izf'kq{k ,oa cPpksa }kjk fufeZr lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ,d foKku fdV rS;kj djukA a. r f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh ;Fkk&J`O;] n`'; ,oa J`O;&n`'; ¼rhuksa izdkj dh lkexzh½ lkexzh ij vk/kkfjr u pkVZ@ekWMy dk fuekZ.k djukA th fofHkUu f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ij ,d&,d ekWMy@ izLrqrhdj.k rS;kj djukA fofHkUu f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u ¼fdlh ,d fo"k;oLrq dks nsdj djuk½A a t m i e. d w w w 118 Downloaded From www.dietmathura.org  lUnHkZ lwph lQy f'k{k.k dh lkekU; fof/k;ka & MkW0 gfjoa'k r:.k f'k{kk esa uokpkj ,oa rduhdh & ,y0ch0cktis;h f'k{k.k dyk & MkW0 'kkfyxzke f=ikBh 'kSf{kd rduhdh ,oa izcU/ku & MkW0 jktho ekyoh; Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk fodkl & MkW0 ekyrh lkjLor r g o lapkj ek/;eksa dk izHkko & vkse izdk'k flag Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa mnh;eku izo`fRr;k¡ & MkW0 izfrHkk mik/;k; a. r Hkkjr esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk & ih0,y0eYgks=k u Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj mldh leL;k,a & ih0Mh0 ikBd th vk/kkjf'kyk ¼[k.M&2½ & çkjfEHkd f'k{kk foHkkx jkT; f'k{kk laLFkku m0iz0 bykgkcknA f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds fl)kUr & a vkj0ds0 'kekZ m vfHkuo ¼vad&51½ & jkT; 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