Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules PDF

2025 Official Rules Chapter I  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Foreword Dear Shell Eco-marathon Participa...

2025 Official Rules Chapter I  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Foreword Dear Shell Eco-marathon Participants, It is with great excitement that I welcome you to a new season of Shell Eco-marathon. 2025 promises to be a seminal year – a time to look back and to look ahead. As we navigate today’s complex and evolving energy challenges, there has never been a more critical time to encourage and enable the next energy leaders. We can’t wait to see you on track. As the 2025 season officially begins, we celebrate 40 years of Shell Eco-marathon – four decades of perseverance, innovation and collaboration among the world’s most talented young people. The competition has come a long way since 1985, but its core values and enduring impact remain unchanged. In the season ahead, students will once again embark on a journey that will push their design, technology, and engineering skills to the limit. For the upcoming season, I’d like to call your attention to some rule changes: n If two teams from the same Educational Institution choose to enter, they must now participate in either different vehicle categories or different energy classes. n We are creating space for further innovation, for example with new allowances for steering mechanisms, rear-view devices, and Urban Concept lighting systems. n Finally, we are thrilled to reintroduce the Communications Off-Track Award, supported by our partner HAVAS Media Network. 2025 also brings two new locations. We look forward to welcoming you, along with guests, partners, and supporters, to Qatar and Poland. I also want to take a moment to personally thank my colleagues in Indonesia and France who have done a tremendous job of hosting the event for the last three years. Thank you for your dedication and enthusiasm, and for your role in a 40-year legacy of innovation. I hope that you embrace the opportunities and challenges with vigour and enthusiasm and feel empowered to make a real difference in the world with the experience you will gain in this competition. Visit our website www.shellecomarathon.com, Instagram and TikTok to catch the latest news and updates about Shell Eco-marathon. Wishing you all success in the season ahead. Kind regards, Norman Koch Shell Eco-marathon General Manager 1  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Table of Contents 1. Organisation...................................................................................................... 5 Article 0: About the Rules.................................................................................................... 5 Article 1: Acceptance.......................................................................................................... 6 Article 2: Entries.................................................................................................................. 6 Article 3: Track Access Conditions....................................................................................... 8 Article 4: Identification........................................................................................................ 8 Article 5: Compliance.......................................................................................................... 8 Article 6: Protests................................................................................................................. 9 Article 7: Disputes................................................................................................................ 9 Article 8: Penalties............................................................................................................... 9 2. Safety................................................................................................................. 10 Article 9: Safety Rules........................................................................................................ 10 2A – Driving Rules...................................................................................................................... 10 Article 10: Driving Knowledge and Test.............................................................................. 10 Article 11: Driving under the Influence of Alcohol/Illegal Substances.................................. 11 Article 12: Briefing................................................................................................................ 11 Article 13: Access to the Track.............................................................................................. 11 Article 14: Pushing the Vehicle.............................................................................................. 11 Article 15: Race Direction..................................................................................................... 11 Article 16: Radio Communication......................................................................................... 11 Article 17: Overtaking......................................................................................................... 12 Article 18: Breakdowns and Other Incidents....................................................................... 12 Article 19: Off-Track Vehicle Movements............................................................................. 12 2B – Driver and Equipment....................................................................................................... 12 Article 20: Driver Weight..................................................................................................... 12 Article 21: Helmets.............................................................................................................. 13 Article 22: Driver Clothing................................................................................................... 13 Article 23: Driver Comfort................................................................................................... 13 2C – General Safety................................................................................................................... 14 Article 24: Equipment and Materials................................................................................... 14 3. Vehicle Design................................................................................................... 16 3A – General.............................................................................................................................. 16 Article 25: Vehicle Design.................................................................................................... 16 Article 26: Chassis/Monocoque Solidity.............................................................................. 16 Article 27: Propulsion and Energy Storage System Isolation............................................... 17 Article 28: Visibility.............................................................................................................. 17 Article 29: Safety Belts......................................................................................................... 18 Article 30: Vehicle Access.................................................................................................... 18 Article 31: Horn................................................................................................................... 19 Article 32: Steering.............................................................................................................. 19 Article 33: Driver Position.................................................................................................... 19 2  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 34: Clutch and Transmission..................................................................................... 19 Article 35: Exhaust System.................................................................................................. 20 Article 36: Environmental Considerations........................................................................... 20 Article 37: Emergency Shutdown........................................................................................ 20 Article 38: Additional Inspections........................................................................................ 21 3B – Prototype Category.......................................................................................................... 21 Article 39: Dimensions......................................................................................................... 21 Article 40: Not Used............................................................................................................22 Article 41: Tyres, Wheels, Axles and Wheel Hubs...............................................................22 Article 42: Turning Radius....................................................................................................22 Article 43: Braking...............................................................................................................22 3C – Urban Concept Category................................................................................................. 23 Article 44: Definition............................................................................................................ 23 Article 45: Dimensions......................................................................................................... 23 Article 46: Vehicle Body...................................................................................................... 23 Article 47: Turning Radius................................................................................................... 24 Article 48: Wheels.............................................................................................................. 24 Article 49: Tyres.................................................................................................................. 24 Article 50: Lighting...............................................................................................................25 Article 51: Braking...............................................................................................................25 Article 52: Wet Weather Running........................................................................................26 4. Energy Sources................................................................................................. 27 4A – General............................................................................................................................. 27 Article 53: Energy Classes...................................................................................................27 Article 54: Results Calculations............................................................................................27 Article 55: Fuels Supply and Handling.................................................................................29 Article 56: Joulemeters........................................................................................................29 Article 57: Vehicle Electrical Systems...................................................................................29 Article 58: Not Used............................................................................................................ 31 4B – Internal Combustion Engine............................................................................................. 31 Article 59: Propulsion........................................................................................................... 31 Article 60: Other On-Board Energy Sources........................................................................ 32 Article 61: Fuel Tanks (ICE vehicles).................................................................................... 32 Article 62: Fuel System........................................................................................................ 33 Article 63: Vehicles using Hybrid Technology......................................................................34 Article 64: Starter................................................................................................................34 4C – Electric Propulsion............................................................................................................ 34 Article 65: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles...............................................................................34 Article 66: Battery Electric Vehicles..................................................................................... 37 5. Documentation................................................................................................. 38 Article 67: Technical Documentation................................................................................... 38 3  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I 6. On-vehicle Telemetry Equipment..................................................................... 41 Article 68: General.............................................................................................................. 41 Article 69: Onboard Computer............................................................................................ 41 Article 70: Hydrogen Flow Meter........................................................................................ 41 Article 71: Liquid Flow Meter............................................................................................... 41 Article 72: Joulemeters....................................................................................................... 42 7. Awards and Prizes........................................................................................... 43 7A – On-Track Awards............................................................................................................. 43 Article 100: On-Track Award Overview and Prizes...............................................................43 7B – Off-Track Awards.............................................................................................................. 43 Article 101: Communications Award sponsored by HAVAS Media Network....................... 44 Article 102: Data and Telemetry Award sponsored by Schmid Elektronik............................ 46 Article 103: Carbon Footprint Reduction Award sponsored by Shell Low Carbon Solutions Business............................................................................................................. 47 Article 104: Technical Innovation Award sponsored by Southwest Research Institute.......... 48 Article 105: Safety Leadership Award.................................................................................. 49 Article 106: Spirit of Shell Eco-marathon Award.................................................................. 49 8. Miscellaneous................................................................................................... 50 Article 107: Personal Data.....................................................................................................50 Article 108: Not Used............................................................................................................50 Article 109: Intellectual Property...........................................................................................50 Article 110: Third Party’s Intellectual Property......................................................................50 Appendix 1: Identification of Vehicles..................................................................... 51 Appendix 2: Shipping Guidelines........................................................................... 53 4  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I 1. Organisation Article 0: About the Rules a) The rules for Shell Eco-marathon 2025 competitions can be downloaded from the Shell Eco-marathon website. They comprise of: i. Chapter I – global Shell Eco-marathon Official Rules (referred to as “Official Rules” in this document). ii. Chapter II – specific rules for each of the Shell Eco-marathon on-track events. iii. Chapter III – rules for the Shell Eco-marathon Championship Series, which is for Urban Concept cars only. iv. Chapter IV – rules for the Shell Eco-marathon Autonomous Competitions. b) It is the responsibility of participating Teams to read and understand the Official Rules. Participants should pay particular attention to guidance on the protection of your personal data (in Article 107), and guidance on protection of your and other people’s intellectual property (in Article 109 and Article 110). To highlight rule changes and aid the understanding of frequently misunderstood rules: i. Red text indicates a change, addition, or amendment to the previous year’s Official Rules. ii. Italic text is explanation of a rule for better understanding. c) Links are used throughout this document for navigation and are indicated by underlined text. d) In this document functions and roles are defined as follows: i. ‘Organisers’ – the specific Shell company that organises the Shell Eco-marathon event in a region stated in Chapter II, and all persons acting on its behalf. ii. ‘Educational Institution’ – the university, college, or secondary school (preparing students for higher education degrees, vocational training certificates, professional certificates or official second-level school-leaving examinations) that endorses and oversees the participation of a Shell Eco-marathon Team. iii. ‘Team’ – a group of individuals affiliated with an Educational Institution with a team name and one vehicle that has been accepted for entry to the Shell Eco-marathon competition. iv. ‘Participant’ – a member of a Team. v. ‘Team Manager’ – a Participant that has been appointed on the event registration document as a single focal point for their Team for the Organisers, who assumes overall responsibility for the Team, including the Duty of Care for the Team members, and who is responsible for their behaviour and compliance with the competition rules. This person may be a Faculty Advisor or adult Team member (see Article 2h), but they must be over 18 years old and competent to assume the responsibility. vi. ‘Faculty Advisor’ – a professional staff member of the Educational Institution which the Team represents, also a Participant of the Team. vii. ‘Chaperone’ – a person related to a Participant or affiliated with the Educational Institution, responsible for the supervision of young students of that institution. viii. ‘Race Director’ – a person appointed by the Organisers, who is responsible for managing and sanctioning all on-track activities. 5  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I ix. ‘Track Marshal’ – person appointed by the Race Director to act on their behalf, to ensure on- track safety and observe on-track rule compliance. x. ‘Technical Director’ – a person appointed by the Organisers, who is responsible for managing and ensuring the technical standards and integrity of the Shell Eco-marathon competition. xi. ‘Technical Team’ – persons operating under the guidance and supervision of the Technical Director, responsible for ensuring that all participating vehicles meet the required technical standards and adhere to the integrity of the competition. xii. ‘Safety Team’ – persons appointed by the Organisers whose role is to maintain off-track safety and ensure compliance with the safety rules of the competition. xiii. ‘Leading Institution’ - Educational Institution with the majority of students in a Team with members from more than one institution. xiv. ‘Competition’ or ‘Event’ – Shell Eco-marathon event held at a physical location or virtual environment, with rules and conditions of participation as defined in this document. e) Any decision by the Organisers is final, independent of whether it is explicitly identified in Chapter I or not. Article 1: Acceptance a) Applications to enter the competition must be made via the Shell Eco-marathon registration site. The Organisers will review all applications and will select Teams based on the quality of their proposed entry, historical successes from previous Shell Eco-marathon events, and adherence to the following registration phases: i. Phase 1 – Registration & basic information: Teams must register their interest in joining the competition, specifying the vehicle category, energy class, and providing a high-level description/design of the vehicle. This phase is non-binding. ii. Phase 2 – Technical submission: Teams must demonstrate progress on the design and build of their vehicle, submitting documentation and photos. Approval in this phase confirms official selection to join the competition. iii. Phase 3 – Logistics: Teams complete logistics and final preparations for the event. The criteria for the historical successes will include achieving valid runs, completing the technical inspection, and demonstrating a readiness to compete upon arrival at the event. In addition, the Organisers reserve the right to invite Teams who represent the spirit of this competition. b) By the fact of their entry, Participants accept all provisions of the Official Rules and agree to abide by all decisions made by the Organisers. The Organisers reserve the right to add, modify or delete any Article of the Official Rules. In such an event, the Teams will be notified. The Organisers are solely empowered to pronounce in cases not provided for in the Official Rules. c) The Organisers reserve the right to modify, postpone or cancel the competition for any reason including for reasons of force majeure due to, including but not limited to, adverse or extreme weather conditions, the occurrence of a natural disaster, acts of terrorism or safety concerns. No claims for compensation will be accepted. Article 2: Entries a) Shell Eco-marathon is an academic educational programme. All Teams wishing to enter must be affiliated with an educational institution and their participation must be endorsed by it as evidenced by an Institutional Waiver signed by a competent authority of the Educational Institution submitted at the end of Phase 1 Registration. 6  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I b) Educational Institutions eligible for Shell Eco-marathon participation are universities, colleges and secondary schools preparing students for higher education degrees, vocational training certificates, professional certificates or official second-level school-leaving examinations. c) Participants must be at least 16 years of age on the first day of the competition, however 14 and 15-year-olds may be allowed if appropriate safety and supervision plans are agreed in advance with the Organisers. Any Team wishing to include members aged 14 and 15 should contact the Organisers prior to registration where additional information on the requirements and limitations relevant to their country can be provided. d) All members of a given Team must be currently affiliated with the Educational Institution or have been affiliated within 12 months prior to the date of the event, either as a student or as a member of faculty. e) By prior agreement with the Organisers, Teams can be made up of Participants from up to two different Educational Institutions. The institution with the majority of the students will act as the Leading Institution. The Leading Institution must assume full responsibility for the external students making up the Team. The Team Manager must come from the Leading Institution. f) Each Participant must be associated with one Team only. g) A maximum of two vehicles per Educational Institution may be considered for any given Shell Eco-marathon event, granted they are of (i) different vehicle categories or (ii) different energy classes. The vehicle categories available are Prototype and Urban Concept, as defined in Article 25a. The energy classes available are Internal Combustion Engine, Battery Electric, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell, as defined in Article 53. The Organisers reserve the right to select which Teams will advance based on the acceptance criteria detailed in Article 1a. h) For each entry, a Team Manager, a Driver and a Faculty Advisor must be designated. A Reserve Driver may also be designated. i) The Team Manager must be a student member of the Team currently enrolled at the Educational Institution. In case all Participants are legal minors at the date of registration, the Faculty Advisor must act as Team Manager. j) The Team Manager may also be a Driver or Reserve Driver for their Team’s vehicle. k) The Team Manager is the Team’s sole official liaison with the Organisers. All information will be addressed to him/her. For the purposes of the project, he/she will be responsible for the Team, must speak on behalf of the Team and must be able to understand and speak English. l) Both the Driver and the Reserve Driver must be at least 16 years old. The Driver and Reserve Driver must be students of the Educational Institution in question. If all the student Team members are under 16 years of age, the Team must contact the Organisers in writing for a review of the situation. Both Drivers must be able to speak and understand English. m) Each interested Team, if accepted, can attend Shell Eco-marathon event(s) in its home region at the Organisers’ discretion. Attendance at another Shell Eco-marathon event outside its home region is subject to the decision of the Organisers. n) Teams that wish to drop out from the competition must inform the Organisers 35 calendar days prior to on-site student registration opening. Failure to notify the Organisers may result in a suspension of their institution from Shell Eco-marathon competitions globally for one year. o) Teams are required to select a creative and engaging name for their Team that is showcasing the Teams' innovation and creativity. Names should be original and in the spirit of their research, their 7  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Educational Institution, and Shell Eco-marathon. Names should be written in basic Latin script, optionally with accents, and must be a maximum of 64 characters. Names that are a repetition of the Educational Institution’s name, that include an existing company name, or that are considered offensive or disrespectful to others who may be participating will not be allowed. The Organisers reserve the right to require Teams to change their name. Article 3: Track Access Conditions Whenever a vehicle enters the track, the vehicle body must be in place and bear all the competition numbers, sponsor stickers and Shell logos required by the Official Rules. Organisers will supply these numbers and logos. Article 4: Identification a) Logos, official sponsor stickers, racing numbers and emergency stop sticker will be provided by the Organisers as appropriate for each Shell Eco-marathon event. They must be fixed to the vehicle body in accordance with the diagram provided (see Appendix 1) such that they can be clearly read during any public presentation, in promotional films and on all photographs. b) Under no circumstances may the Shell logo, the sponsor stickers or racing numbers be modified, either on the vehicle or on any documentation. It is prohibited to cut the supplied stickers without prior approval from the Organisers. Their dimensions are as follows: i. For each side and the front of the vehicle: A Shell logo, 200 x 215 mm. ii. For each side and the front of the vehicle: racing numbers, 200 x 260 mm. iii. For each side, on the lower part of the body: a sponsor sticker, 770 x 80 mm. c) A mandatory 100 mm space must be left free on all four sides of the Shell logo, and it should be placed with the base parallel to the ground (not at an angle). d) Any other sponsor names/logos must be smaller than the Shell logo. Each sponsor sticker must fit within a maximum area of 400 cm² (empty space included). e) The trademarks or logos of tobacco companies and alcoholic drinks producers are prohibited. Trademarks and logos of other energy companies require the prior written approval of the Organisers. f) In the event of a breach of this rule, the Organisers reserve the right to deny entry to the competition. g) All vehicles are subject to the Organisers’ approval concerning these provisions. Article 5: Compliance a) Only vehicles that comply with the present Official Rules can participate. No vehicle will be allowed on the track for practice or competition until the Organisers have approved it. The decisions of the Organisers are final in all matters concerning the compliance of vehicle design and construction with the Official Rules. b) The Organisers reserve the right to rescind vehicle approval upon further or more detailed evaluation. The Organisers must be notified of any modifications to the vehicle after inspection. Non-compliance with this rule may lead to vehicle disqualification. c) Vehicles complying with all safety rules but not all technical rules will not be allowed to compete. However, they may be allowed on the track for practice or demonstration at the discretion of the Technical Director. 8  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I d) For any vehicle that produces a result outside of the typical values for the competition, the Organisers reserve the right to withhold this value until a similar result is achieved with the same vehicle and configuration, and the result has been verified by the Organisers. Article 6: Protests The Team Manager is the only person authorised to lodge protests. Protests must be brought to the attention of the Technical Director via the results desk. Protests must be lodged within the following times: a) Vehicles: before track closure on the current day. b) Team and Driver behaviour: within 30 minutes following the end of the attempt. c) Results: within 1 hour after the result of an attempt has been posted. Article 7: Disputes In the event of any disputes, all decisions made by the Organisers are binding and final. Article 8: Penalties a) Non-compliance with the rules or direct instructions from the Organisers will result in the penalties as described in Article 8d. Notwithstanding this, the Organisers reserve the right to make decisions on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity of the breach. At the discretion of the Organisers, a breach of safety, either on or off track, may be considered as a 2nd or 3rd infraction and result in that penalty being applied. b) The Organisers may exclude, disqualify, or penalise any Participant or Team who has cheated, gained an unfair advantage, hindered other Participants or Teams, or has committed any act or omission capable of misrepresenting performance, especially regarding energy consumption or method of propulsion. c) During the competition, the Driver or Team Manager must report to the Organisers any movement made or attempted by means other than the vehicle’s own propulsion system. In such an event, the attempt in question will be invalid. If this type of incident is not reported, all the Team’s attempts will be invalidated. d) The following general penalties apply: 1st infraction: Formal warning. 2nd infraction: Best overall attempt invalidated at the end of the competition. 3rd infraction: Immediate Team disqualification. 9  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I 2. Safety Article 9: Safety Rules a) As with any motorsport activity there should be an understanding that certain inherent risks will be present. Recognising and controlling these risks is vital for the well-being of people and local surroundings. Safety both on and off track is an essential consideration for the Organisers. These Rules are to protect all individuals and surrounding areas and are in no way intended to curtail the spirit of the competition. Any activity deemed by the Organisers unsafe or outside of the spirit of the event will be met with appropriate action. b) Compliance with safe driving rules, as well as any instructions given by Track Marshals, or the Organisers is mandatory for everyone. All Participants must comply with the safety measures and must notify Organisers about any anomalies or incidents. In case of dangerous conditions, leave the area immediately. During the event, the paddock area will be monitored by the Organisers to assist Teams to comply with safe practices. c) The Race Director is responsible for and has the final authority in determining the safe conditions for track operations. d) Non-compliance with any of these Rules, on track or off track, may lead to disqualification from the competition at the sole and absolute discretion of the Organisers. e) Electrical safety in the paddocks is an especially important topic in Shell Eco-marathon events. Teams must read and comply with the safety concerns in Article 24, Article 57, and their event specific Chapter II Rules. f) Teams understand and agree that approval in Technical Inspection only accredits them to operate on the Event Site track for testing or competition purposes, and not to drive on public roads. 2A – Driving Rules Article 10: Driving Knowledge and Test a) Only the registered Driver and the Reserve Driver will be authorised to drive the vehicle. b) Drivers may be questioned about their knowledge of the driving rules during the inspection. The Organisers reserve the right to deny track access to Drivers with insufficient knowledge of the Rules. c) Driving on-track: Drivers must use smooth, safe driving techniques for example thinking ahead, avoiding sudden directional changes, and being fully aware of vehicles around them. d) Drivers must have a minimum of two hours of driving experience with their vehicle. Drivers will be asked to evidence their skill level: 1. Do you have prior experience driving in a Shell Eco-marathon competition? 2. Do you have prior experience driving in a similar mileage competition? 3. Do you have a minimum of 2 hours driving experience in your Team vehicle? 4. Have both drivers driven the current vehicle? Drivers may be required, at the discretion of the Technical Director, to verify their skill level on a test track as part of passing Technical Inspection. 10  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 11: Driving under the Influence of Alcohol/Illegal Substances a) Driving under the influence of alcohol or illegal substances is forbidden. This applies to all Drivers. b) Any Participant taking any over the counter or prescription medication which may impair their ability to drive or operate machinery (as detailed on the drug information sheet) must declare this to the Organisers who will determine any restrictions. c) Any breach will be penalised in line with Article 8 and the following additional penalties: i. Any alcohol or substance-related breach of the rules will be treated at least as a ‘2nd infraction’ of the Team, even if no prior violation has occurred. ii. In addition, the affected Driver is immediately banned from track access if he/she is under the influence. A Reserve Driver may substitute the Driver if he/she is eligible to drive. iii. Any second alcohol and/or substance-related infraction will lead to the immediate disqualification of the entire Team. Article 12: Briefing Attendance of the daily Drivers’ briefing is mandatory for the Team Manager and all registered Drivers every day. If the Team Manager is not present at this briefing, their Team’s vehicle will not be authorised on track for that day. If the Team Manager attends the briefing, but not all Drivers in their Team, only the Driver attending the briefing will be authorised on track for that day. Article 13: Access to the Track a) Vehicles must pass a safety inspection prior to accessing the track for practice runs. A safety sticker will be clearly affixed once the vehicle has passed the inspection. b) For practice runs on both the test track and the competition track, only vehicles with a safety sticker will be allowed on the track. c) For the competition, only vehicles with safety and technical inspection stickers will be allowed to compete. d) The Organisers will allow the opportunity for Team Managers and Drivers to survey the track before any vehicles are allowed on the track. For further details please refer to Chapter II. e) After pre-start measurements have been completed, Teams must be ready to start their attempt within two minutes or return to the paddock. f) Access to the track for pedestrians is strictly prohibited. Article 14: Pushing the Vehicle At no time on the racetrack are drivers allowed to push their vehicle or have it pushed, including to start the run or to cross the finish line. Article 15: Race Direction It is forbidden to drive in reverse gear or to drive against the race direction. Article 16: Radio Communication The use of hand-held communications is forbidden in the vehicle. However, the use of a “hands-free” kit is allowed if both hands of the driver remain on the steering system. 11  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 17: Overtaking a) Drivers are required to give clear passage for other vehicles wishing to overtake. b) Drivers in overtaking vehicles must sound their horn and pass with caution. The Driver of the overtaking vehicle is responsible for the safety of the manoeuvre. c) Drivers of the vehicles being overtaken must use their mirrors and must not change course suddenly. d) On the track, overtaking is authorised on both the right and the left, provided the above-mentioned safety rules are followed. Article 18: Breakdowns and Other Incidents a) Intentional stopping on the track is forbidden unless it is required by the competition, e.g. for Urban Concept vehicles, or is needed to prevent a safety incident. b) The Driver is allowed 30 seconds to attempt to re-start the vehicle. c) If a vehicle breaks down or is involved in a minor disabling accident on the track, the Driver must immediately make every attempt to drive the vehicle to the side of the track and wait in the vehicle for the Track Marshals to arrive. d) In an emergency, the Driver must get out of the vehicle and wait in a safe place off the track for the Track Marshals to arrive and recover him/her and the vehicle. e) It is forbidden to carry out repairs on the track. Article 19: Off-Track Vehicle Movements All vehicles must be parked inside the designated paddock area or directly in front of it. When off the track, vehicles must be moved without the use of the engine. They must be pushed or pulled at walking pace by an accompanying Team Member wearing gloves. This also applies to the pit lane and the paddock area. Test-driving in the paddock area is forbidden. 2B – Driver and Equipment Article 20: Driver Weight a) The minimum Driver Weight is: < Prototype vehicles – 50.0 kg < Urban Concept vehicles – 70.0 kg b) The Driver Weight is defined as the weight of the person driving the vehicle including full driving gear and communication devices. If the Driver Weight does not meet the minimum weight requirement ballast needs to be fitted to the vehicle. This ballast must be provided by the Team, in form of weightlifting discs or rectangular metal plates. No other form of ballast is permitted. The ballast must be effectively secured to the vehicle, outside the driver compartment, to ensure Driver safety in the event of collision or roll-over. A seal will be installed around the ballast by a technical inspector and must remain in place during the event. If the seal has been tampered with or removed the vehicle will no longer be valid to compete. The ballast must be in a single pack. c) If a Team has two Drivers and one or both Drivers are underweight, the ballast weight will be based on the lightest driver. d) Drivers (in full driving gear, including communication devices) and their ballast may be weighed before or after each attempt. A weight loss of up to 1 kg during an attempt will be tolerated. 12  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 21: Helmets a) For Urban Concept vehicles, drivers must wear a full-face or three-quarter helmet suitable for motorsport activities. b) For Prototype vehicles, drivers must use a three-quarter helmet suitable for motorsport activities. c) Helmet certification labels must be clearly readable. Helmets worn by all Drivers will be subject to inspection. Helmets should not have any indentations or cracks and should be in proper working condition as intended by the helmet manufacturer. Examples of accepted helmet standards are listed on the FAQ section of the Shell Eco-marathon website. d) All helmets must be affixed with a face shield or visor, which must cover from the top of the face down to below the driver’s nose. When a three-quarter helmet is used, goggles are permitted. Tinted face shields or sunglasses to be worn under the face shield are permitted. Visors should be free from major scratches and have clear visibility. e) The helmet must correctly fit each individual Driver and be secured by a chin strap. f) Long hair should be secured and concealed within the helmet or clothing. Article 22: Driver Clothing a) All Drivers must wear a one-piece racing suit as the outermost layer of clothing, and the racing suit must be classified as Flame Retardant Clothing (FRC) according to a recognised standard for motorsport activities. Drivers are not allowed to wear synthetic clothing underneath the race suit because synthetic material may melt if exposed to flames. Examples of accepted racing suit standards are listed on the FAQ section of the Shell Eco-marathon website. Cotton undergarments are recommended. b) Socks (made from cotton or FRC material) and shoes are required. c) Fire retardant gloves are required and must completely cover all fingers. d) If Drivers wear balaclavas, they are required to be made from FRC material. e) No bare skin should be visible when the Driver is wearing the racing suit, gloves, socks and shoes. f) The clothing must be correctly sized to the individual Driver. Article 23: Driver Comfort Please note that in the event of hot weather conditions, high temperatures may affect Driver comfort and potentially cause heat stress. a) It is recommended to properly ventilate the inside of the vehicle to provide cooling to the Driver. b) It is recommended to provide sufficient drinking liquids to the driver for the duration of an attempt. If fluid containers are provided to the driver(s), these containers must be hands-free. Hydration vests or bottles secured inside the driver’s compartment with flexible feed straw are recommended. c) It is recommended to equip the vehicle with an effective shield from the sun. 13  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I d) For driver comfort, Teams can install fans or air-cooling type systems that are not included in the electrical measurement of the vehicle. Any fans or air-cooling systems must be self-powered by internal batteries (see Article 57i). 2C – General Safety Article 24: Equipment and Materials Teams are required to provide and use at the event: a) Leather, canvas or other cut resistant gloves for general work, including movement of vehicle b) Chemical resistant gloves for fuel or motor oil handling c) Safety glasses d) Safety goggles for handling liquid fuels e) Hearing protection f) Closed shoes (sandals and flip-flops are not permitted) g) Means to secure cords or cables lying on the pit floor h) Lift stands or appropriate raised platform for vehicle tuning and repairs i) Tools and materials j) Effective equipment suitable to mitigate and/or control Lithium-based battery fires must be used during battery charging. The equipment must prevent or contain the spread of fire or a battery event during charging. Equipment that may be used includes: i. A battery charging bag that is designed specifically for containment of a Lithium battery fire. ii. A fireproof blanket that can be placed over AND under the lithium battery being charged. The blanket must be big enough to fully cover and contain any potential battery fire. iii. A vented metal box that entirely encompasses the battery. k) Vehicle Crates and Transportation Commercial transportation regulations have increased significantly in recent years. Teams need to understand the ramifications of non-compliance. Individual Teams are responsible for commercial shipments. Dangerous Goods include, but are not limited to flammable liquids, batteries, and pressurized containers (e.g. fire extinguishers). Shipments made by air freight are the most stringent compared to road freight. i. Participants are required to seek early guidance regarding shipment of any Dangerous Goods material from a commercial freight company to obtain the latest shipping legislation. ii. Dangerous Goods shipping and packing information will be provided in the Chapter II rules for each on-track event. iii. For general guidance on how to ship your crate safely and efficiently, refer to Appendix 2. l) Electrical safety i. All electrical equipment used must be properly fused. ii. Electrical cables must be in good condition and appropriate for the equipment it is intended for. 14  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I iii. Teams are only allowed to use the supplied single multi-plug strip with internal overcurrent protection. No further multi-plug strips or other adaptors may be used. m) Compressed Gas safety Safety glasses shall be worn when working with pressurised gas. Gas cylinders must be secured in an appropriate location, as agreed with the Organisers. n) Hydrogen Cylinder safety Participants are not allowed to keep any cylinders in their possession overnight. The cylinders must be stored in a location designated by the Organisers suitable for hydrogen storage in the paddock. Upon arrival at the circuit, Team Managers must contact the Technical Team, who will organise all relevant logistics. A suitable location would include proper ventilation, distance away from any possible ignition sources, secured to avoid accidental damage. When the cylinder is not installed in the vehicle, a blind cap shall be installed on the cylinder outlet. o) Guards for rotating equipment (chassis dynamometers, etc.), such as gears, transmission chains, and belts, are mandatory. 15  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I 3. Vehicle Design 3A – General Article 25: Vehicle Design a) During vehicle design, construction and competition planning, participating Teams must pay attention to all aspects of safety, including the safety of the driver, participants, volunteers and spectators. i. Prototype vehicles must have three or four running wheels that are in constant contact with the road. ii. All vehicles must have a minimum crumple zone of 100 mm between the front of the vehicle body and the driver’s feet. iii. Urban Concept vehicles must have exactly four wheels that are in constant contact with the road. b) Aerodynamic appendages, which adjust or are prone to changing shape due to wind, are not allowed. c) Vehicle bodies must not include any external appendages that might be dangerous to Participants; this includes pointed parts of the vehicle body. Sharp points must have a radius of 50 mm or greater or be covered with foam or a deformable material. d) Vehicle body panels and windows must be constructed from materials that maintain their shape and structural integrity under aerodynamic forces expected during competition. e) The vehicle interior must not contain any objects that might injure the Driver in the event of a collision. Windows must not shatter into sharp shards. Protective film covering the windows is allowed but must not distort the driver’s visibility. f) The energy compartment (engine/motor/transmission/battery, etc.) should be easy to access for a quick inspection. g) All parts of the drive train, including fuel tank, hydrogen system components, etc. must be within the confines of the body cover. h) All objects in the vehicle must be securely mounted. Bungee cords or other elastic materials are not permitted for securing heavy objects. i) All vehicles must have a solid floor and frame that prevent any part of the driver’s body from contacting the ground. j) All vehicles must be fully covered. Open top vehicles are not allowed. Vehicles that look like bicycles, tricycles or wheelchairs are not acceptable. k) The Organisers will provide all Urban Concept vehicles with a telemetry system and require them to install it in their vehicle for competition monitoring and result calculation (see Section 6). l) The use of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials is forbidden. Article 26: Chassis/Monocoque Solidity a) Teams must ensure that the vehicle chassis or monocoque will safely protect the driver’s body, including crumple space in the event of a front, side, or rollover collision. 16  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I A monocoque is a construction that supports structural load by using an object's external skin as opposed to using a frame. b) The vehicle chassis must be equipped with an effective roll bar that extends 50 mm around the driver’s helmet when seated in normal driving position with the safety belts fastened. If this position impairs the driver visibility it will be deemed that the roll bar is not adequate. The effectiveness of the roll bar and driver’s visibility will be validated simultaneously, i.e. the driver must not be in such position that he or she must raise their head or torso above the roll bar to pass the visibility test. c) The roll bar must extend in width beyond the driver’s shoulders when seated in normal driving position with the safety belts fastened. Teams may use a tubular or panel roll bar. If a tubular roll bar is used, it must be of a material structurally capable of protecting the driver. A panel roll bar is the rigid partition separating the cockpit from the energy compartment, and it must be integrated into the vehicle chassis or monocoque. d) The roll bar must be able to withstand a static load of 700 N applied in a vertical, horizontal, and/or perpendicular direction, without deforming in any direction. e) Movement of the Driver’s head within the confines of the vehicle body to achieve a complete arc of vision is allowed, but the driver’s helmet must not protrude in the impact area in the event of a rollover. f) If the vehicle must be lifted at a specific place on its body, it must be clearly marked with a red arrow sticker, provided by the Organisers (see Appendix 1). Article 27: Propulsion and Energy Storage System Isolation a) A rigid Bulkhead must safely isolate and seal the vehicle’s propulsion and energy storage systems from the driver’s compartment. A bulkhead is an upright partition separating the driver’s compartment from the energy compartment. This means engines, fuel cells, fuel tanks, batteries (propulsion or accessary), hydrogen cylinders, supercapacitors, etc. must be placed outside the driver’s compartment behind the bulkhead. The purpose of this bulkhead is that in the event of a fuel leak, fire or battery release incident, it prevents liquids and/or flames from reaching the driver. b) The bulkhead must be able to protect the driver from an open flame in the energy compartment. c) The bulkhead must prevent manual access to the energy compartment by the Driver. d) If holes are made in the bulkhead to pass components like wires, cables, or seatbelts through, it is essential that these components are protected by a grommet or similar protective material to prevent chafing or damage. All gaps and holes must be sealed with a fire-resistant material. Article 28: Visibility a) The Driver must have access to a direct arc of visibility ahead and to 90° on each side of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. The Driver’s field of vision must be achieved without aid of any optical or electronic devices. The side windows tinting must be light enough to allow the driver to be seen from outside the vehicle. b) The vehicle must be equipped with a rear-view mirror on each side of the vehicle, to be able to identify hazards behind the vehicle, each with a minimum surface area of 2500 mm² (e.g. 50 mm x 50 mm). 17  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I c) The rear-view mirrors may be substituted with rear-view devices providing visibility comparable to conventional mirrors. These devices may include electronic displays, but must meet the following safety considerations: i. They must provide continuous real-time video feed with no noticeable delay while the vehicle is powered. ii. The devices must be weather resistant and mounted securely. iii. Adequate brightness and clarity must be maintained in various lighting conditions, including direct sunlight. iv. The installation must not obstruct the Driver's field of view or create distractions. d) For Urban Concept vehicles wet weather visibility is also mandatory (see Article 52). Article 29: Safety Belts a) The Driver’s seat must be fitted with an effective safety harness with at least five mounting points to maintain the Driver securely in his/her seat. The five independent belts must be firmly attached to the vehicle’s main structure and be fitted into a single buckle, specifically designed for this purpose. b) The safety harness must prevent any upward or forward motion of the Driver’s torso. Any slack in the harness must be adjusted by using the seat belt length adjuster. The adjustor must be located as close as possible to the connection point. The crotch strap mounting point must be underneath the body, and the topmost straps must be mounted below the top of the Driver’s shoulder. c) The safety harness must always be worn sufficiently tight and fastened to prevent the Driver from having free movement when the vehicle is in motion. d) Each safety harness mounting point must be strong enough to protect the Driver in the event of a collision, with a minimum force of 200 N in any direction. e) All mounting points should be clearly accessible for technical inspection. f) The safety belt should be in a straight line between the mounting point and the shoulders of the Driver. g) The safety belt or any part thereof must be designed for motorsport activities (e.g. certified or compliant with FIA standards). h) Modification of the safety belts is not allowed. Article 30: Vehicle Access a) It is imperative for Drivers, fully harnessed, to be able to vacate their vehicles at any time without assistance in less than 10 seconds. For Urban Concept vehicles, this is applicable for both doors. b) Prototype vehicles must be equipped with a sufficiently large opening for the cockpit. The driving position must be designed so that emergency services can easily extract the Driver from their vehicle, if necessary. c) Access to the driver compartment must be able to be opened with a single action. This must be easily and intuitively operable from both inside and outside the vehicle without the use of tools. i. A standard sticker (see Appendix 1) provided by the Organisers must be positioned on the vehicle body to indicate the position and method of opening. d) It is forbidden to use adhesive tape to close the Driver’s opening from the outside. 18  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 31: Horn a) Each vehicle must be equipped with an electrically powered horn typically used in current automobiles. Bike or cycling horns are not permitted. b) The horn must be mounted at the front of the vehicle without obstruction. c) The horn must emit sound greater than 85 dBA when measured 4 meters in front of the operating vehicle. The horn must produce a continuous single tone sound when activated -- chirping or siren- like tones are not permitted. d) The horn must be powered by the vehicle battery. The power consumed by the horn is not required to be measured by the Joulemeter (see Article 56c:iv). Article 32: Steering a) Steering must be operated predominately through the front wheels. b) The steering mechanism must be precise and intuitive. c) For Urban Concept vehicles, the steering mechanism must be operated with both hands. d) Electrically operated indirect steering systems are permitted providing they are operated by a steering wheel or similar device. i. Wireless operation is not permitted. ii. The Team must be able to demonstrate its use and present documentation during Technical Inspection. iii. In the event of a fault detection, the steering system must automatically default to a safe state. iv. In the event of an emergency shutdown, where vehicle electric power is removed, the steering system must automatically default to a safe state. v. All components of the electrically operated steering system must be responsive and capable of executing the full lock-to-lock range of motion smoothly with the driver seated inside the vehicle. e) The Organisers reserve the right to set up a vehicle handling course to verify the following when the vehicle is in motion: driver skills, turning radius and steering precision. For example, the Organisers will verify that steering is precise, with no play. Article 33: Driver Position For safety reasons, the head-first driving position is prohibited. Article 34: Clutch and Transmission a) All vehicle propulsion must be achieved only through the friction between the wheels and the road. b) All vehicles with internal combustion engines must be equipped with a clutch system. c) For centrifugal/automatic clutches the starter motor speed must always be below the engagement speed of the clutch. d) Only Urban Concept ICE vehicles are required to have idling capabilities. This means the vehicle must be able to remain stationary while the engine is running. e) For manual clutches the starter motor must not be operable with the clutch engaged. An interlock is required to facilitate this functionality. f) Please refer to Article 64b regarding starter motor requirements. 19  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I g) Guards for rotating equipment, such as gears, transmission chains, and belts, are mandatory, to shield against accidental contact during vehicle operation and maintenance. They must be robust enough to withstand potential failures of rotating parts. It must also protect from accidental access to these parts while the vehicle is stationary. Article 35: Exhaust System a) The exhaust gases must be evacuated outside the vehicle body. b) Exhaust pipes must not extend beyond the rear or the side of the vehicle body. c) Exhaust pipes must be solid with no signs of fatigue or leaks. d) Exhaust pipes must be appropriate for high temperatures. Article 36: Environmental Considerations All vehicles are expected to comply with reasonable environmental conditions including smoke, odour, and sound level emitted. Article 37: Emergency Shutdown a) The purpose of the emergency shutdown system is to disable the propulsion system of the vehicle. Different types of propulsion systems require different measures to accomplish this. b) The emergency stop circuit must be designed as fail-safe. A fail-safe design makes the emergency shutdown system as tolerant as possible to likely wiring or component failures. The most common type of wiring and component failure is an “open” circuit, or broken connection. Therefore, a fail-safe design should default to its safest mode of operation in the case of an open circuit. c) Spark ignition engines (gasoline, ethanol) will require the emergency shutdown mechanism to shut down the ignition. It is not necessary to isolate the accessory battery. d) Compression ignition engines (diesel) will require the emergency shutdown mechanism to shut off the fuel or air flow. It is not necessary to isolate the accessory battery. e) For Battery Electric vehicles, the emergency shutdown mechanism must provide a physical isolation of the propulsion battery from the vehicle electrical system. The emergency shutdown mechanism must be located after the short circuit protection device and before the vehicle electrical system. The use of a power controller or other logic systems to drive an isolation device is not permitted. If relays are used, the relays must be a normally open contact type. Care should be taken to ensure that the relay coil power is also removed when the relay coil is open. This may be achieved by using a latching circuit. f) For Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicles: i. The hydrogen supply circuit must be equipped with a normally closed solenoid emergency shutdown valve. ii. The vehicle propulsion power must be automatically cut off at the same time as the above emergency shutdown valve is activated. This is to be achieved by a suitable fail-safe relay. iii. The valve and relay must be activated simultaneously through hydrogen sensor detection, or either of the internal/external emergency shutdown mechanism. g) There must be both an internal and an external emergency shutdown mechanism. 20  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I i. The internal emergency shutdown mechanism must be accessible by the Driver in driving position. ii. The external emergency shutdown mechanism must be at the rear of the vehicle and permanently installed on a non-detachable part of the bodywork. iii. A standard sticker (see Appendix 1) provided by the Organisers must be positioned on the vehicle body to indicate clearly the exterior position of the emergency shutdown actuator. h) The external emergency shutdown mechanism must be a latching red push button that protrudes from the body, regardless of its state. The button must only be able to be re-activated by rotating it. i) In addition to the above devices, all vehicles must be equipped with a “dead man’s safety device” or sometimes referred to as “operator presence control.” The purpose for this device is to ensure that in case the driver becomes incapacitated the vehicle’s propulsion power is automatically disengaged (returns to an idle condition). This device may consist of a spring-loaded hand operated accelerator or foot pedal lever. An electric dead man switch is permissible if the switch is located on the steering wheel. If an electric dead-man switch is used the driver must directly (for example by thumb or index finger) engage the switch continuously while driving. i. This device is a separate switch from the required “emergency shutdown” mechanisms, unless the function of the device is identical to the internal emergency shutdown mechanism in which the dead man switch, and the internal emergency shutdown can be combined into one switch. ii. If an ICE Prototype vehicle is designed with a WOT (wide open throttle) operation of the dead- man switch must switch off the ignition system. Article 38: Additional Inspections a) After passing technical inspection, any alternation must be re-approved by the Organisers. b) After any significant incident to the vehicle, it must be re-inspected. c) At any time, the Organisers may perform unannounced inspections on the vehicles. 3B – Prototype Category Article 39: Dimensions a) The vehicle maximum height must be less than 1000 mm. b) The vehicle track width must be at least 500 mm, measured between the midpoints where the tyres of the outermost wheels touch the ground. c) The ratio of height divided by track width must be less than 1.25. d) The vehicle wheelbase must be at least 1000 mm. e) The maximum total vehicle width must not exceed 1300 mm. f) The maximum total length must not exceed 3500 mm. g) The maximum vehicle weight (excluding the Driver) is 140 kg. h) None of the body dimensions above must be achieved by design singularities such as ‘stuck-on’ appendages or cut-outs. 21  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Article 40: Not Used Article 41: Tyres, Wheels, Axles and Wheel Hubs a) Self-fabricated wheels require that a sample of the design be tested to verify that they can withstand a load at least twice the expected maximum operating pressure. Documentation describing the testing process, results, and evidence that all wheels have been manufactured to the same specification must be provided to the Organisers before the event (see Article 67). b) Any type of wheel rim may be used. Rims must be compatible with the dimensions of the selected tyres to satisfy safety standards. Bicycle wheels are not generally designed to support substantial lateral cornering forces, such as may be found in Shell Eco-marathon vehicles at certain speeds. The wheel axles must be designed for cantilever loads (like in wheelchairs) rather than for load distributed equally on both sides (like in bicycles). c) Wheels located inside the vehicle body must be isolated from the Driver by a bulkhead and must not touch the chassis or body. d) Any handling or manipulation of wheels by the Driver is forbidden from the moment the vehicle is at the starting line until it crosses the finish line. e) All installations must be carried out in a way that there is no likelihood the wheels will touch other parts of the vehicle (i.e. cables, wires, hoses, and energy compartment components like batteries, etc.). These must be safely mounted/secured so that they cannot interfere with the turning wheel during driving and cause accidents. f) Tyres must not exceed the manufacturer’s recommended age. g) Teams must not exceed the manufacturer’s maximum tyre pressures. h) The tyre valve needs to be easily accessible to the Technical Team during the competition. Article 42: Turning Radius The turning radius must be 8 m or less. The turning radius is the distance between the centre of the circle and the external wheel of the vehicle. The external wheel of the vehicle must be able to follow a 90° arc of 8 m radius in both directions. The steering system must be designed to prevent any contact between tyre and body or chassis. Article 43: Braking a) Vehicles must have two hydraulic braking systems, one per axle. Brakes that act on the tyres are not permitted. i. The front brake(s) must have a single foot operated pedal controlling front wheel(s). ii. The rear brake(s) must have a single lever action attached to the steering wheel or a single pedal. iii. For each axle, a maximum of two master cylinders is allowed, but each must act on single hydraulic circuit to ensure a proper balance between right and left wheel. One master cylinder per wheel is not allowed. The brake pedal must operate the master cylinders either directly or through a rigid mechanical link. Wires/cables are not allowed. iv. It must be possible to activate the two brake systems at the same time without taking either hand off the steering system. 22  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I v. Brake pedals must have a minimum surface area of 10 cm2, with a minimum width of 3 cm. b) The effectiveness of the braking systems will be tested during vehicle inspection. Each brake system will be activated separately, and each individual brake system must stop the vehicle on a 20 percent incline. c) During Technical Inspection, the whole brake system must be visible. d) During practice or competition runs, the brakes must be protected against any adjustments made by the driver. The effectiveness of the protection will be evaluated during technical inspection and rechecked before entering the track. In addition, vehicles will be checked at the start and/or finish area. Any system that has been compromised will invalidate that run and a penalty may be issued by the Organisers. 3C – Urban Concept Category Article 44: Definition The Urban Concept category offers an opportunity to design and build energy efficient vehicles that are closer in appearance to modern passenger cars. Urban Concept vehicles must comply with the specific Shell Eco-marathon rules for this vehicle category. Vehicles competing in this category will focus on “stop and go” driving. During practice and competition driving at Shell Eco-marathon events, only the Driver is allowed inside Urban Concept vehicles, regardless of the number of seats installed. Article 45: Dimensions a) The total vehicle height must be between 1000 mm and 1300 mm. b) The total vehicle width, excluding rear view mirrors, must be between 1200 mm and 1300 mm. c) The total vehicle length must be between 2200 mm and 3500 mm. d) The track width must be at least 1000 mm for the front axle and 800 mm for the rear axle, measured between the midpoints where the tyres touch the ground. e) The wheelbase must be at least 1200 mm. f) The Driver’s compartment must have a minimum height of 880 mm and a minimum width of 700 mm at the Driver’s shoulders. g) The lowest point of the vehicle, excluding the wheels, must be at least 100 mm above the ground surface, with the driver (and necessary ballast) in the vehicle. h) The maximum vehicle weight (excluding the Driver) is 225 kg. i) All vehicle dimensions must not be achieved by body extensions such as ‘stuck-on’ appendages or cut-outs. Article 46: Vehicle Body a) Teams must submit technical drawings, photographs or animations of their entire vehicle design to the Organisers for approval at their earliest opportunity. b) The vehicle body must cover all mechanical parts when viewed from all sides. The wheels and suspension must be fully covered by the body when seen from above, and the wheels must be 23  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I covered up to the axle centre line when seen from front or rear. The covering for the wheels and suspension must be a rigid, integral part of the vehicle body. c) Teams may NOT use commercially available vehicle body parts. d) Driver access must be easy and practical, as found in common passenger cars. All Urban Concept vehicles must have two doors, one in each side of the driver compartment. Each door opening must have a minimum dimension of 500 x 800 mm. This will be verified with a rectangular template of 500 x 800 mm with 50 mm radius corners vertical or horizontal. e) Any access opening mechanisms must be firmly attached to the vehicle body by means of hinges or sliding rails. Adhesive tape, Velcro, or similar materials are not permitted for this purpose. f) The vehicle must have a fixed roof covering the Driver’s compartment. g) A windscreen with effective wiper(s) is mandatory. Please refer to Article 52b. h) Space must be available for a rectangular rigid luggage with dimensions of 500 x 400 x 200 mm (L x H x W). This space must be easily accessible from the outside and must include a floor and sidewalls to hold the luggage in place when the vehicle is moving. The luggage must be supplied by the Participant and must be placed in this space during inspection and competition. i) Vehicle bodies must not include any external appendages that might be dangerous to other Team members, e.g. sharp points must have a radius of 50 mm or greater, alternatively they should be made of foam or similar deformable material. j) A towing hook or ring is mandatory at the front of the vehicle. It can be rigid or flexible (cable or strap). If it is rigid, it must be placed fully under the body for safety reasons. Alternatively, it may be retractable or removable as in a regular car but should be easily accessible. It must be used to tow the vehicle in case of breakdown on the track. It must have a traction resistance equivalent to the weight of the vehicle and have an opening width of at least 30 mm. Article 47: Turning Radius The turning radius must be 6 m or less. The turning radius is the distance between the centre of the circle and the external wheel of the vehicle. The external wheel of the vehicle must be able to follow a 90° arc of 6 m radius in both directions. Article 48: Wheels a) The rims must be between 14 to 18 inches in diameter. b) The wheels located inside the vehicle body must be made inaccessible to the Driver by a bulkhead and must not come in contact with the chassis or body. Any handling or manipulation of the wheels is forbidden from the moment the vehicle arrives at the starting line until it crosses the finish line. c) Self-fabricated wheels require that a sample of the design be tested to verify that they can withstand a load at least twice the expected maximum operating pressure. Documentation describing the testing process, results, and evidence that all wheels have been manufactured to the same specification must be provided to the Organisers before the event (see Article 67). Article 49: Tyres a) Both tyres on a single axle must have identical specifications. 24  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I b) Tyres must fit the rims recommended by the manufacturer and have a minimum tread of 1.0 mm in the tyre surface in contact with the ground. c) The tyre/rim assembly must have a width equal to or greater than 80 mm, measured from tyre sidewall to tyre sidewall. The width is measured with the tyre fitted on its rim at its operating pressure. Caution: The manufacturer’s size indications should not be taken as measure, as the width of the rim directly impacts the width of the rim/tyre assembly. d) Tyres must not exceed the manufacturer’s recommended age. e) Teams must not exceed the manufacturer’s maximum recommended tyre pressures. f) The tyre valve needs to be easily accessible to the Technical Team during the competition. Article 50: Lighting The vehicle must have a functional external lighting system, including: a) Two front headlights b) Front turn indicators c) Rear turn indicators d) Red rear brake lights e) Red rear running lights f) Any individual light element must have a minimum dimension of 25 mm height or width, regardless of the light’s shape, and must be symmetrically placed on the vehicle to ensure clear visibility. g) The centre of each headlight unit must be at least 300 mm from the centreline of the vehicle. h) A hazard light function must be included in the vehicle system. i) Innovative and modern lighting designs are permitted, provided they meet the functional requirements for visibility and safety. For instance, rear lighting that covers the entire back of the vehicle is acceptable if it clearly fulfils the roles of brake lights, running lights, and turn indicators. Article 51: Braking a) The vehicle must be equipped with a four-disc hydraulic brake system, with a single brake pedal, which has a minimum surface area of 2500 mm². The brake pedal must operate the master cylinders either directly or through a rigid mechanical link. Wires/cables are not allowed. Commercially available brake systems (discs and callipers) with a minimum disc thickness of 3 mm are mandatory. Manufacturer’s documentation is required to demonstrate authenticity. Bicycle brakes are not allowed. b) The brakes must operate independently on the front and rear axles or in an X pattern (i.e. right front wheel with left rear wheel and left front wheel with right rear wheel). Each individual brake circuit must be balanced to enable the vehicle to stop in a straight line. c) A single master cylinder may be used provided it has a dual circuit. A maximum of two master cylinders is allowed. d) A parking brake function is required to keep the vehicle stationary as and when required. The parking brake must be in a position that enables the Driver to operate it while in their normal driving position with seat belts on. Any removable parking brake must be secured when not in use. The vehicle must remain stationary on a 20 percent incline when the parking brake is activated. 25  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I e) The vehicle must come to a complete halt when the main brake is operated on a maximum incline of 20 percent. Article 52: Wet Weather Running a) During weather conditions of light rain/drizzle, the Urban Concept vehicles may be required to drive on the track during competition with approval from the Race Director. Therefore, all Urban Concept vehicles must be adequate for running under such conditions. b) The vehicle must be equipped with an effective electric windscreen wiper arm assembly typically found in a production car. c) The operation of the wiper assembly must be activated by an independent switch easily accessible to the driver. d) The wiper operation must provide the driver a clear view. e) The vehicle must be adequately ventilated to prevent driver’s compartment from fogging. f) It is required that the vehicle’s electrical system be suitable for wet weather conditions to prevent malfunction. g) The effectiveness of the vehicle to run in wet conditions will be evaluated during the initial inspection phase. 26  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I 4. Energy Sources 4A – General Article 53: Energy Classes Vehicles may only use one of the energy classes listed below, which each have individual prizes (see Article 100). a) Internal Combustion Engine, with the following fuel types: i. Gasoline: Shell Regular Unleaded / Shell Gasoline / Shell FuelSave Gasoline ii. Diesel: Shell Diesel Extra / Shell Diesel / Shell FuelSave Diesel iii. Ethanol: Ethanol E100 (Denatured) * The gasoline and diesel provided by the Organisers during the competition are the Shell fuels prevalent in the local market where the event takes place. For testing and tuning purposes in the Team’s home countries where Shell fuels may not be available it is recommended to use the locally available Unleaded 95 (87 US) or Diesel instead. b) Battery Electric c) Hydrogen Fuel Cell Article 54: Results Calculations a) All live results available during the competition are provisional until verified and published by the Organisers after the completion of the event, usually within three days after the event. The winner of the competition will be the Team with the highest energy efficiency result in their vehicle category and energy class, within the valid attempts as defined for each competition. b) For all vehicles, the results will be calculated based on the propulsion energy consumed PLUS the electrical energy consumed by the vehicle as measured by a joulemeter. In cases where the net electrical energy consumed by the vehicle, as measured by the joulemeter, is negative, no energy (or fuel) credit will be added to the results. This case may occur in Internal Combustion Engine vehicles that include engine powered charging of the battery. c) Results for the Internal Combustion Engine class will be expressed in kilometres per litre (km/l) or miles per gallon (mpg) of gasoline equivalent, corrected to a temperature of 15°C on a tank-to- wheel basis. The calculation of gasoline equivalent will consider the net calorific value (NCV) and density values of the actual competition fuel consumed, plus the energy consumed from the battery as measured by the joulemeter, corrected for the efficiency of the electricity production process. 27  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I Fuel type example values NCV by mass (kJ/kg) Gasoline 42,900 Diesel 42,600 Ethanol 26,900 Hydrogen 119,930 Example: 10 km is covered with 50 millilitres of diesel and the total electrical energy measured by the joulemeter is 30,000 J. Using the equations: 1. Millilitres of gasoline (from diesel) = (ml diesel) x ((NCV diesel x density diesel) / (NCV gasoline x density gasoline)) 2. Millilitres of gasoline (from joules) = (joules / engine % / alternator %) / (NCV gasoline x density gasoline) The corresponding total gasoline equivalent volumes consumed are: Diesel: 50 x ((42600 x 0.83716) / (42,900 x 0.7646)) = 54.362 millilitres gasoline Electricity: 30,000 / 0.25 / 0.75 / (42,900 x 0.7646) = 4.878 millilitres gasoline Net = 54.362 + 4.878 = 59.24 millilitres gasoline Where: 0.25 = efficiency of the engine conversion process 0.75 = the efficiency of engine driven alternator generated electricity 0.83716 = example density of Diesel (kg/l) @ 15°C 0.7646 = example density of Gasoline (kg/l) @ 15°C The final fuel consumption result is thus: Fuel consumption (km/l) = (km / (ml / 1,000)) or 10 / (59.24/ 1,000) = 168.81 km/litre gasoline equivalent d) Results for the Battery Electric class will be expressed in kilometres per kilowatt hour (km/kWh), or miles/kWh, and will be determined using a joulemeter supplied by the Organisers. e) The Hydrogen Fuel Cell class will use a flow meter to measure the hydrogen consumed, and the energy consumed from the starter or accessory battery will be measured by the joulemeter. The results will be calculated using the NCV of hydrogen listed above and expressed in km/m3 hydrogen, or miles/m3. Example: 10 km is covered using 50 litres of hydrogen and the total electrical energy measured by the joulemeter is 10,000 J. Using the equation: litres of hydrogen = (joules / fuel cell %) / (hydrogen NCV x hydrogen density), the corresponding total calculated consumed litres of hydrogen are: Hydrogen: 50 litres hydrogen Electricity: 10,000 / 0.5 / (119,960 x 0.08988) = 1.855 litres hydrogen Net = 50 + 1.855 = 51.855 litres hydrogen Where: 0.5 = efficiency of the fuel cell 0.08988 = the density of hydrogen (g/l) at STP 28  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I The final fuel consumption result is thus: Fuel consumption (km/m3) = (km / (l / 1,000)) or 10 / (51.855 / 1,000) = 192.85 km/m3 hydrogen Article 55: Fuels Supply and Handling a) During a competition, Teams must only use the fuels as provided by the Organisers. b) Teams may not add any additives to the fuel. Only the energy derived from the combustion of the fuel in the presence of air alone within the engine system may be used for forward propulsion. No other material that could serve as engine fuel may be used at any time during the event. c) Participants handling fuel must wear safety goggles and chemically resistant gloves. d) Catalysts, water injection, or fuel treatment devices are not allowed. Article 56: Joulemeters a) Joulemeters will be provided by the Organisers and must be installed on all vehicles. b) Joulemeters must be installed inside the engine compartment and must be visible and accessible. Visible means that the joulemeter display or status LEDs must be easy to read by someone standing outside the vehicle. Accessible means the pushbuttons on the joulemeter can be reached. Body panels are allowed to be removed to view and access the joulemeter. c) Joulemeter placement in vehicle electrical circuit: i. The joulemeter must be installed between the battery and the vehicle electrical system. For ICE vehicles, the starter motor cable must be connected after the joulemeter but before the main vehicle fuse. This placement is to ensure the joulemeter measures the starter energy. The starter motor is not required to be fused. ii. For vehicles with a supercapacitor, an additional joulemeter must be installed between the supercapacitor and the vehicle electrical system to measure the supercapacitor voltage and energy (for hybrid vehicles, see Article 63). iii. The horn circuit may be powered by a separate circuit connected directly to the battery (see Article 31d). This means the horn circuit is not required to pass through the joulemeter and the horn energy will not be measured by the joulemeter iv. The location and placement of the joulemeter(s) will be verified during technical inspection. d) All electrical energy used by the vehicle, except for specific systems explicitly exempted (i.e., the horn circuit, systems covered in Article 57i), must be measured by the joulemeter. This includes all propulsion and non-propulsion electrical components. The measured energy will be factored into the vehicle’s final energy efficiency result. Article 57: Vehicle Electrical Systems a) For safety reasons, the maximum voltage on board of any vehicle at any point must not exceed 60 Volts max. This includes on-board batteries, external batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cell stack, etc. b) For all energy classes, only one vehicle battery is allowed. i. For Internal Combustion Engine and Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicles this is called the accessory battery (see Article 57h). 29  Shell Eco-marathon 2025 Official Rules. Chapter I ii. For Battery Electric vehicles this is called the propulsion battery, which means that an accessory battery is not allowed. Battery definition: A ‘battery’ is defined as a source of electrical energy, which has exactly two connectors and can be described as a unit. This unit may contain more than one sub- unit or battery module. If more than one sub-unit or battery module is used, they should be packaged together in a single physical package. The package may be made of any material provided it contains the entire battery. c) The battery must be fixed outside of the Driver’s compartment behind the bulkhead (see Article 27). Batteries mounted directly under the driver’s seat are not allowed. d) If Lithium-based batteries are used: i. Battery Management Systems (BMS) must be tailored to the lithium chemistry to control and protect the battery against risk of fire. 1. The BMS must provide cell balancing and overvoltage protection during off-track charging. 2. For battery electric vehicles, the additional requirement of cell level over-discharge and cell level overcurrent must be provided as part of the on-vehicle system. The BMS must AUTOMATICALLY isolate the battery, without operator intervention, if a limit or out of range condition is reached on any of the above parameters. 3. For Battery Electric vehicles, the on-vehicle BMS must be located in the physical battery package and be powered directly by the battery (see Article 57b:ii) ii. For all self-built batteries, the following applies (note: a battery with a separately purchased BMS is also considered a self-built battery). 1. If there are one or more cells or modules, the overcurrent protection value for cells in parallel must be selected such that under normal operating or expected failure conditions, no single cell will be exposed to current beyond its rating. 2. All cells or modules must be identical in configuration. (i.e. a battery constructed from cells of different capacities is not allowed). If the BMS is purchased separate from the battery, ensure it is compatible with battery chemistry. Example: Li-Polymer (LiPo) batteries require a BMS designed for LiPo batteries. iii. Charging of batteries must be do