Shaving & After-Shave Products Study Guide PDF

**Shaving and After-shave products** **by: Aya Zakaria** **Nada gaballa** **Undersupervision: Prof.Dr/Fatma Ismail** **Epilation and depilation** are both methods for removing unwanted hair, but they differ in their approaches: **Epilation:** This method involves removing the entire hair, inclu...

**Shaving and After-shave products** **by: Aya Zakaria** **Nada gaballa** **Undersupervision: Prof.Dr/Fatma Ismail** **Epilation and depilation** are both methods for removing unwanted hair, but they differ in their approaches: **Epilation:** This method involves removing the entire hair, including the root. Techniques include plucking with tweezers, waxing, and using epilators. It can be painful and may cause skin damage or infection but often results in longer-lasting smoothness. **Depilation:** This method targets the hair above the skin's surface. Techniques include **shaving** and using chemical depilatories. It is generally less painful but requires more frequent application as hair regrows quickly. **Definition of shaving** - It is the removal of **unwanted hair from the face and body** were developed to address interwoven concerns about hygiene and personal appearance. - Removing body hair helped stave off infestations of lice and other parasites, especially for those who lived in close quarters and who had limited access to bathing. - Because hair traps perspiration, it can also become a breeding ground for bacteria and odors. - **Shaving is simply using a razor to remove the tip of the hair shaft that has grown up through the skin. Razors come in a bunch of different forms. There are standard razors that are either completely disposable or have a disposable blade that needs to be replaced regularly, and there are electric razors.** - **Wet shaving product** 1. Beard Softening Cream 2. Lather Shaving Cream 3. Lather Shaving Stick 4. Aerosol Shaving Foams 5. Brushless or Non-lathering Cream 6. Brushless Shaving Stick - **Dry Shaving Preparations** 7. Pre-electric Shave Lotion 8. Collapsible Foam Pre-electric Shave Lotion 9. Pre-electric Shave Gel Stick 10. Pre-electric Shave Talc Stick 11. Pre-electric Shave Powder - **After-shave preparations** 12. Alter-shave Lotion 13. Quick-break Foam After-shave 14. Crackling Foam Aerosol After-shave Lotion 15. After-shave Gel 16. After-shave Cream and Balm 17. After-shave powder **WET SHAVING** - The main functional requirements of a wet shaving preparation are to **soften the beard**, to **lubricate the passage of the razor** over the face and to support the beard hair. (EVEN FOR WOMEN FOR SHAVING UNWANTED HAIR) - In addition, the preparation should be non-irritating to the skin, should assist in removing shaving debris from the face, should be stable over a range of temperatures, resistant to rapid drying out and collapse, non-corrosive to the razor blade and easily rinsed from the razor and face OR SKIN. **Main ingredients commonly found in wet shaving products** - **Fatty Acids:** Typically, stearic acid and coconut oil fatty acids are used to create a rich, stable lather. - **Bases:** Triethanolamine (**[TEA]**) and potassium hydroxide are preferred for saponifying the fatty acids - **Surfactants:** Various anionic and nonionic surfactants improve emulsion stability, wetting properties, and foam stability. - **Emollients and Humectants:** glycerol, lanolin, and propylene glycol help to moisturize and protect the skin during shaving. **WET SHAVING and [requirements for good lathering] (shaving creams):** 1. It must produce a [rich copious lather] composed of small bubbles. \(2) It must be [non-irritant]. \(3) It must have [good wetting] properties (surfactants). \(4) It should be smooth, soft and entirely [free from lumps]. \(5) It must [adhere readily to both face and brush] and [yet be easily removed on rinsing]. \(6) It must retain a [satisfactory consistency and texture over all temperature] conditions likely to be encountered in use. **[Raw materials used]** - **Stearic Acid:** Provides the base for the soap and contributes to the cream's consistency and lathering properties. - **Coconut Oil:** Enhances the volume and stability of the lather. - **Potassium and Sodium Hydroxides:** Used to saponify the fatty acids, creating the soap. - **Glycerin:** Acts as a humectant to prevent the cream from drying out and to maintain a smooth texture.  - **Fatty Acids**: Typically stearic acid and palmitic acid, which help create the foam. - **Surfactants:** Such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate, which aid in foam formation and stability. - **Humectants:** Like glycerol, to prevent the cream from drying out. - **Propellants:** Such as isobutane and propane, which help dispense the cream from the can. - **Emollients:** Including lanolin and mineral oil, to soften and protect the skin. - Others as preservatives.. - As the name indicates it does not require brush for applying. These are o/w emulsions. - The creams are applied and spread with fingers. - When using them, the face should be prepared for use by washing with soap & water & the cream should be applied. - They provide convenience by eliminating the need for a brush and offer a faster shave. - They also leave the skin with a matt appearance. - Non-lather shaving creams have ingredients designed for a smooth glide and moisturizing effect **without the foaming agents**. - **Lubricants:** Ingredients like mineral oil and isopropyl palmitate help the razor glide smoothly over the skin. - **Emollients:** Lanolin and glycerin are used to moisturize and soften the skin. - **Surfactants:** Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate aids in emulsifying and stabilizing the cream. - **Humectants:** Glycerol and propylene glycol help retain moisture in the skin. - Others as preservatives.. - **Water:** The **primary solvent** in most shaving gels. - **Stearic Acid:** A fatty acid that helps to create **a thick, stable lather**.(in lather gels) - **Palmitic Acid:** Another fatty acid that contributes to the creaminess and stability of the lather. - **Triethanolamine:** Used to adjust the pH and help emulsify the ingredients. - **Glycerin:** A humectant that attracts moisture to the skin, keeping it hydrated. - **Isopentane and Isobutane:** Propellants that help dispense the gel from the can. - **Aloe Vera:** Known for its soothing and moisturizing properties. - **Menthol:** Provides a cooling sensation and can help reduce irritation. - Others as preservatives & fragrance. - **Shaving oil is a product designed to provide an extra layer of lubrication to your skin during shaving.** - [Here are some key points:] - **Lubrication:** It acts as a shield. - **Conditioning:** Many shaving oils also soften facial hair, making it easier to shave. - **Natural Ingredients:** The best shaving oils often contain natural ingredients like coconut, sweet almond, jojoba, and essential oils, which are gentle on the skin. - **Versatility:** Shaving oils can be used with both electric and traditional razors, and some can even double as beard moisturizers. - 100% Organic, Non-stick shave oil, High performance - Castor Oil, Aloe Vera, Safflower Oil, Vitamin E - Contains 100% Organic oils - Unscented - **Helps soften and lift beard or skin** for a close and comfortable shave. - Typical shaving soaps are either tallow based or glycerin based. - Tallow is animal fats (generally beef or mutton), and it is these fats that are key to the performance of a shaving soap - the fat acts as a lubricant between the razor blade and your skin, reducing the risk of cuts and razor burn. - Protects skin from irritation, razor burn or cut **[Ingredients:]** Stearic Acid + Water + Organic Argan Oil + Organic Glycerin + Organic Castor Oil + Organic Safflower Oil + Potassium Hydroxide + Tallow (Pasture-Raised) + Organic Coconut Oil + Bentonite Clay + Sodium Hydroxide + Vitamin E + Silk + Natural Fragrance (Botanical Extracts) - Dry shaving involves using an [electric razor], which cuts hair differently compared to wet shaving with a blade. - Functional Requirements: The main goals are to prepare the beard and face for shaving, increase comfort, and ensure the skin feels good afterward. - Mechanism: Dry shaving cuts hair at different angles and lengths, which can be inferred from the appearance of the hair ends - **Alcohol:** Often used in pre-electric shave lotions to stiffen the beard and dry the skin. - **Talc:** Absorbs perspiration and reduces friction between the razor and skin. - **Kaolin:** Improves moisture-absorbing capacity and adhesion to the skin. - **Lubricants:** Such as isopropyl myristate or mineral oil, to aid dispersion and reduce friction. - **Astringent Lotions**: These lotions aim to dry and stiffen the beard, making it easier to cut - **Lubricant Lotions:** These lotions deposit a film of lubricant on the skin to reduce friction between the razor and skin. Common ingredients include isopropyl myristate and silicone oils. - **Collapsible Foam Lotions:** These are aerosol foams that break down into a liquid when applied, providing a quick and easy way to transfer the lotion from hand to face - **Talc Sticks**: These sticks use talc to absorb moisture and reduce friction, making it easier for the electric razor to glide over the skin - **Talc:** The primary component, providing slip and reducing friction. - **Zinc Stearate:** Enhances adhesion and slip. - **Magnesium Carbonate:** Increases absorbent properties and carries perfume - **Kaolin:** Improves moisture-absorbing capacity and adhesion to the skin - **[Ingredients:]** - Designed to [absorb perspiration] and [sebaceous secretions], [reducing friction] between the razor and skin for a smoother shave. - **Talc:** Provides slip and absorbency1.Kaolin: Enhances absorbency. - **Magnesium Carbonate:** Improves dispersion. - **cetyl Alcohol:** Acts as a lubricant. - **Glycerol Monostearate:** Helps in emulsification. - **Zinc Stearate:** Enhances adhesion and slip - **Local Anesthetics and Antibacterial Compounds:** Such as benzocaine, to reduce discomfort and prevent infection - **Zinc Oxide:** Provides covering power. - **Perfume:** Adds fragrance - **Astringents**: These compounds help to tighten the skin and reduce pore size. - **Fragrance**: Adds a pleasant smell but does not contribute to skin health. - **Moisturizers and Soothers**: Help to alleviate post-shaving irritation. - **Sensitive Skin**: Those with sensitive skin may find aftershave particularly helpful in reducing irritation and redness. - **Preventing Infections: **For those prone to razor bumps or infections, aftershave's antiseptic properties can be beneficial. - **Positive Aspects:** - **Reduced Irritation:** Aftershaves with soothing ingredients can help reduce post-shaving irritation. - **Antiseptic Benefits:** Helps prevent infections and razor bumps. - **Negative Aspects:** - **Alcohol Content: **Some aftershaves contain high levels of alcohol, which can dry out the skin and exacerbate irritation. According to Dermatology Australia, products with high alcohol content should be used with caution, especially for those with dry or sensitive skin. - **Choosing the Right Aftershave:** When selecting an aftershave, consider your skin type and look for products with minimal alcohol content and added moisturizers. - **Natural Alternatives:** For those concerned about chemical ingredients, natural alternatives like witch hazel or essential oils can be effective. The Australian Herbal Medicine Association provides information on natural remedies and alternatives. - **Splash**: Typically a liquid that provides an astringent effect and a refreshing feel. - **Balm**: A cream or lotion that is more moisturizing and soothing. - **Gel**: Often formulated with cooling agents and is ideal for sensitive skin. - **For Dry Skin**: Opt for moisturising balms or gels. - **For Oily Skin**: Consider astringent splashes or gels with minimal oil content. - **For Sensitive Skin:** Look for alcohol-free options with calming ingredients. All three types have unique benefits and can be used to achieve different effects. They all use some form of antiseptic to eliminate the chance of infection and inflammation after shaving. Below are specific details associated with the three types of aftershave. **Lotion-based:** Aftershave in lotion form is used to moisten the skin after shaving. The moisture in these products helps with dry skin and as a result, makes the face smoother after a shave. Ideally used in the winter months, lotion-based aftershave should be applied by those who get excessively dry skin --- in the winter or year-round. **Gel-based:** Depending on the type of gel used with aftershave there can be different benefits. Some gel aftershaves are used to add extra nutrients to the skin (like fish oil), while others are simply used to smell good. This type of product can be good for those with sensitive skin if the proper ingredients, like aloe, are present in the gel. **Liquid-based:** This is the traditional type of aftershave. The alcohol in these aftershaves is used as an antiseptic and can cause a harsher burning than gel and lotion aftershaves. However, liquid-based types are typically strong antiseptics and can clean cuts from shaving very well. **[Raw materials of after shave lotions:]** - **Ethyl Alcohol:** Provides astringency and cooling effect. [(a concern for sensitive skin)] - **Menthol:** Adds a cooling sensation and slight surface anesthesia. - **Antiseptics:** Such as witch hazel extract, zinc phenolsulphonate, and aluminium chlorhydroxide, to reduce bacterial infection. - **Emollients:** Like water-soluble lanolin derivatives, to soothe and moisturize the skin. **[After shave gels]** - After shave gels are designed to soothe and hydrate the skin after shaving, reducing irritation and razor burn. They often contain ingredients like aloe vera, glycerin, and chamomile. - **Non-Greasy Formula:** Many after shave gels have a non-greasy formula that absorbs quickly into the skin, leaving it feeling refreshed and smooth without any oily residue. - **Cooling Effect:** Some after shave gels include menthol or other cooling agents to provide an immediate cooling sensation, which can be very soothing after a close shave. - **Suitable for Sensitive Skin:** There are specific formulations for sensitive skin that are free from alcohol and harsh chemicals, making them gentle and suitable for daily use. **[Raw materials of after shave gels]** - **Ethanol:** Acts as an antiseptic and helps in quick drying. [(not for sensitive skin formulas)] - **Water:** Provides the base for the gel. - **Carbopol 940:** A thickening agent that helps form the gel structure. - **Menthol:** Provides a cooling effect. - **Di-isopropylamine:** Used to neutralize the gel. - **Moisturizers:** Ingredients like glycerin, hyaluronic acid, and aloe vera help to hydrate and soothe the skin. - **Astringents:** Witch hazel is a popular natural astringent that helps to close pores and reduce irritation. - **Essential Oils:** Oils such as lavender or eucalyptus provide soothing effects and a pleasant scent. - **Others as perfume**. **[After shave creams]** - **Purpose:** These products are designed to soothe skin irritated by shaving or environmental factors like sun and wind - **Formulation:** They often resemble vanishing or moisturizing creams and are typically soap-free to maintain the skin's slightly acidic Ph - **Ingredients:** Common components include glycerol monostearate, mineral oil, lanolin, and cetyl alcohol. - **Benefits:** They help alleviate discomfort, promote wound healing, and leave the skin feeling soft and refreshed. **[Raw materials]** - **Humectants:** Ingredients like hyaluronic acid and glycerin that draw moisture to the skin. - **Emollients:** Such as squalene, ceramides, and fatty acids to improve skin texture and appearance. - **Occlusives:** Including petrolatum, beeswax, mineral oil, and zinc oxide to lock in moisture and form a protective barrier1. - **Astringents:** Often witch hazel or alcohol to disinfect and close pores.These ingredients help to hydrate, support the skin barrier, and prevent irritation and infections after shaving. - **Moisturizers:** Components such as glycerin, lanolin, and mineral oil provide hydration and soothe the skin. - **Antiseptics:** Ingredients like benzocaine and menthol help prevent infections and provide a cooling effect. **Stops Bumps & Soothe Irritation** - stops unwanted bumps redness and irritation that comes from your favorite method of hair removal. Within 24 hours, you will notice the reduced appearance of bumps, pain, and redness with soothing smoother skin. **Instant Relief & Cooling Sensation** - provides quick relief from any irritation, pain or itching that is associated with shaving, waxing, depilation, razor burn, or laser hair removal. The cooling effect of Menthol immediately soothes any discomfort or pain, which also lets you know the cream is working **[After shave balms]** - Aftershave balms are designed to soothe, cool, and protect the skin after shaving. They help to reduce irritation, dryness, and razor burns. **[Raw materials ]** - **Aloe Vera:** Known for its soothing and healing properties, it helps to calm irritated skin. - **Shea Butter:** Provides deep hydration and helps to keep the skin smooth and moisturized. - **Glycerin:** A humectant that attracts moisture to the skin, keeping it hydrated. - **Jojoba Oil:** Helps to soothe and soften the skin without leaving a greasy residue. - **Chamomile:** Has anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce redness and irritation. - **Vitamin E:** An antioxidant that helps to repair and protect the skin from damage. - **Moisturizers:** Ingredients like glycerin and propylene glycol help to hydrate and soothe the skin. - **Astringents:** Compounds such as witch hazel and alcohol can help to tighten the skin and reduce irritation. - **Anti-inflammatory agents:** Ingredients like allantoin and bisabolol help to reduce redness and inflammation. - **Fragrances:** Essential oils or synthetic fragrances are often added for a pleasant scent **[After shave powder]** After-shave powders are designed to alleviate discomfort from shaving, leaving the face cool and refreshed. They can also cover minor skin defects and reduce shine from oily shaving creams. **[Raw materials ]** - **Talc:** Provides slip and absorbency. - **Kaolin or Magnesium Carbonate:** Improves absorbency. - **Precipitated Chalk, Zinc Oxide, or Titanium Dioxide:** Provides covering power. - **Metallic Soaps (e.g., Zinc Stearate):** Enhances adherence to the skin. **[Natural products used in shaving]** - **Coconut oil:** coconut oil is an extremely effective moisturizer. It also has anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it ideal for preventing irritation associated with shaving. - **Aloe gel:** aloe vera treats sunburned skin by providing hydration along with a gentle cooling effect. Some people also incorporate aloe into their skincare routine, using it to soothe and moisturize. The same properties make aloe an ideal shaving gel. - **Olive oil:** Olive oil is rich in skin-friendly nutrients, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K. It has antioxidant properties and also fights bacteria, making it ideal for use on the skin, including the face. - **Baby oil:** Baby oil may be able to help moisturize and protect the skin when shaving, but it may not be as effective as shaving cream. Baby oils contain mineral oil and fragrance, along with possibly other ingredients, depending on the brand. Mineral oil is a form of refined crude oil. It's a substance that has been around for more than a century and used in cosmetics and as a skin moisturizer. **(it's not a natural product but it dosen't contain any harsh ingredients )** - **Alum:** Alum blocks are crystallized blocks of potassium alum, an antiseptic, astringent compound. An alum block can be used to help eliminate some unwanted side effects of shaving, such as minor bleeding, skin inflammation, and even razor bumps. - **Cyperus oil:** topical Cyperus rotundus oil is an effective and safe method to decrease hair growth. The oil\'s flavonoids have antiandrogenic activity on androgenic hair. **[Nanotechnology in razors]** - **Sharper Blades**: The nanotechnology used in the manufacture of razor blades allows for razors to have razor-sharp cutting edges. Manufacturers can create blades with stronger, harder and more durable edges by incorporating nanomaterials such as nanocrystalline metals or carbon nanotubes into their blade structure. This results in a blade that is more durable and precise, which ensures a close shave on every stroke. - **Reduced Irritation and Friction**: Nanocoatings are applied to blades and foils to reduce friction when shaving. These nanocoatings produce a surface that glides smoothly over the skin and minimizes irritation. Nanocoatings also prevent skin oils and residues from accumulating on blades. This leads to a cleaner shaving experience. - **Improved Moisturization and Lubrication**: The development of lubricating strips infused with nanosized moisturizing particle has been enabled by the use of nanotechnology. These strips, which are usually found on a shaver's head, release moisturizing agents when shaving. The moisturizing particles released by the shaver as it glides across the skin help to soothe and hydrate the skin. - **Enhanced precision trimming**: The use of nanotechnology has made it possible to create blades and combs for precision trimming. Nanomaterials allow for the creation of ultra-precise, thin and sharp trimming attachments. These can be used to shape and style facials hair with extreme accuracy. - **Antimicrobial Properties** Some nanomaterials have inherent anti-microbial qualities, which can inhibit the growth and spread of bacteria on the surface of the shaver. This contributes to an improved shaving experience, and reduces the risk of skin infection. **[Benefits ]** - **Superior Shaving Performance**: Nanotechnology-enhanced blades provide an unparalleled shaving experience, ensuring a close and comfortable shave with minimal effort. - **Durability and Longevity**: Blades of shaver incorporating nanotechnology are likely to remain sharp for a longer period. This reduces the need for replacements. - **Enhanced Comfort**: The use of lubricating and nanocoating strips with moisturizing ingredients creates a softer and smoother shaving experience. This reduces skin irritation and discomfort. - **Hygiene**: Nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties contribute to a more hygienic and cleaner shaving process. **[Nanotechnology in shaving products]** Nano-liposomes provide products for more penetration into skin layers to reduce hair growth and skin irritations  **[References:]** - **Harry\'s Cosmeticology 8^th^ edition** - [**Australian Journal of Dermatology**](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14400960) - [**https://artisanshaving.org/best-pre-shave-oil/**](https://artisanshaving.org/best-pre-shave-oil/) - [**https://www.myfreebird.com/a/blog/posts/pre-shave-oil-guide**](https://www.myfreebird.com/a/blog/posts/pre-shave-oil-guide) - [**https://www.healthline.com/health/alum-block**](https://www.healthline.com/health/alum-block) - [**https://medium.com/\@shaverblogs/the-role-of-nanotechnology-in-modern-shavers-cutting-edge-innovation-for-a-superior-shaving-b64df7e45514**](https://medium.com/@shaverblogs/the-role-of-nanotechnology-in-modern-shavers-cutting-edge-innovation-for-a-superior-shaving-b64df7e45514) - [**https://www.healthline.com/health/shaving-with-baby-oil\#does-it-work**](https://www.healthline.com/health/shaving-with-baby-oil) - [**https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274669109\_Role\_of\_Cyperus\_rotundus\_oil\_in\_decreasing\_hair\_growth/citations**](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274669109_Role_of_Cyperus_rotundus_oil_in_decreasing_hair_growth/citations)