Canada in the Roaring Twenties Notes PDF

The Twenties CANADA IN THE ROARING TWENTIES RETURNING VETERANS: A Generation Changed By War Death / Disability / PTSD: People were changed by the psychological effects of the war Pacifism: The idea that peace must be maintained by all costs and they dont support ay other war...

The Twenties CANADA IN THE ROARING TWENTIES RETURNING VETERANS: A Generation Changed By War Death / Disability / PTSD: People were changed by the psychological effects of the war Pacifism: The idea that peace must be maintained by all costs and they dont support ay other war War was a worthless waste: A war is not going to be supported by the people who survived ww1 Resentment of leaders: Lack of trust in society’s leaders Death of trust : The death of the polite, calm, acceptance of your place in society and being obedient and polite to the people who are your superiors. End of the Age of Deference: ➔ Loss of respect for institutions : The army,government, monarchy, churches,god,etc. ➔ The end of duty before pleasure : People are gonna make the life they wanted A REJECTION OF THE PAST Rejected traditional values after the war YOLO: Mindset of you only live once Pursuit of comfort,happiness & fun Serious, religious, respectable & formal was replaced by youthful, fun, casual and comfortable WORKERS RIGHTS: Tens of thousands jobless after the war  Government did nothing: Government believed it was not their problem and they had no plan to help the jobless people who came back from Europe No Unemployment Insurance/ welfare No gratitude?: after all we did for our country this is all we get? Battlefield comradery inspired unionism: A sense that had merged in the war. The realization that all that matters is the small group of your buddies. Union: A group of workers joined to protest against their organizations Collective bargaining: Group strikes, strikes by unions -> One of the reasons Canada has a working class Wages & Working Conditions: A demand for better working conditions by striking as unions Red Scare labeled unions “ communist” : red scare was the fear of communism, and it labelled unions as communists. 1919 Communism outlawed: seen as a threat to peace WINNIPEG GENERAL STRIKE - 1919: 43-day walkout of workers Citizens Committee of 1000: A group of business leaders and government officials formed to oppose the strike and protect businesses during the protests. RCMP used as “StrikeBreakers”: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) were used to stop the strike and prevent workers from protesting. Called “Bloody Saturday”: police went into the crowd and forced people to disperse One death (maybe two) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: 1. How were Canadian veterans harmed by the war? Veterans faced death, disability, and PTSD, with many struggling psychologically and physically after the war. 2. How did veterans feel about war? Veterans viewed war as a worthless waste. They had no support for future wars because of their experiences and the psychological toll it took on them. They were angry and disappointed. They embraced an attitude called pacifism 3. Explain what is meant by the end of the age of deference.?  It refers to the loss of respect for authority and institutions, with people no longer feeling obligated to be obedient to those in power. 4. Why did Canada do very little for veterans? Because the government believed it was not their responsibility to find jobs for people and they were only in charge of national security 5. What’s a union? A union is a group of workers who join together to demand better wages and working conditions. 6. How did WWI battlefield comradery promote unionism? The idea of supporting eachother at war became support for the union movement. Soldiers formed strong bonds during the war, leading to a sense of solidarity that carried over into the workplace, promoting unionism. 7. How does collective bargaining work? Workers, often in unions, negotiate with employers for better conditions and wages. Strikes are part of this process. 8. What was the Red Scare and how did it impact unions? The Red Scare was the fear of communism, and it labelled unions as communists and opposed people with the union movement. 9. What is a General Strike and did one happen in 1919? A General Strike is when workers in the whole city stop working to protest. The Winnipeg General Strike in 1919 lasted 43 days. 10. What do socialists believe? Socialists believe in collective ownership and the redistribution of wealth to ensure equality. 11. How did Canada change the expectations of the average person? Canada changed by reducing respect for institutions and focusing on personal freedom and happiness over duty. A NEW ATTITUDE: Energy & Excitement: A new vitality Industrialization: Rapid growth in factories and technology boosted production and innovation. Urbanization: People moved to cities in large numbers, creating dynamic urban centers. Cars: revolutionized transportation and symbolized freedom and progress. Jazz music: made people happy and brought change.  Energy: Life felt fast and full of excitement. Optimism: People saw life as fun and full of possibilities FUN & FADS Became A Thing: Amusement Parks Football, hockey, baseball Swallowing goldfish Flagpole sitting: A fad where people competed to sit on top of flagpoles for long periods. (1925) Dance marathons: Endurance competitions where couples danced for hours or even days. Roller skating Jazz Music Drinking Co-ed: Activities or settings where both men and women participated together, breaking away from traditional gender-separated events. All these entertainments enhanced in the 20’s and they were there just for the fun and people didn’t look at them as a waste of time anymore A NEW LOOK FOR MEN Fitted suits became fashionable Straw hats / Bow ties Short, slicked hair Clean shaven was the preferred look for men THE NEW LOOK FOR WOMEN: Casual, Youthful, Boyish: Women embraced a more relaxed, sporty, and youthful style.  Bobbed hair became fashionable “Short” skirts Silk stockings were used to style outfits “Flappers”: Young women who followed these new styles, representing freedom, dance to jazz, and change. Clara bowl influencer girl who everyone wanted to look like THE BEAUTY INDUSTRY EMERGES: Max Factor: A famous Hollywood makeup artist who became successful by creating and selling makeup products that made people believe they could look more attractive and glamorous. Elizabeth Arden: A pioneering beauty entrepreneur who founded a cosmetics company, known for promoting skincare and beauty products. NEW FREEDOMS FOR WOMEN: Rejection of Victorian values It was okay for respectable women to: ➔ Date ➔ Drink alcohol ➔ Smoking ➔ Wear makeup ➔ Work Nurses, teachers, sales clerks, secretaries, (career girls) telephone operators: many women took over these jobs in the past cause it was considered appropriate FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. What traditional values did young people reject? After the war, young people rejected serious, religious, respectable, and formal values, embracing a more youthful, fun, and casual lifestyle. 2. How was this reflected in men’s style? Men's style reflected this shift with fitted suits, straw hats, bow ties, short slicked hair, and a clean-shaven look. 3. How was it reflected in women's style?  Women’s style became more casual, youthful, and boyish, with bobbed hair, short skirts, silk stockings, and the "flapper" look. 4. How did Chanel help start women’s liberation? Chanel helped women’s liberation by designing fashion that was comfortable, and functional, and allowed women to express their independence. (dresses without a corset) 5. What new freedoms did women enjoy? Women enjoyed the freedom to date, drink alcohol, smoke, wear makeup, and work in various careers like nursing, teaching, and secretarial work. 6. What industry was born out of the change in women’s attitudes? The beauty & fashion industry grew as women embraced new fashion and beauty products. 7. What were the new fads? New fads included amusement parks, sports, swallowing goldfish, flagpole sitting, dance marathons, roller skating, jazz music, drinking, and co-ed activities. 8. Were young people being irresponsible? Yes, young people engaged in risky behaviors like drinking, smoking, and by borrowing to pay for the stuff they couldnt afford 9. How were the Twenties the birth of consumerism? The 1920s marked the rise of consumerism with the increased focus on buying goods for comfort and fun, especially in beauty and fashion. A consumer Economy: The quality of your life became a based on comfort & affluence Millions were employed making & selling manufactured goods Advertising fueled demand: Advertising played a big role in creating demand for new products. Department stores: opened in downtown areas, offering a variety of goods in one place Catalogues: were printed booklets or magazines that displayed a company's products for sale. Travelling salesmen: Traveling salesmen were individuals who traveled from town to town, often in rural or less accessible areas, to sell goods directly to people. Comfort with credit “Installment” payments : All on credit and monthly payments THE ROARING TWENTIES CANADA’S ECONOMY IMPROVED Huge American demand for Canadian resources USA our best customer / Biggest investor: The United States became Canada’s main trading partner and largest source of foreign investment. Hydro electricity: American companies invested heavily in Canada’s hydroelectric power industry to support industrial growth. Canada starts to depend on US economically THE BRANCH PLANT & URBANIZATION The Big “3”: Ford, Chrysler, General Motors Getting under the tariff wall: The companies built factories in Canada to avoid tariffs on cars imported into Canada from the U.S. Manufacturing jobs: These factories created many jobs for Canadians, especially in cities, which led to urban growth. IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS: TRANSPORTATION ➔ Private automobiles ➔ Transcontinental Passenger Trains ➔ Ocean Liners ➔ Bush pilots COMMUNICATION ➔ Home telephones ➔ Radio ➔ Magazines ➔ Movies ➔ Daily Newspapers MISSING THE ROAR: Marginalized Canadians included: ➔ People of Colour ➔ Asians  ➔ Women ➔ The Indigenous ➔ The Disabled ➔ Discrimination included: ➔ Housing ➔ Employment ➔ Segregation /hotels /parks /theatres ➔ Immigration ➔ Insults/ stereotyping/ prejudice FORMATIVE ASSESMENT: 1. Why did the Canadian economy improve in the Twenties? The US became Canada’s biggest customer and investor, especially in industries like hydroelectric power, which helped Canada’s industrial growth. 2. What resources did the US want from Canada? The US was interested in Canadian hydroelectric power to support its factories and industrial growth.The US wanted Canada’s raw materials like lumber, minerals, wheat, and hydroelectric power to support its growing industries and economy. 3. What is the connection between urbanization and manufacturing? Urbanization caused more people to live in cities, where most factories and industries were located. This created jobs and helped grow the manufacturing sector. This moving was also because there wasn’t enough jobs at the country sides anymore 4. What was the purpose of the Branch Plant? The Branch Plant allowed American companies like Ford and General Motors to build factories in Canada so they could avoid paying high tariffs and still sell their products here. The government realized the income tax and sales tax was way more than the tariffs. 5. Why was wealth being concentrated in central Canada ? Because it was the closest industrial hub to detroit, right across the border(center of cars in the US) 6. How did the car become so important to the economy? The car became important because companies making cars provided a lot of jobs. It also helped industries like steel, oil, and rubber, which were needed to build and run cars. Also important to the banking industry. It was becoming a problem because people borrowed money to buy cars. 7. Why did shopping become so popular in the Twenties?  Shopping grew because department stores made it easier to buy many products in one place, and catalogues let rural families order items. Advertising also created demand, and people could pay in monthly installments using credit. The money you earned and how you spent it also became important. 8. How did transportation and communications improve? Cars made travel easier for everyone, trains connected people across the country, and bush pilots helped reach remote areas. Communication improved with telephones, radios, newspapers, movies, and magazines, which kept people informed and entertained. 9. Who missed the roar and why? Groups like People of Colour, Asians, women, Indigenous people, and the disabled didn’t benefit Twenties because they faced discrimination in housing, jobs, public spaces, and immigration. REGIONALISM: By the Twenties, urbanization & industrialization were growing. Population was concentrated in central Canada. The Prairies & Maritimes became less politically & economically important Maritime coal & fishing in decline (were losing importance) Agriculture less important to economy than industry Prairie & Maritime in decline POLITICS: Liberals & Conservatives seemed to offer nothing to those outside Quebec & Ontario. Regional parties emerged. THE UNITED FARMERS’ PARTY: This party emerged because people who lived in prairies realised they would throw away their vote by voting for conservatives and liberals ➔ Rural Ontario & the Prairies: popular in these two regions ➔ Wanted new National Policy MARITIME RIGHTS PARTY: This party was created because people in the Maritimes felt their region was being ignored. They pushed for policies to help their struggling industries, like coal and fishing.  ➔ Urged policies to benefit the Maritimes: The party called for changes in government policies that would specifically help improve the economy and living conditions in the Maritimes. THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY: This party focused on helping farmers and rural communities by calling for a new National Policy. ➔ New National Policy ➔ Formed 1921 coalition with Liberals: In 1921, the Progressive Party teamed up with the Liberal Party to work together in government. ➔ Got Old Age Pension Act passed: helped pass a law to provide financial support to elderly people who could no longer work. WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE KING: Liberal Prime Minister Significance: Longest serving Prime minister in Canada’s history 1921- 1948 Master politician: he understood how politics worked THE KING – BYNG CRISIS - 1926: Constitutional crisis: another name for this crisis Byng( governor general) refused to dissolve parliament & call election King made elected vs. appointed leadership the election issue : King made the argument that elected leaders, like him, should have more authority than appointed ones, like the Governor General. King won GG strictly ceremonial: The Governor General’s (Julian Byng) role was reduced to a mostly symbolic and ceremonial one, with less political power. Reduced Britain’s role in Canada A GROWING INDEPENDENCE: 1922: Turkish Crisis ➔ Canada, led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, refused to automatically send troops, marking a significant step toward Canadian independence in foreign policy. 1923: The Halibut Treaty ➔ Negotiated directly with united states without british involvement 1926: Imperial Conference: A meeting where British and Dominion leaders talked about giving more independence to the Dominions. ➔ Balfour Declaration: A statement that said Dominions, like Canada, were equal to Britain and could make their own decisions. ➔ Dominion Autonomy: The idea that countries like Canada should control their own affairs. ➔ British “Commonwealth”: they changed the name of the british empire to british commonwealth 1931: Statute of Westminster ➔ Gave Canada complete control over its domestic and international affairs FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. What economic changes hurt the prairies ? The Prairies were hurt because farming became less important to the economy as Canada focused more on industries and factories. 2. What economic changes hurt the Maritimes? Main industries, like coal and fishing, were in decline. 3. What is regionalism? By the 1920s, urbanization and industrialization made central Canada more important, while the Prairies and Maritimes became less politically and economically significant. Regionalism is when different parts of a country focus on their own needs and interests because they feel left out or ignored by the government. 4. What did the United Farmer’s Party want?  They wanted a new National Policy to support farmers and rural areas by dropping the tariffs. 5. What was the Progressive Party? This party focused on helping farmers and rural communities by calling for a new National Policy. It got the Old Age Pension Act passed. 6. Who was William Lyon Mackenzie King? Longest serving Prime minister in Canada’s history from 1921- 1948. He remained prime minister for so long because he was a master politician. 7. What’s historical about the Old Age Pension? It provided financial support to seniors who didn’t have enough money. 8. What was the King Byng Crisis? It was a fight between Prime Minister King and the Governor General, Lord Byng, in 1926. King wanted an election, but Byng said no. King argued that elected leaders should have more power than appointed ones, and he won. This made the Governor General mostly a symbolic role. 9. What is Dominion Autonomy? It recognized dominions as autonomous and equal in status to Britain. 10. What was the Statue of Westminster? Allowed Canada to make its own laws without British approval PROHIBITION: Women got law passed: women pushed for Prohibition to reduce alcohol-related problems like domestic violence and financial instability. Outlawed manufacture, transportation, sale and consumption of alcohol: The law made it illegal to make, sell, or drink alcohol. “Provincial”: Each province made its own rules about the law. It wasn’t federal. Created Black Market: people secretly sold and bought it, creating illegal markets. WOMEN & POLITICAL OFFICE: Hopes were high 1921: one female MP elected ➔ AGNES MACPHAIL : Canada's first female MP York East Progressive Party Nine female MLAs elected: Nine women were also elected as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) at the provincial level. Most women not involved THE PERSONS CASE -1929: Alberta’s Emily Murphy was the first female judge in the British Empire Denied a Senate appointment: Emily Murphy was nominated for a Senate position, but her appointment was denied Not a “person before the law”: At the time, Canadian law did not recognize women as "persons" in the legal sense, which meant they were excluded from certain rights, including the right to serve in the Senate. “Famous Five” took it to court: famous five are a group of women 1928 : Supreme Court said no! ➔ The Supreme Court of Canada ruled against the Famous Five, stating that women were not considered "persons" under the law and therefore could not serve in the Senate. 1929: British Privy Council said yes Emily Murphy's legacy: her legacy was problematic because she was clearly very important in womens rights but she was a white supremacist so it was hard to decide to celebrate her or not FORMATIVE ASSESMENT  1. What’s prohibition? Outlawed manufacture, transportation, sale and consumption of alcohol: The law made it illegal to make, sell, or drink alcohol. 2. Why did women want prohibition? To reduce problems like their husbands being drunk which led to domestic violence and financial instability,etc. 3. What’s the problem with prohibition? Created Black Market and it didn’t really solve a problem and the government lost a lot of money 4. Who was Agnes McPhail? Canada's first female MP in York East Progressive Party 5. What was the extent of women’s involvement in government in 1921? one female MP elected, nine female MLAs elected. Most women didn’t participate in politics 6. Why would most women in the Twenties not “get involved” in politics ? Because of traditional values and they’re moms taught them they’re supposed to be housewives and mothers 7. What was the Person’s Case? legal battle were five women fought for women to be recognized as "persons" under the law so they could hold public office like the Senate 8. Who were the Famous Five? A group of activist women who fought for their rights. 9. Why is Emily Murphy’s legacy problematic? Because she was clearly very important in women's rights she was a white supremacist so it was hard to decide whether to celebrate her or not A Growing Cultural Independence: ➔ Group of 7: They were artists who painted Canadian landscapes. BEFORE Canadian landscape painters copied traditional British art. They start to invite the public to think of themselves as Canadian and different than British. These painting were not traditional, they were painting in the modern style. Emphasis on  looking to the future,not the past which shows what was happening politically and Canadian identity shaping. ➔ Emily Carr: Most famous British Columbian artist. She sees nature as a cathedral. Her art was in a way modern and radical because it embraces indigenous traditionalism rather than europe because in indigenous tradition nature is sacred. US WAS A THREAT TO CANADIAN IDENTITY: The development of new technologies was being adopted by Americans as a business, and America became the global leader in entertainment production. They spread American entertainment worldwide, which blurred the Canadian identity due to the influence of American media. The Hollywood entertainment industry grew into a culture of its own. People began to imitate and admire American movie stars, who became cultural icons. By the 20th century, Hollywood stars were the ones people aspired to be like, giving American culture incredible importance. America’s sweetheart: mary pickford NEW YORK STOCK MARKET CRASH: Tuesday, October 29th 1929/black tuesday Irresponsible Banking Overspending on credit Buying on Margin: borrowing 90% of the value of a stock. People were hoping if the stock went up in values they could pay their loans. Overproduction: one of the major reasons that economy started to slow down. Sales slows: there were more supplies than demand( overproduction) Unemployment rose Investors lost confidence Panic selling of stocks: they sold everything they owned because of the panick Fortunes wiped out Protectionism: putting tarifs on anybody’s products which were american products at the time. (other countries put tariffs on american products) The Great Depression was the result FORMATIVE ASSESMENT 1. Who were the Group of Seven? The Group of Seven were Canadian artists known for their paintings of Canada's natural landscapes, which helped create a unique Canadian identity in art. 2. How did artists promote Canadian independence? By painting Canadian landscapes because they believed they were supposed to picture where they lived and not imaginary British landscapes. 3. What was the main threat to Canadian identity? The us movie industry. America becoming the global leader in entertainment production and influencing all countries including Canada’s culture 4. How did media become a big part of daily life? People were getting all their informations from media and movies which affected people’s mindsets and lifestyles. 5. Why did working people buy stocks “on margin” and continue to buy things on credit? People bought stocks on margin to invest with borrowed money and they thought the stocks would grow and they would pay off their debts. 6. What was the Stock Market Crash? The Stock Market Crash of 1929 was an economic crisis that triggered the start of the Great Depression. 7. What was wrong with the economy that led to the crash and the Great Depression? The economy was weakened by irresponsible banking, overspending on credit, wrong management of stocks, and protectionism. 8. What is protectionism and how did it spread the Great Depression around the world? Protectionism is the use of tariffs to protect domestic industries. This led to less trade between countries, making the depression worse. 9. What could have been done to stop the Great Depression? Managing and paying off your credit on time, not borrowing money for things you can’t afford, not buying too much stock, not selling the stock, stop producing stuff that you cant sell, pay your workers more, not put tariffs on stuff, banking regulations