SEX Notes PDF

Quiz Prep: Need to Know Ideas from Lynch With intersex variations, there are hormone receptor variations (CAIS), hormonal variations (CAH and 5ARD), genetic variations (Swyer), and chromosomal variations (turner and Klinefelter) ​ CAIS ○​ XY, has SRY so develops testes from Wolffian,...

Quiz Prep: Need to Know Ideas from Lynch With intersex variations, there are hormone receptor variations (CAIS), hormonal variations (CAH and 5ARD), genetic variations (Swyer), and chromosomal variations (turner and Klinefelter) ​ CAIS ○​ XY, has SRY so develops testes from Wolffian, but cannot receive the androgens needed for masculinization ○​ Commonly have internal testes with female external genitalia and are commonly raised female ○​ An example is Georgiann Davis who is an educator and activist pushing against the pathologization of CAIS she had surgery to remove the internal testes which is very common ○​ PAIS and MAIS are types of this that differ in the receptivity to androgens with genital masculinization measured on Quigly scale (1-7 with 1 being full penis) ​ CAH ○​ Overproduction of testosterone is commonly due to the lack of 21-hydroxylase so there is a lack of aldosterone and glucocorticoid production which pushes lipids to be synthesised into androgens ○​ Autosomal recessive ○​ MALE AND FEMALE ○​ Often requires steroid treatment ○​ Can be dangerous and people can get dehydrated and lose salt very easily & often need surgery and medical treatment ​ 5 ARD ○​ Born usually with female genitalia but they do have some test so they tend to go through a more male-oriented puberty but don't have DHT so they don’t usually get male-patterned baldness ○​ Autosomal recessive ○​ Usually have a male gender identity but are commonly raised as female ○​ Since DHT masculinizes genitalia, they develop female external genitalia ○​ XX could technically have the gene but it would not affect them since they lack male genitalia to be masculinized so DHT does nothing for them ​ On a smaller note, hypospadias has to do with issues in where the urethral opening is ​ Swyer ○​ Lack of an SRY gene in XY individual leads to non functioning streak gonads and female external genetalia ​ Turner ○​ XO individual that also has streak gonads but is usually phenotypically female ​ Klinefelters  ○​ XXY individuals usually have slightly more enlarged breast tissue, learning issues, sometimes mental health issues, and developmental issues ○​ Small testes and low test levels Sexual dimorphism and aggression: a crossspecies approach ​ Human sexual dimorphism ○​ Males are faster, stronger, and have more densely concentrated strength in the upper body ○​ Testosterone masculinizes skeletal and muscle growth, increases after seeing attractive females, and is associated with dominance ○​ Murderers are also more commonly male ​ Sapolsky: Natural history of peace ○​ Baboons have less SSD (sexual size dimorphism) than chimps and thus are less aggressive, share more, and societies are more female dominated and show more reconciliatory behavior ○​ High male SSD usually leads to intrasexual competition and more aggressive behavior ​ For lemurs, females dominate and are slightly larger ○​ Rhesus macaques are more agro and have more hierarchy but stump tail macaques are the opposite ​ Mixed species group lead to rhesus being less agro in stump tail group and showing reconciliatory behavior in their own ways ○​ Forest troop ​ Bold males ate the garbage and got TB and died ​ Led to more passive males dominating and thus incoming males also became more passive to adapt and benefit ​ Georgiev: When Violence Pays ○​ Comparitive cost/benefit optimization analysis ○​ How much aggression is the right amount and when does it pay ○​ Aggression is viewed as an expression of competition ○​ Compeition seen in many ways ​ Food, space, mates ○​ Females in space and time ​ When females are spread out and fertile they cannot be monopolized so male aggression does not “pay” but when they are close together it does ○​ Costs of inter-specific aggression ​ Physical, physiological, psychological, social, energetic, risk of predation ○​ More aggression seen in females when food is the limiting resource as they need this to help produce good offspring ○​ Sexual coercion occurs in species where the males are larger and more dominant ​ Benefits and costs of violent aggression in humans ○​ High quality diet, highly territorial ○​ Lots of male-male comp ○​ Objects and tools as weapons lower cost of violence of perpetrator ○​ Social costs are low when fighting an unknown enemy ○​ Decreasing aggression in humans: increase costs and punishments for aggressive behavior