Session 4 (1) (1).pptx

Presented by Basnayake M Wijesiri Senior Lecturer Department of Business Management Intended Learning Outcomes After studying this session successfully, students shall be able to; Define socialization. Explain importance of socialization. Categorize the different types...

Presented by Basnayake M Wijesiri Senior Lecturer Department of Business Management Intended Learning Outcomes After studying this session successfully, students shall be able to; Define socialization. Explain importance of socialization. Categorize the different types of socialization. Describe theories on socialization. Identify agents of socialization. Introduction to Socialization For any society to survive, it needs to teach its members what is accepted and what is not. Think of yourself when you were a child. There were a number of things that were taught starting from the most basic to the most complex activities. This is how societies transmit their cultures to its members and survive. This process where individuals learn their culture and live according to the norms of their society from their early childhood is referred to as socialization. What is Socialization? Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. Many people think that socialization is especially important for infants and children. Psychologists now relize that socilalization continues all accredss the life span as long as people continue to learn from social experiences. What is Socialization? Socialization is often defined as the process whereby an individual gradually grows into societal roles and learn to comply with the expectations that are attached to those roles (Furseth, 2006). What is Socialization? The socialization process is not limited to childhood and can be considered a lifelong process. This is because all individuals pass different stages in life and acquire new roles. EXAMPLE: in school the individual acquires the role of a students, and then as he enters the university, he acquires the role of an undergraduate and when he works, he acquires the role of an employee. Importance of Socialization 1. Socialization converts man, the biological being in to man, the social being. Man is not born social. Various instances like that of Kasper Hauser, Anna, the wolf children of India and other have made it clear that only through constant training the new born child becomes social in nature. Importance of Socialization 2. Socialization contributes to the development of personality. Personality is the product of society. Socialization is a process through which the personality of the new born child is shaped amd molded. Through the process, the child learnet an approved way of social life. at the same time, it also provides enough scope for the individual to develop his individuality. Importance of Socialization 3. Helps to become disciplined. Socialization is social learning process. It is the values, ideals, aims and objectives of life and the means of attaining them. Importance of Socialization 4. Helps to enact different roles. Every individual has to enact different roles in his life. Every role is woven around norms and is associated with different attitudes. The process of socialization assists an individual not only to learn the norms associated with roles but also to develop appropriate attitudes to enactthose roles. Importance of Socialization 5. Provides the knowledge of skills Socialization skills help the individual to play economic, professional, educational, religious and political roles in his latter life. In primitive societies for example, imparting skills to the younger generation is specific occupations was an important aspects of socialization. Types of socialization Socialization process could be divided into two groups. 1. Primary socialization 2. Secondary socialization. Types of socialization 1. Primary socialization This occurs in the family. Family is a setting with close and emotional relationship with its members. During the primary socialization process a child learns the language, behavior control, and develops his/ her ability to give and receive trust. Types of socialization 2. Secondary socialization This occurs at schools, religious/ Sunday schools, universities, and at workplace etc. The relationships at these places are limited and targeted. Less or no emotions are attached. Theories on Socialization The process of socialization has been studied by theories in different ways. Some of the prominent theorists are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Carol Gilligan, Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead. These theorists present sociological and psychological theories of human development. Psychological theories Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud, also known as the father of psycho- analytical perspective. It considered that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within individuals. According to Freud, human development is linked to three levels named as id, ego and super ego, which reflect the different levels of the personality. Id Freud said that a newly born child's personality is id. It includes individual's biological needs and drives. (i.e. food, sleep). At this stage he/she demands immediate fulfillment of such needs. Ego When the second level of personality ego develops in a child, he/ she discovers that biological needs are not always met immediately.(i.e. passing urine could not be done as and when necessary). The ego's task is to mediate between the demands of the id for immediate fulfillment of needs and the objections of the external world to such gratification (Slee, 2002). The ego works to satisfy individual's drives but does so in a socially acceptable manner. It attempts to gratify one's need through socially acceptable method. Super ego As the ego operates in this way a child begins to internalize the values of parents and larger society and form the super ego, the third part of personality ( Keenan, 2002). Super ego consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality. Freud’s Iceberg Analogy Psychological theories Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) Jean Piaget was another psychologist who focused on human development. He introduced four main stages in the development of child's capability to understand the surrounding world. At each stage the child acquires new cognitive (intellectual) skills and each stage depends on successful completion of the preceding stage. According to Piaget the four stages of cognitive development are universal features of socialization. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) Four main stages of the development of child's capability 1. Sensori – motor stage (up to age 2) During this stage children understand the world thorough sensory contact and the immediate action. They are unable to use the language. Children utilize some skills they are born with such as looking, sucking, and listening, Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) 2. Pre- operational stage (from 2 to 7) Children are able to use words and form mental images. Their ability to use logic to solve problems is limited. Children can play the role of "mommy" , "teacher" and "doctor" etc. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) 3. Concrete operational stage (from age 7 to 11) Children begin to take the role of others. They are able to draw conclusions about the likely physical consequences of an action without having tried the action out. Children think in terms of tangible objects and actual events. They have and understanding of reversibility. EXAMPLE, the child is able to recognize the pet at home is a dog and that dog is an animal. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) 4. Formal operation age (age 12 through adolescence) They have the potential to engage in highly abstract thought. Understand things, events, and places they have never seen. They can think about future. Sociological theories Charles Horton Cooley ( 1864-1929) The concept of looking glass-self was introduced by the sociologist Charles Horton Cooley. He used the concept to refer to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others. Our looking-glass self is not who actually we are or what people actually think about us; rather it is based on our perception of how other people think of us. The looking-glass self is a self concept derived from a three step process (Kendall, 2003). Charles Horton Cooley ( 1864-1929) 1. We imaging how our personality and appearances will look to others (i.e. slim, fat, friendly, attractive/unattractive). 2. We imagine how other people judge our appearance and personality. This step involves our perception on how others judge us. 3. We develop a self- concept. Sociological theories George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) George Herbert Mead extended Cooley's concept and divided the self into "I" and "Me’. "I" represents the subjective elements of self( spontaneous and unique traits of a person). 'Me' represent objective element of the self (individual's internalized attitudes, demands of other members of society and his/her awareness of those demands.) George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) According to Mead 'I' and 'M' are needed to form 'self ' while 'I' develop first and 'me' forms during three stages of development. i. Preparatory stage (below age 3) : Children imitate people around them. They prepare for role taking, but interactions lack meaning. ii.Play stage (Age 3 to 5) : children begin to see themselves in relation to others. Pick up language and learn to use other symbols. iii.Game stage –(Early school years) : at this stage children understand their own position as well as positions of others around them. They are able to play games which have other players and rules (i.e. cricket) George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) As the child goes through the three stages, he/ she becomes concerned about the demands and expectations of the family, his/ her subculture and the larger society. Mead thought socialization is a two – way process between the individual and society. Agents of Socialization Human beings are socialized by different people, groups and institutions through their lives. These are referred to as agents of socialization. Some of the most influential agents are the family, school, peer groups, religion, and mass media. The family In all societies family is the first and most influential agent of socialization. The parents, siblings, grandparents and the extended family play a major role in teaching language, attitudes, beliefs, values and norms to the newcomer. Children form a sense of self and acquire basic language skills, customs, values and beliefs within the family context. The family Through this process, children learn about the dominant culture and begin to recognize the parent's and other family member's primary subculture. (i.e. parents are Sinhalese and they belong to 'Kandyan' subculture.). Family provides emotional support which is very important for a child's development. The child gradually acquires his/ her social position through family. From birth the child is a member of his parent's race, ethnicity, social class, religion, and subculture. The school School can be considered as another influential agent, especially in the modern society. Schools give young children a brand – new experience in associating with a large bureaucratic organization where the same rules are supported to apply to every student, and where they are valued in terms of performance (Gelles & Levine, 1999). The process where schools provide students with knowledge can be viewed as its manifest function. The school However, schools also provide students with values, beliefs, attitudes, etc. this refers to its latent function. Sociologists state that the processes and practices in schools led by teachers is a miniature of the society. This is referred to as the hidden curriculum which trains students for the adult world. Religion Religion is another social which functions as a key agent in socialization. In any society, people usually gather at religious institutions in the form of religious communities for worship. These teach new members of the society how to interact with the material and non- material aspects of religious cultures since most religions are linked to ceremonies such as marriage, death and birth. This form of socialization enables the individual to embrace and contribute to social roles and be a part of the religious community. Peer groups Peer group is a group of persons of similar age who are linked by common interests and equal social status. An individual's early childhood peer group is composed of classmates of their preschool or primary school. In adolescence, peer groups are made up of young ones with similar interests and social activities. Members of peer groups, whether they are children or grown – ups , heavily depend on the group for information and approval of their social behavior. Peer groups Peer groups function as agents of socialization by contributing to sense of belonging and feelings of self – worth of an individual. An individual usually belongs to several peer groups, such as schoolmates and neighborhood children, simultaneously. The peer group contributes to socialization by involving children in relationships such as exchange, conflict, competition and cooperation. In peer groups, children are provided with opportunities for self- direction and self – expression. Mass media Mass media includes all means of communication and information technology that reach large audiences via an impersonal medium between the sender and receiver. Although mass media does not ordinary involve in direct personal interactions, they reveal many aspects of the society. Through mass medias, children come to learn about different parts of the world they might not otherwise experience. Mass media Media can take them to jungles, under sea, outer space, and to other countries. The media also provides role models such as father, mother, doctor, policeman, hero, and villain. Media reflects social attitudes and beliefs about political issues such as war, and social issues such as child abuse or crimes. Because of cognitive immaturity children are more vulnerable to media influence. Children may internalize what they hear or see through media as something meaningful to them, which may or may not be accurate or desirable. Review Question Answer the following question. In addition to this session, you are expected to read and examine other sources of information such as books and articles written on the subject. 1.How do you understand concept of socialization? 2.In the Sri Lankan society, what are the key agents of socialization? Nature Vs. Nu