Animal Anatomy PDF

POSITIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anatomical direction terms are: Dorsal/Ventral; Medial/Lateral; Cranial/Caudal; Rostral/Caudal; and Proximal/Distal. Terms used to describe anatomical planes are: Dorsal Plane; Transverse Plane; Sagittal Plane and Median Plane BODY PLANES -Median plane divides th...

POSITIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS Anatomical direction terms are: Dorsal/Ventral; Medial/Lateral; Cranial/Caudal; Rostral/Caudal; and Proximal/Distal. Terms used to describe anatomical planes are: Dorsal Plane; Transverse Plane; Sagittal Plane and Median Plane BODY PLANES -Median plane divides the animal body into right and left halves. - Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane. Medial and lateral are positional terms relative to the median plane. - Transverse plane passes through the head, trunk, or limb perpendicular to the part’s long axis. - Dorsal plane (alsocalled a frontal plane) is a longitudinal plane that passes through the body. Surface view of regional anatomy Horse Skeleton Ox Skeleton Dog Skeleton Exercise: The numbers of cervical vertebrae: The name of C1 and C2: The numbers of Thoracic vertebrae: The number of anticlinal vertebra: The numbers of lumber vertebrae: The numbers of sacrum vertebrae: The numbers of Ribs (sternal, asternal and floating ribs): The numbers of sternum segments : Teeth formula: The name of bones that have a sinus: Carpal bones formula: Tarsal bones formula: The name of specific bones:  Palpable bony structures (Clinical note) The specified palpable bone protrusion are not only important landmarks for students during anatomical preparation and differentiation of the various anatomical regions, but also for the practitioner during clinical examination and treatment. Write the mentioned bold areas (touchable):  Palpable bony structures of the neck and the back wing of the atlas, transverse processes of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, spinous processes of the sacrum spinous processes and bodies of the caudal vertebrae. Palpable bony structures of the thorax ribs and costal cartilages (dog, Rum. 13th; horse18th) sternum Palpable bony structures of the fore limbs scapular cartilage and spine of the scapula, greater tubercle of the humerus, deltoid tuberosity, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, humeral condyle, olecranon tuber, radius and the subcutaneous smooth surface of the radius (medial), carpal bones, metacarpal bones,  Palpable bony structures of the Gluteal region and hip joint region Palpable bony structures the coxal tuber, the sacral tuber, the large trochanter of the femur and the ischial tuber Palpable bony structures of the Hind limbs sacral tuber, coxal tuber, ischial tuber, greater trochanter of the femur, condyles of the femur and of the tibia, patella with its ligaments, calcaneal tuber, tibial tuberosity and the subcutaneous smooth surface of the tibia (medial), tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, proximal sesamoid bones with the proximal or first phalanx, middle or second phalanx and the extensor, process of the distal or third phalanx and penile bone (male dogs). Exercise 1- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the head: 2- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the Neck: 3- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the forelimb: 4- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the Thorax: 5- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the Abdomen: 6- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the Pelvic: 7- Write the names of the nerves, glands, arteries and veins seen in the hindlimb: Which organs seen in left lateral view in the dog? On the left side view of a dog's internal organs, you can see the lungs, heart, aorta, pulmonary artery, diaphragm, liver, stomach, spleen, lt. kidney, intestines, bladder, and the rectum in that order from front to back. The location of left lateral body wall of the dog Left kidney The left kidney is situated highly dorsal between the 13th rib and the 3rd lumbar vertebra. Its position varies according to the breathing phase. Stomach the stomach extends to the 9th through 12th ribs. Liver The liver fills the space between the 7th and 9th ribs. Spleen The spleen rests in the area of the last intercostal space, but a filled stomach can dislocate it as far caudally as the 4th lumbar vertebra. Jejunum The jejunum reaches from the stomach to the pelvic inlet and rests upon the greater omentum. Descending colon The descending colon begins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. It extends along the costal processes caudal to the left kidney into the pelvic cavity. The descending colon is connected to the ascending duodenum by the duodenocolic fold. Bladder The bladder is in the abdominal cavity. Only the neck of the bladder is located in the pelvic cavity. Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the left side of the dog's body with their location: Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the Right side of the dog's body with their location:  Right lateral body wall of the dog Right kidney The right kidney is located between the 11th and 12th intercostal space. The cranial pole lies in the renal impression of the liver. The position of the kidney changes according to the breathing phase. Liver The liver reaches the umbilical region on the ventral abdominal wall and rests here upon the remaining umbilical fat deposit. Descending duodenum This segment of the duodenum begins ventrally in the 9th intercostal space and extends to the 6th lumbar vertebra. The descending duodenum is in contact with the pancreas. Jejunum The jejunum reaches from the stomach to the pelvic inlet and rests upon the greater omentum. Caecum The cecum is situated to the right of the vertebral column between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. The small intestine in Dog The small intestine of dog is about 4 meter long. It occupies most of the abdominal cavity. The large intestine in Dog The large intestine of dog is about 60 to 75 cm in length.  Left lateral body wall of the horse Left kidney The left kidney is located between the 17th rib and the 2nd to 3rd transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae. The base of the spleen lies beneath the kidney on the lateral side where the reno-splenic ligament. Stomach The stomach of the horse is comparatively small and lies completely within the rib cage. It is located at the level of the 14th to 15th intercostal space. Spleen The location of the spleen is related to the amount of stomach content. The lateral surface of the spleen is in contact with the 10th to the 18th ribs. The ventral extremity of the spleen is found in the 9th intercostal space at the height of the shoulder joint. Jejunum The jejunum loops together with those of the descending colon fill the entire dorsal, left quadrant of the abdominal cavity. In the left flank between the last rib and the pelvic inlet. Left ventral segment of the ascending colon The left ventral colon begins at the sternal flexure in the intrathoracic space at the level of the xiphoid cartilage around from the 9th costal cartilage to the pelvic inlet where the pelvic flexure begins. Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the left side of the horse's body with their location: Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the Right side of the horse's body with their location:  Right lateral body wall of the horse Right kidney The right kidney is situated just caudal to the liver and occupies the last three intercostal spaces. Liver The liver lies completely within the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity and is for the most part covered laterally by both lungs.The caudal margin of the liver reaches the 15th intercostal space. *The gall bladder is absent in horse. *The hepatic duct opens into the descending duodenum at a distance of about 12.5 to 15 cm from the pylorus. Duodenum The duodenum is approximately 1m long and descends along the visceral surface of the right liver lobe. The duodenum turns to the left at the level of the 3rd to 4th lumbar vertebrae. Cecum The caecum fills the entire right flank region, from the last intercostal space to the coxal tuberosity. The apex of the caecum lies between the right and left ventral of the colon. Right ventral segment of the ascending colon The right ventral colon is from the costochondral junction of the 18th rib (caecocolic orifice) to the 9th costal cartilage. Here, the sternal flexure begins over the sternum. Right dorsal segment of the ascending colon The right dorsal colon begins at the 16th intercostal space from the diaphramatic flexure. The colon extends cranially to the 6th costal cartilage where the transverse colon begins.  Left lateral body wall of the ox Rumen The left side of the abdominal cavity is almost entirely occupied by the rumen. Reticulum The reticulum lies ventrally on the sternum within the dome of the diaphragm from the 5th to the 6th intercostal space. Spleen The spleen reaches from the dorsal end of the last rib to the costochondral junction of the 7th or 8th rib. The dorsal edge adheres to the dorsal diaphragm wall and the rumen through connective tissue. Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the left side of the Ox's body with their location: Write the names of the organs that can be seen on the Right side of the Ox's body with their location:  Right lateral body wall of the ox Right kidney The right kidney extends from the liver to the 3rd lumbar vertebra. Left kidney The left kidney lies centrally, in the median plane, suspended by the renal mesentery. Its cranial pole rests minimally beneath the right kidney and is located between the 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Liver The liver is located directly caudal to the diaphragm on the right side within the intrathoracic abdominal cavity and reaches dorsally as far as the last rib The sharp-edged border reaches a hand’s width caudal to the last rib and cranially to the height of the 6th intrachondral articulation. The pole of the right kidney impresses the dorsal segment of the liver (renal impression). The gallbladder extends over the sharp-edged ventral border to rest upon the abdominal wall within the 10th intercostal space. Omasum The omasum is situated in the ventral, intrathoracic abdominal cavity and comes to rest on the ventral abdominal wall between the 6th and 11th intercostal spaces. Ventrally, it extends slightly beyond the costal arch. Abomasum The abomasum sits on the ventral abdominal wall in the umbilical region and fills the space between the xiphoid cartilage and the last rib. Ascending colon The colon disc lies ventral to the caecum and caudoventral to the costal arch. The jejunum surrounds the edge of the colon disc like a wreath. Caecum The caecum reaches from the costochondral junction of the last rib to the pelvic inlet. The blind-ending apex points caudally and can reach into the pelvic cavity when it is maximally filled. Descending duodenum The descending duodenum lies above the caecum from the middle of the last rib to the pelvic inlet. Secondary adhesion occurs between the duodenum and both layers of the greater omentum. Exercise - The names of the abdominal organs seen from the ventral view of abdomen in Horse, with their locations: Exercise - The names of the abdominal organs seen from the dorsal view of abdomen in Horse, with their locations: The names of the abdominal organs seen from the ventral view of abdomen, with their locations: Exercise - The names of the abdominal organs seen from the ventral view of abdomen in Ox, with their locations: Exercise The names of the organs seen after removal of the skin and muscles of abdomen in Dog, with their locations: The names of the organs seen after removal of the greater omentum in Dog, with their locations : Exercise Which organs are coverd by pleura or peritoneum: Which organs are not covered by pleura or peritoneum: Exercise - The name of main trunk artery that arise from the aorta and supplies to head, neck and forelimbs: - The name of the main artery that supplies the both forelimbs and neck: - The name of the main artery that supplies the forelimb: - The name of the main artery that supplies the head: - The name of the main artery that supplies the face: - The name of the main artery that supplies the brain: - The name of the main artery that supplies the upper and lower jaws : - The name of the main artery that supplies the hindlimb: - The name of the main artery that supplies the pelvic and most of the genital organs: - The name of the main artery that supplies the liver, spleen pancreas and stomach: - The name of the main artery that supplies the small intestine and most part of the colons: - The name of the main artery that supplies the end parts of the colons: Arterial blood sampling in Horse: Facial artery at the facial notch on the ventral border of the mandible, common carotid artery at the base of the neck, transverse facial artery ventral to the temporomandibular joint. Pulse palpation in the horse: Facial artery at the facial notch on the ventral border of the mandible. Arterial blood sampling in Dog: The dorsal metatarsal artery, between the third and fourth metatarsal bones. Pulse palpation in Dog: In the cat and dog the pulse can be taken at the femoral artery in its first part, where it superficializes on the inside of the thigh.  Exercise - Location of external jugular vein: - Location of internal jugular vein: - Location of saphenous vein: - Location of cephalic vein: - Location of facial vein: - Location of carinal vena cava: - Location of caudal vena cava: - Location of portal vein: Exercise: The name of main lymph node in the head: The name of main lymph node in the neck: The name of main lymph node in, the forelimb: The name of main lymph node in the hindlimb: The name of main lymph node in the thorax: The name of main lymph node in the abdomen: Explain which lymph nodes are palpable in Rum Horse and dog: Exercise -Write the names of the nerves of the forelimb and explain their function: -Write the names of the sensory nerves with their effective areas:  Innervation of the joints of the forelimb: Joint Nerve Shoulder joint Axillary nerve, suprascapular nerve Elbow joint Radial nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve Elbow joint and carpal joint Median nerve, ulnar nerve Fetlock joint and further digital joints Palmar nerves, digital nerves Innervation of the joints of the hindlimb: Joints Nerves Hip joint Sciatic nerve, Cranial and caudal gluteal nerve Knee joint Femoral nerve, Tibial nerve, saphenous nerve Hock Tibial nerve, superficial and deep fibular nerve Digital joints Plantar nerves of the tibial nerve, digital nerves Exercise The name of the involved joint after paralysis of the following nerves: Suprascapular nerve: Axillary nerve: Radial nerve: Median nerve: Femoral nerve: Tibial nerve: Fibulae nerve: Palpation of rumen: The rumen can be palpated in the left flank of the abdomen and is usually palpated in the dorsal third of the flank region. Topography of spleen in ox The spleen, in ox, extends from the dorsal end of the last two ribs to the costochondral junction of the seventh and eight rib on the left abdominal wall. The splenic puncture in ox is performed in the left twelth intercostal space at the level of tuber coxae.  Aortic hiatus (hiatus aorticus), the thoracic lymph duct also passes. Oesophageal hiatus (hiatus oesophageus) the vagal nerve trunks, both sympathetic trunks, and the splanchnic nerves. also pass through the diaphragm. Vena caval foramen (foramen venae cavae) the right phrenic nerve also passes. Position of Kidneys The left kidney in ox usually lies ventral to third, fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, a little caudal and ventral to the right kidney. In horse, the left kidney is from seventeenth or eighteenth thoracic vertebra to the first two lumbar vertebrae. It is palpable through the left paralumbar fossa. The right kidney extends from fifteenth or sixteenth rib to first lumbar vertebra and it is palpable at the right paralumbar fossa. In dog, the left kidney lies ventral to the second, third and fourth lumbar vertebrae and is palpated at the left paralumbar fossa while the right kidney lies under the twelth or thirteenth rib and the first two or three lumbar vertebrae and is palpable at the right paralumbar fossa. Position of the scrotum The scrotum is located in the inguinal region in the horse and the dog, below the inguinal region in ruminants, and subanal in cats. In ruminants the testes are carried with their long axes vertically; thus they possess a deep and pendulous scrotum. The testes are orientated with their long axis horizontally in the horse and dog, Position of the ovaries In the dog and cat, the ovaries do not change in location from their place of development, remaining in the dorsal part of the abdomen caudal to the kidneys. In the other domestic species the ovaries undergo some degree of migration (descensus ovarii), with the greatest migration occurring in ruminants, in which the ovaries come to lie close to the ventral abdominal wall, cranial to the pelvic inlet. In the pig they descend to the middle of the abdomen, in the mare they are located about 8–10cm ventral to the dorsal wall of the abdomen.  Sublumbar region and flank region The sublumbar region is the part of the abdominal cavity that is below the lumbar vertebrae and their transverse processes. This is the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity. The flank region is the part of the abdominal cavity that is formed by the soft part of the abdominal wall. On the dorsal part of this region is a triangular part which is called as paralumbar fossa. Laparotomy Laparotomy in the ox Laparotomy in the ox takes place in the flank under local anaesthesia of the standing animal. The only organ accessible from the left flank is the rumen. * So, The Rumenotomy is performed in the dorsal segment of the left flank. The right flank allows access to the underlying organs, namely the caecum and other sections of the intestinesn. * In the ox, a dilation or torsion of the caecum and of the proximal loop of the colon are indications for a laparotomy in the right flank. *Surgical correction of an abomasal displacement is also performed in the right flank beginning one hand’s width caudal to the last rib. * An abomasal displacement to the left is surgically corrected through an omentopexy either from the left or the right abdominal wall in the flank region. 20.2-6 20.2-9  Abdominal muscles Site of Surgical Ruminotomy is A B performed in the left paralumbar fossa usually under local anaesthetic infiltration. Site for skin incision: A vertical incision of about 20 cm in length (height) is made beginning at about 3 to 4 cm below the transverse process of lumbar vertebra and about 3 to 5 D cm caudal and parallel to the last C rib in the left paralumbar fossa E (left flank). Abdominal muscles. (A) Cutaneous trunci, especially well developed ventrally. (B) External abdominal oblique with superficial inguinal ring in its aponeurosis. (C) Internal abdominal oblique. (D) Transversus abdominis and (E) rectus abdominis. Note the reduction in the thickness of the wall along the caudal part of the rectus margin. Surgical approach for Maxillary sinus (Horse): The trephining of maxillary sinus is made just dorsal and caudal to the facial tuberosity taking care to avoid any injury to the roots of the cheek teeth which project into the maxillary sinusitis. Mandibular alveolar nerve block; for surgical conditions of molar and incisor teeth of the lower jaw, body of the mandible and the lower lip. Infraorbital nerve block; This nerve is innervates the maxillary alveolar teeth and nasal regions and the upper lip. Site for infraorbital nerve block is infraorbital foramen. This foramen is located on the lateral surface of maxillary bone at the level of first cheek tooth. The reason for using the pudendal nerve block: The pudendal nerve block is indicated for surgical intervention on the vagina, vulva, labium, and mammary glands in female and on the urethra penis and the glans in male. Site for pudendal nerve block After palpation of the nerve in the ischiorectal fossa area , needle is inserted about 1 to 2 cm deep there. Exercise -The names of sits for making various injection in Dog: Excerise -The names of sits for making various injection in Ox:  Site of intramascular injection in the horse Exercise -The names of sites for intramuscular injection in Horse: