Sep 24 - Ethics, PST, Hazing.pdf

Sep 24 - Ethics, PST, Hazing Tuesday, September 24, 2024 2:51 PM Ethics - Practitioners must meet standards of conduct - Canadian Sport Psychology Association (CSPA) regulates standards and competencies Membership Criteria for the Canadian Sport Psychology Association The CSPA lists con...

Sep 24 - Ethics, PST, Hazing Tuesday, September 24, 2024 2:51 PM Ethics - Practitioners must meet standards of conduct - Canadian Sport Psychology Association (CSPA) regulates standards and competencies Membership Criteria for the Canadian Sport Psychology Association The CSPA lists consultants who fulfil the following basic criteria: - A masters degree in sport psych or a related field - Successful completion of a variety of courses relevant to sport psych consultation and foundational disciplines, such as human kinetics or kinesiology, psychology, and counselling - Extensive sport psychology consulting experience - Hands-on experience in sport - Favourable supervisor and client evaluations Standards of Conduct - Standard of conduct and competencies required - Ethics concerned with matters of right or wrong - Ethics refers to parameters of relationship between consultant and client - Ethical responsibility: at best help athletes; at worst, do no harm - Ethic codes provide guidelines governing relationships Three codes of ethics relevant in Canada: 1. Ethics Code: AASP Ethical Principles and Standards 2. CSPA Code of Ethics 3. CPA Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists CPA Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists Principle 1: Respect for the dignity of persons: Reinforces moral rights regardless of culture, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc. Principle 2: Responsible caring: minimize harm and maximize benefits Principle 3: integrity in relationships: Maintain objectivity and remain unbiased Principle 4: responsibility to society: develop knowledge through inquiry Psychological Skills Training (PSTP) - A number of literature reviews have been published that suggest that planned Principle 2: Responsible caring: minimize harm and maximize benefits Principle 3: integrity in relationships: Maintain objectivity and remain unbiased Principle 4: responsibility to society: develop knowledge through inquiry Psychological Skills Training (PSTP) - A number of literature reviews have been published that suggest that planned psychological skills training programs are effective in enhancing performance - Many pro athletes regularly report that they use some form of psychological strategy to enhance performance - High-ranking players have indicated that they used psychological strategies to a greater degree than lower-ranked players A PSTP is made up of a number of components and they are: Initial Meeting -Pivotal for emphasizing the nature and commitment to the PSTP The Sport psychologist and the sport - Athletes find it easier to relate to a sport psychologist who understands the sport the athlete is involved in - If a sport psychologist cannot relate to an athlete's feelings in a critical game situation, they will have difficulty gaining the confidence of the athlete - It is unrealistic to expect the SP to be an expert performer in every sport that they serve a a consultant in, but it is realistic to expect the SP to be an avid student of the game Development of a needs assessment plan - SP must determine the psychological skill strengths and weaknesses of each athlete and o a team as a whole - This is done through interview, observations, and inventories Psychological methods and strategies to be taught - SP develops a master plan detailing how to enhance psychological skill through the application of various psycho methods, strategies, and techniques Actual teaching - Teaching of mental skills like goal setting, imagery, relaxation, focusing, self-confidence, pregame prep Ongoing evaluation and modifications Hazing refers to any activity expected of someone joining a group (or to maintain full status in a group that humiliates, degrades or risks emotional and/or physical harm, regardless of the person's willingness to participate - In years past, hazing practices were typically considered harmless pranks or comical antic associated with young men in college frats - Hazing practices are shaped by power dynamics operating in a group or team within a particular cultural context. As such, hazing also reflects societal norms and expectations a group) that humiliates, degrades or risks emotional and/or physical harm, regardless of the person's willingness to participate - In years past, hazing practices were typically considered harmless pranks or comical antics associated with young men in college frats - Hazing practices are shaped by power dynamics operating in a group or team within a particular cultural context. As such, hazing also reflects societal norms and expectations around gender, and masculinity, in particular - Behaviours that would meet today's definition of hazing has been documented among male educational groups for centuries - The term "hazing" was used to describe practices of initiating new students to a uni and maintaining order within the established hierarchy between classes of students - Such activities typically included expectations of personal servitude and other displays of subordination to students in the upper tanks - Since the 1970s there has been at least one student fatality each year involving hazing at US universities - 79% of NCAA athlete respondents reported experiencing one or more hazing behaviours as part of team initiations - Hazing activities are generally considered to be" physically abuse, hazardous, and/or sexually violating - The specific behaviours or activities within these categories vary widely among participants and groups Alcohol use is common in nearly all types of hazing, Other examples of typical hazing practices include: - Personal servitude - Sleep deprivation and restrictions on personal hygiene - Yelling - Swearing and insulting rookies - Being forces to wear embarrassing or humiliating attire in public - Consumption of vile substances or smearing of such on one's skin - Brandings - Physical beatings - Binge drinking/drinking games - Sexual simulation and sexual assault Evidence points towards gender differences in hazing activities, in general, a common conclusion drawn is that hazing among men is more likely to be violent in nature, and hazing among women is more likely to be psychological/emotional in nature. - Notably, women were less likely than men to be subjected to unacceptable acts including: destroying or stealing property, beatings, being tied up or taped, confined to small places, paddled, kidnapped or transported and abandoned - Hazing incidents among boys and men often include tests of physical conclusion drawn is that hazing among men is more likely to be violent in nature, and hazing among women is more likely to be psychological/emotional in nature. - Notably, women were less likely than men to be subjected to unacceptable acts including: destroying or stealing property, beatings, being tied up or taped, confined to small places, paddled, kidnapped or transported and abandoned - Hazing incidents among boys and men often include tests of physical endurance, forced/coerced alcohol consumption, paddling and other forms of physical assaults/beating A common rationale in support of hazing is that it is a "tradition" necessary to "weed out" those unworthy of membership Research on male athletic teams reveals an emphasis on hypermasculinity: physical and mental toughness, endurance of pain and humiliation, obedience to superiors and the use of physical force and coercion to obtain compliance. Social anxieties around masculinity also sustain hazing practices. The more boys/men are fearful of being labeled as weak - the more likely they are to participate in hazing activities that are dangerous and even life-threatening Studies of hazing fatalities reveals that men are far more likely to die form hazing activities than are women. Of more than 60 documented hazing deaths, only three have been women - Exit costs for leaving a hazing team increase because players may lose a major part of their identity by severing ties with the team - Men are likely to fear their manhood will be called into question if they resist an opportunity to prove their masculinity via hazing practices - This also explain, at least in part, why some pledges, rookies and new members of organizations will ask to be hazed even if the group is attempting to eradicate such traditions