Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide PDF

Don’t forget your name so you get Name: sora seo credit Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide ​ Make a copy of this document by clicking on File > Make a Copy > Rename “YourLastNameModule1Study Guide” ​...

Don’t forget your name so you get Name: sora seo credit Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide ​ Make a copy of this document by clicking on File > Make a Copy > Rename “YourLastNameModule1Study Guide” ​ Type your name into the box at the top of the document. ​ Complete this study guide in a blue font as you work through Module 1. ​ Once you have completed the entire document, save it as a pdf (YourLastName Module1StudyGuide.pdf) ​ Submit the completed assignment as a pdf through the assignment link in Canvas. Chapter 1.1: Overview of Anatomy & Physiology 1.​ __gross anatomy _______________ is the study of structure. 2.​ macroscopy anatomy____________ is the study of structures large enough to be seen without magnification and an example is ____________brain_________________. 3.​ ______microscopy anatomy em___________ is the study of structures too small to be seen by the unaided eye and an example is ___________tissues __________________. 4.​ _____physiology___________ is the study of function and an example is _______homeostasis______________________________. 5.​ Briefly describe the relationship of form and function in the human body and give an example that illustrates how they are related. Relationship: ______form and function are interrelated. Where form refers to a specific body part while function describes how the part moves___ Example: _________the hand is a specific body part, where the fingers are able to move, grasp, pinch, and fine motor skills _ Chapter 1.2: Structural Organization of the Human Body 1.​ List, in order from least to most complex, the levels of structural organization and identify an example at each level: ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL.EXAMPLE atoms chemical level neurons Cellular level Mussel tissues Tissue level heart Organ level Circulatory system Organ system level Human Organismal level 2.​ Define ‘cell’: is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. 1  3.​ Define ‘tissue’: is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function. 4.​ Define ‘organ’: is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each 5.​ List the eleven organ systems, their major organs, and the general functions of the system as a whole: Organ System Major Organs Functions Integumentary system Hair, skin, nails Encloses internal body structures, site of many sensory receptor Skeletal system Cartilage, bones, joints Supports the body, enables movement Muscular system Skeletal muscles, tendons Enables movement, helps maintain body temperature Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses Endocrine system Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, Secretes hormones, regulates bodily pancreas, adrenal glans, testes, processes ovaries Cardiovascular system Heart, blood vessels Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body Lymphatic system Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, Returns fluid to blood, defends against lymphatic vessels pathogens Respiratory system Nasal passage, trachea, lungs Removes carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood Digestive system Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large Processes food for use by the body, intestine , small intestine removes wastes from undigested food Urinary system Kidneys, urinary bladder Controls water balance in the body, removes wastes from blood and excretes them Male and female reproductive Epididymis, testes, mammary gland Produces sex hormones and gametes, system ovaries, uterus supports embryo/fetus, produces milk for infants Chapter 1.5: Homeostasis 1.​ Define the term homeostasis: _the body continuously monitor its internal conditions. 2.​ Why is homeostatic regulation important in the body? __It helps keep various physiological parameters within optimal ranges, such as body temperature, blood glucose levels, and pH balance. Overall health_______ 3.​ What happens to the body when homeostasis fails? _____failure of homeostasis can lead to serious health conditions or even life threatening 2 4.​ Define each of the following components of a feedback loop: COMPONENT DEFINITION Stimulus Environmental change or input Receptor is a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value. Control center is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range. Set-point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. Effector Organ Carries out action determined by the control center 5.​ Define negative feedback It works to maintain homeostasis in our system. It helps to keep variables within a normal range__________________ 6.​ Provide an example of negative feedback in the human body: ___body temperature _ 7.​ Define positive feedback. ____amplifies the initial change. Can lead to extreme changes in the system____ 8.​ Provide an example of positive feedback in the human body: ______childbirth 9.​ Which type of feedback loop (negative or positive) is primarily used in maintaining homeostasis within the human body? negative 10.​ Which type of feedback loop (negative or positive) is primarily involved in disease processes? Negative Chapter 1.6: Anatomical Terminology 1.​ Describe anatomical position: body is standing upright 2.​ What is the importance of anatomical position? _this position reduces confusion 3.​ What is the meaning of anatomical right and left? _sagittal plane. That divides the body into right side and left side 4.​ List the correct anatomical term for each common anatomical region: a.​ Front of elbow: Antecubitis b.​ Armpit: axilla c.​ Arm: brachium d.​ Cheek: bucca e.​ Neck: cervicis f.​ Thigh: femur g.​ Buttock: gluteus h.​ Groin: inguen i.​ Loin (lower back): limbus j.​ Kneecap: patella k.​ Back of knee: popliteus 3  l.​ Mouth: oris m.​ Navel: umbilicus n.​ Forearm: antecubitis o.​ Digits: phalanges p.​ Thumb: polex q.​ Big Toe: hallux 5.​ In the table below, list the four abdominopelvic quadrants and at least two organs that are found in each: Quadrant Organs RUQ Liver, gallbladder RLQ Appendix, cecum LUQ Stomach, spleen LLQ Descending colon sigmoid colon 6.​ Which group generally uses abdominopelvic quadrants? Healthcare professionals 7.​ In the table below, list the nine abdominopelvic regions and at least two organs that are found in each: Region Organs Right hypochondriac region Liver, gallbladder Epigastric region Stomach, pancreas Left hypochondriac region Spleen, left lobe of liver Right lumbar region Ascending colon, right kidney Umbilical region Small intestine, transverse colon Left lumbar region Descending colon, left kidney Right iliac region Appendix, cecum Hypogastric region Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon Left iliac region Descending colon, sigmoid colon 8.​ Which group generally uses abdominopelvic regions? Medical professionals/surgeons 9.​ Define each of the following directional terms: a.​ Superior: above b.​ Inferior: below 4  c.​ Anterior (ventral): front d.​ Posterior (dorsal): back e.​ Medial: middle f.​ Lateral: side g.​ Distal: farther h.​ Proximal: in between 10.​ Explain the meaning of the underlined anatomical terms in the following sentences: a.​ In the arm, the biceps brachii muscle lies anterior to the brachialis muscle. In front of b.​ In the forearm, the radial artery is lateral to the ulnar artery. In side of c.​ In females, the uterus is just superior to the urinary bladder. Above d.​ In males, the prostate gland is just inferior to the bladder. below e.​ In the lower limb, the knee is proximal to the ankle joint. In between f.​ In the upper limb, the elbow is distal to the shoulder joint. Farther 11.​ Fill in each of the following with the correct body plane: a.​ The sagittal plane splits the body into equal right and left halves. b.​ The transverse plane splits the body into superior and inferior portions. c.​ The frontal plane splits the body into anterior and posterior portions. 12.​ In which cavities would each of the following organs be found? Organ Body Cavity Organ Body Cavity Stomach Abdominal cavity Ovary Pelvic cavity Brain Cranial cavity Lung Thoracic cavity Uterus Pelvic cavity Spinal cord Vertebral cavity Heart Thoracic cavity Liver Thoracic cavity 13.​ Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities? The diaphragm 5