Senna Leaflets (PG-101) Lecture PDF

Medicinal plants (PG-101) Senna leaflets Pharm D first semester students By: Dr/Shimaa Abdelgawad Lecturer of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University Senna leaflets (folium senna) ‫أوراق السنامكي‬  History of senna Senna was first seen in the Makkah (sana mak...

Medicinal plants (PG-101) Senna leaflets Pharm D first semester students By: Dr/Shimaa Abdelgawad Lecturer of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University Senna leaflets (folium senna) ‫أوراق السنامكي‬  History of senna Senna was first seen in the Makkah (sana makkahi). Used by Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) as herbal remedy of digestive systems. The Holy Prophet Muhammad said: “if there would be any cure for death, that is the gladdened Sana, the gracious”. Currently, senna is widely distributed throughout the world. ،‫ت‬ ِ ‫سنو‬‫ َوال ه‬،‫سنَى‬ َ ( :‫ يَقُو ُل‬،‫سله َم‬ ‫علَ ْي ُك ْم ِبال ه‬ َ ‫علَ ْي ِه َو‬ َ ُ‫صلهى هللا‬ َ ‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫سو َل ه‬ُ ‫قال َر‬ ‫سا ُم؟‬ ‫ َو َما ال ه‬،‫َّللا‬ ِ ‫سو َل ه‬ ُ ‫ يَا َر‬:‫ قِي َل‬، )‫سا َم‬ ‫ ِإ هَّل ال ه‬،‫َاء‬ٍ ‫شفَا ًء ِم ْن ك ُِل د‬ ِ ِ‫فَ ِإ هن ف‬ ِ ‫يه َما‬ " ) ُ‫ (ا ْل َم ْوت‬:‫قَا َل‬ Contents ✓ Botanical origin ✓ Morphology ✓ Microscopy ✓ Active constituents ✓ Chemical test for identification ✓ Uses ✓ dosage ✓ Side effects ✓ Contraindications ✓ Products in market Botanical origin Senna Leaf consists of the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia Delile, known as Alexandrian Senna, and C. angustifolia Vahl, known as Tinnevelly Senna. Family: Leguminosae. Morphology  Acute apex Morphological description: Entire Senna plants are low branching shrubs (3 feet) with a straight woody margin stem and yellow flowers. Type of leaf: compound paripinnate Flower Phyllotaxis: alternate. Asymmetric Odor: slight but characteristic base Taste: bitter, mucilaginous Color: Fruit greyish green (Alexandrian senna). yellowish green (Tinnevelly senna). Pulvinus Stipules Microscopy Microscopy: T.S. in Senna leaflet Scattered clusters of Ca-Ox Upper palisade continuous over the midrib Upper palisade Spongy tissue Lower palisade Vascular bundle Lamina region Parenchymatous cortical tissue Pericyclic fibers Lower collenchymatous cortical tissue Midrib region 18 T.S. in Senna leaflet Midrib region Pericycle (compact mass or arch of lignified fibers) (Red stain with phloroglucinol & conc HCl) Pericycle (arch of lignified fibers) 11  Description of T. S. in senna leaflet Outline: midrib is prominent to the lower surface. Leaflet: is isobilateral. Mesophyll: is differentiated into palisade & spongy tissue. Upper palisade: is continuous over the midrib region. Cortex: parenchymatous with lower collenchyma. Pericycle: arch of pericycle fibers below the vascular bundle and a compact mass of fibers above. step Vascular bundle: collateral type 07 and crescent-shaped. 21  Powdered Senna Upper & lower epidermis Paracytic stomata Straight anticlinal walls Smooth cuticle Non glandular Non glandular unicellular hairs Unicellular, bent, with warty cuticle  Active constituents  Active constituents: 1- Anthraquinones: such as Rhein, Emodin, Aloe-emodin and Chrysophanol. 2- Anthraquinones glycosides: such as Rhein -8- O glucoside 3- Dianthrone glycosides: (1.5~3%), mainly sennosides A and B, which are rhein-dianthrones, and smaller amounts of sennosides C and D, which are rhein-aloe-emodin-heterodianthrones. 4- Naphthalene glycosides: 6-Hydroxymusizin glucoside and Tinnevellin-6- glucoside. Alexandrian senna is characterized by 6-hydroxy-musizin glucoside. Tinnevelley senna is characterized by Tinnevellin glucoside. 5- Carbohydrates: Mucilage (pectose type). 6- Flavonoids: kaempferol and isorhamnetin derivatives. Chemical tests Test for identity Modified Borntrager’s test: test for sennosides. - Boil 0.2 g of powdered Senna with 4 ml of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH) and few drops of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acidify with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and dilute with water (H2O) (free aglycones). - Extract the free aglycones by shaking with ether. - Shake the ether layer with dilute ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) → Rose red color is produced in the aqueous layer. Uses Medicinal uses stimulant laxative 1- Laxative for short-term use in occasional constipation. Senna is an FDA-approved over the counter (OTC) laxative. 2- To facilitate defecation (soften stools) in many diseases such as anal fissure or hemorrhoids and after recto-anal operations.  Medicinal uses 3- For bowel clearance (Easy bowel evacuation) Before X-ray or ultrasound examinations. Before diagnostic tests of the gastrointestinal area. Before and after abdominal surgery. Medicinal uses 4- In management of constipation in the immediate postpartum period. 5- Laxative for terminal cancer patients treated with opiates. 6- Helps in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 7- Helps in the treatment of obesity. Mechanism of action: stimulant laxative 1- Stimulation of peristalsis (Rhein) ( motility of the colon) colonic transit rate ( short contact time) absorption of fluids from large intestine 2- Irritation (Sennosides) Irritation of the lining of the large intestine Peristalsis 3- Stimulation of mucous and active chloride secretion (Sennosides) fluid secretion concentration of water and electrolyte in the colon Dosage Doses Rout of administration: orally. Dose of dried leaflet: 0.6-2 g. Dose of sennosoids: For constipation in adults and children aged 12 and over: 17.2 mg daily. For constipation in children: 8.5 mg daily. For constipation following pregnancy: 28 mg in 2 divided doses. Side effects  Adverse effects 1.Abdominal discomforts: colic, cramps, nausea and diahrrea. 2.Yellow or red-brown urine discoloration by anthranoid metabolites (pH dependent). Contraindications Warnings With chronic or long-term use: 1. Senna is possibly unsafe when used for longer than 1 week or in doses above 34.4 mg sennosides twice daily. Long-term use can cause the bowels to stop functioning normally and might cause dependence on laxatives. 2. Disturbance of electrolyte balance, especially potassium deficiency. Potassium deficiency (hypokalaemia) leading to muscular weakness (cardiac and neuromuscular dysfunction). 3. Pigmentation of the colon (pseudomelanosis coli): harmless and reversible after drug discontinuation. 4. Finger clubbing (reversible upon drug discont.). 5. Cathartic colon (Anatomic alteration of the colon). 6. Long-term use can also cause liver damage. Contraindications 1. Dehydration, diarrhea or loose stools: Senna should not be used in people with dehydration, diarrhea, or loose stools. It can make these conditions worse. 2. Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions: Senna should not be used by people with abdominal pain (either diagnosed or undiagnosed), intestinal blockage, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, stomach inflammation. 3. Heart disease: Senna can cause electrolyte disturbances and might make heart disease worse. 4. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Senna is POSSIBLY SAFE during pregnancy and breast-feeding when taken by mouth, short-term. It is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth long-term or in high doses. Long-term, or use of high doses has been linked to serious side effects including laxative dependence and liver damage.  Drug interactions Drug interactions 1- Administration of senna could decreases the absorption of orally administered drugs. This is because senna increases the colon transit rate. 2- Administration of senna for long term could results in hypokalemia, and so could interfere with some medications such as: Digoxin (Lanoxin): Low potassium levels can increase the risk of side effects from digoxin. Water pills (Diuretic drugs): diuretics can also decrease potassium levels. Taking senna along with diuretics might make severe hypokalemia. Drug interactions 3- Other drugs to avoid with senna: Warfarin (Coumadin): senna can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding. Estrogens: Taking senna might decrease the effects of estrogen. Senna can reduce the amount of estrogen in the body and how much estrogen the body absorbs. Products in market Products in market Thank you