Self Test PDF

SELF TEST 1\. In research, what does \'validity\' refer to? - A\) The ability to generalize findings - B\) The consistency of measurements - C\) The accuracy of measuring what is intended to be measured - D\) The stability of measurements over time 2.What distinguishes an interval scal...

SELF TEST 1\. In research, what does \'validity\' refer to? - A\) The ability to generalize findings - B\) The consistency of measurements - C\) The accuracy of measuring what is intended to be measured - D\) The stability of measurements over time 2.What distinguishes an interval scale from an ordinal scale? - A\) The presence of a true zero point - B\) The ability to rank objects - C\) The equal intervals between scale points - D\) The use of non-numeric labels 3.Which of the following is a key consideration when designing a questionnaire? - A\) The color of the questionnaire - B\) The social status of the respondents - C\) The clarity of the questions - D\) The length of the respondents\' names 4.What is a hypothesis in research? - A\) A proven fact - B\) A tentative explanation - C\) A research question - D\) A research methodology 5.What is the purpose of a literature review in research? - A\) To summarize existing knowledge - B\) To collect primary data - C\) To prove the researcher\'s hypothesis - D\) To entertain the reader 6.Which WIPO treaty focuses on the protection of copyrights in the digital environment? - A\) Paris Convention - B\) Berne Convention - C\) Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) - D\) WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 7.In survey research, what is a \'response rate\'? - A\) The number of questions answered correctly by respondents - B\) The percentage of people who respond to the survey out of the total sample - C\) The rate at which respondents complete the survey - D\) The number of responses received per question 8.What distinguishes ratio level measurement from interval level measurement? - A\) The presence of a meaningful zero-point - B\) The order of the categories - C\) The equal intervals between values - D\) The use of non-numeric symbols 9.What is a \'double-blind\' experiment? - A\) An experiment where both the researcher and the participants are unaware of the group assignments - B\) An experiment conducted twice to verify results - C\) An experiment with two control groups - D\) An experiment where participants are blindfolded 10.What does \'factor analysis\' aim to identify? - A\) The underlying factors that explain the variance in a set of variables - B\) The most significant variable in a dataset - C\) The correlation between two variables - D\) The causality between variables 11.What is a Likert scale typically used for? - A\) Measuring nominal data - B\) Ranking objects - C\) Measuring attitudes or opinions - D\) Categorizing objects 12.What is the primary function of WIPO? - A\) To regulate international trade - B\) To resolve trade disputes between countries - C\) To monitor global economic policies - D\) To promote the protection of intellectual property worldwide 13\. In which type of research is the researcher most likely to use surveys and questionnaires? - A\) Experimental - B\) Descriptive - C\) Exploratory - D\) Historical 14.Which of the following is NOT a requirement for patentability? - A\) Novelty - B\) Non-obviousness - C\) Utility - D\) Registration with the copyright office 15.What does \'multiple regression\' analyze? - A\) The value of a single dependent variable based on multiple independent variables - B\) The correlation between two variables - C\) The variance within a single group - D\) The dimensionality of the dataset 16.What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment? - A\) To provide a comparison for the experimental group - B\) To control the behavior of participants - C\) To increase the sample size - D\) To manipulate the independent variable 17.Which of the following can be registered as a trademark? - A\) A scientific principle - B\) A unique product name - C\) A common phrase used in everyday language - D\) A method of doing business 18.What does \'triangulation\' mean in qualitative research? - A\) Using multiple theories to interpret data - B\) Using multiple methods or sources to validate findings - C\) Selecting a representative sample - D\) Analyzing data from three different perspectives 19.What type of variable is manipulated in an experiment? - A\) Dependent variable - B\) Independent variable - C\) Control variable - D\) Confounding variable 20.In survey research, what is \'sampling error\'? - A\) The error from non-representative samples - B\) The error from incorrect responses - C\) The error from small sample sizes - D\) The error due to incomplete data collection **21. In research, what does \"sampling\" refer to?** - A method to analyze the entire population - A process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population - A procedure for conducting experiments - A statistical method for hypothesis testing **22. Which of the following is true about secondary data?** - It is always more accurate than primary data - It is collected directly by the researcher - It is data that has already been collected for some other purpose - It cannot be used in conclusive research **23. What is the purpose of a pilot study in research?** - To test the main hypothesis - To train the participants - To refine the research design and instruments - To collect the final data for analysis **24. Which level of measurement allows for meaningful addition and subtraction but not multiplication and division?** - Nominal - Ordinal - Ratio - Interval **25. What is the main purpose of descriptive research?** - To establish cause-and-effect relationships - To describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon - To test a specific hypothesis - To generate theoretical frameworks **26. Which of the following is NOT an example of primary data collection?** - Interviews - Surveys - Observation - Government reports **27. In research, what does \"bias\" mean?** - A systematic error that skews the results - A random variation in the data - An ethical issue in data collection - A lack of statistical significance **28. What is the role of a control variable in research?** - To test the main hypothesis - To establish a causal relationship - To isolate the effect of the independent variable - To manipulate the dependent variable **29. What is a characteristic of longitudinal studies?** - They are conducted over a short period of time - They focus on one point in time - They follow the same subjects over a period of time - They do not require a hypothesis **30. Which type of sampling ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected?** - Stratified sampling - Convenience sampling - Random sampling - Snowball sampling **31. In experimental research, what is the dependent variable?** - The variable that is manipulated by the researcher - The variable that remains constant - The variable that is measured for changes - The variable that is not relevant to the experiment **32. Which of the following is a quantitative research method?** - Ethnography - Case studies - Surveys with closed-ended questions - Participant observation **33. What is the main advantage of using secondary data?** - It is always accurate and reliable - It saves time and resources - It provides in-depth qualitative insights - It eliminates the need for analysis **34. What does \"informed consent\" mean in research ethics?** - Participants are informed about the results of the study - Participants voluntarily agree to participate after understanding the study\'s purpose and procedures - Researchers have the right to collect data without disclosing the study\'s purpose - Participants must disclose their personal information **35. What is the primary goal of hypothesis testing in research?** - To prove the researcher\'s assumptions - To describe the research problem - To determine the validity of a proposed hypothesis - To eliminate alternative explanations **36. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?** - The age of participants in years - The number of people who attended an event - Interview transcripts describing participants\' experiences - The temperature recorded in degrees Celsius **37. What is the difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling?** - Probability sampling is more subjective - Non-probability sampling involves random selection - Probability sampling ensures each member of the population has a known chance of selection - Non-probability sampling eliminates sampling bias **38. What is a \"case study\"?** - A statistical method for analyzing large datasets - A detailed examination of a single subject or group - A type of experimental design - A way to generalize findings to a larger population **39. What is the primary advantage of experimental research?** - It provides detailed qualitative insights - It is quick and cost-effective - It allows for control over variables to establish causation - It eliminates all bias **40. Which type of research is typically used to explore new areas where little is known?** - Conclusive research - Descriptive research - Exploratory research - Experimental research **41. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?** - To collect primary data - To analyze statistical results - To summarize existing knowledge and identify research gaps - To test hypotheses **42. What is the term for a small-scale preliminary study conducted to refine the research design?** - Case study - Field study - Pilot study - Cross-sectional study **43. Which of the following is NOT a type of research design?** - Exploratory - Descriptive - Causal - Introspective **44. In qualitative research, what is \"coding\"?** - Assigning numerical values to variables - Categorizing and interpreting data into themes - Randomly selecting participants - Conducting statistical analysis **45. What is an advantage of using structured interviews in data collection?** - They allow for flexibility in responses - They reduce interviewer bias - They are easy to analyze and compare - They provide rich qualitative data **46. What is a null hypothesis in research?** - A statement predicting the research findings - A statement asserting no relationship or difference between variables - A statement that explains the cause-and-effect relationship - A research question seeking to be answered **47. Which sampling method involves dividing the population into subgroups and then selecting samples from each subgroup?** - Random sampling - Stratified sampling - Snowball sampling - Systematic sampling **48. What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?** - A strong positive relationship between variables - A strong negative relationship between variables - No relationship between variables - A perfect relationship between variables **49. What is the primary focus of applied research?** - To advance theoretical knowledge - To solve practical problems - To explore new areas of study - To replicate existing studies **50. Which of the following is an ethical consideration in research?** - Maximizing sample size - Ensuring random sampling - Maintaining confidentiality of participants - Conducting data analysis manually **51. What is a \"dependent variable\" in an experiment?** - The variable that is manipulated - The variable that is kept constant - The variable that is measured - The variable that is ignored **52. What type of validity refers to the extent a test measures what it claims to measure?** - External validity - Construct validity - Criterion validity - Content validity **53. What is a cross-sectional study?** - A study that collects data at multiple points in time - A study that observes a phenomenon over a long period - A study that collects data at a single point in time - A study that uses experimental methods **54. What is a common limitation of case studies?** - They lack depth and detail - They cannot provide insights into rare phenomena - They are not generalizable to a larger population - They always require large sample sizes **55. Which type of scale allows for ranking of items but not for measuring the difference between ranks?** - Nominal scale - Ordinal scale - Interval scale - Ratio scale **56. What is the main goal of exploratory research?** - To establish causation - To describe characteristics of a population - To generate hypotheses and insights - To test existing theories **57. What is an operational definition in research?** - A theoretical explanation of a concept - A specific way to measure or define a variable in a study - A method for selecting participants - A process of analyzing data **58. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?** - A survey with numerical scales - A controlled experiment - An ethnographic study - A statistical correlation analysis **59. What is \"triangulation\" in research?** - Using multiple methods or data sources to enhance credibility - Establishing cause-and-effect relationships - Testing a hypothesis using a single method - Ensuring random sampling **60. What does reliability mean in the context of research?** - The ability of a study to produce accurate results - The consistency and dependability of measurements - The extent to which a study measures what it claims - The degree to which findings can be generalized **61. What is the main purpose of inferential statistics in research?** - To summarize data - To predict outcomes based on data - To draw conclusions about a population from a sample - To measure central tendency **62. Which research method is best suited for studying cause-and-effect relationships?** - Case study - Survey - Experiment - Observation **63. What is a key feature of longitudinal research?** - It studies data at a single point in time - It involves repeated observations over a period of time - It focuses on the characteristics of a specific group - It is primarily qualitative in nature **64. What is the term for the error that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population?** - Systematic error - Sampling error - Measurement error - Random error **65. In research, what does the term \"generalizability\" refer to?** - The ability to apply findings to other populations or settings - The validity of research conclusions - The reliability of measurement tools - The depth of qualitative data **66. What is the primary goal of basic research?** - To solve practical problems - To develop or test theories - To evaluate programs or interventions - To influence policy-making **67. What is \"random sampling\"?** - Selecting participants based on convenience - Ensuring every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected - Choosing participants based on specific characteristics - Selecting participants who are readily available **68. What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?** - To analyze statistical data - To propose a testable prediction or explanation - To summarize previous studies - To provide a detailed methodology **69. Which of the following is an example of a secondary data source?** - A survey conducted by the researcher - Observations made during a study - Census data - An experiment conducted in a lab **70. What does the \"p-value\" indicate in hypothesis testing?** - The probability of the null hypothesis being true - The sample size required for the study - The strength of the relationship between variables - The probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true **71. Which type of research focuses on understanding human experiences and social phenomena?** - Quantitative research - Experimental research - Qualitative research - Causal research **72. What is the term for the group that does not receive the experimental treatment in a study?** - Control group - Experimental group - Sample group - Random group **73. What is one of the main limitations of surveys?** - They are expensive to conduct - They may suffer from response bias - They are difficult to analyze - They cannot be used for large populations **74. What is the main advantage of using a mixed-methods approach in research?** - It simplifies the research process - It enhances the depth and breadth of findings - It ensures the study is quantitative - It avoids the need for qualitative data **75. What is an example of an ethical violation in research?** - Offering participants monetary compensation - Failing to obtain informed consent - Using a large sample size - Conducting follow-up studies **76. What is the independent variable in an experiment?** - The variable that is measured - The variable that is manipulated - The variable that is kept constant - The variable that affects the control group **77. What is the purpose of a case study in research?** - To collect large-scale data - To explore a phenomenon in-depth within its context - To test specific hypotheses - To analyze statistical relationships **78. What is the term for data that can only take specific values (e.g., whole numbers)?** - Continuous data - Ordinal data - Categorical data - Discrete data **79. Which of the following is an example of a descriptive research method?** - Experimental study - Correlational study - Case study - Longitudinal study **80. What is the main goal of causal-comparative research?** - To establish correlations between variables - To describe characteristics of a population - To determine cause-and-effect relationships without manipulation - To explore new areas of study **81. What is \"data saturation\" in qualitative research?** - When all participants provide similar responses - When no new information is obtained from additional data collection - When the sample size reaches a predetermined limit - When the study achieves its objectives **82. Which statistical test is commonly used to compare means between two groups?** - Chi-square test - T-test - ANOVA - Regression analysis **83. What is \"observer bias\" in research?** - When participants influence the outcome - When the researcher\'s expectations affect data interpretation - When data is incorrectly recorded - When instruments fail to measure accurately **84. What does a \"double-blind\" study ensure?** - Participants know the research purpose - Researchers know the treatment allocation - Neither participants nor researchers know the treatment allocation - The study results are qualitative **85. What is a benefit of using focus groups in research?** - They provide large sample sizes - They allow for in-depth discussion and exploration of topics - They eliminate researcher bias - They are easy to analyze statistically **86. What is the purpose of a control variable in research?** - To introduce variability into the experiment - To eliminate confounding factors - To serve as the primary variable of interest - To test the null hypothesis **87. Which of the following is an example of primary data?** - Data from a previously published journal article - Data collected through a survey you conducted - Census data obtained online - Data gathered from a textbook **88. What does \"ANOVA\" stand for in statistics?** - Analysis of Numerical and Ordinal Variations - Analysis of Variance - Analytical Observation of Variables - Applied Numerical and Variable Analysis **89. What is the purpose of using a Likert scale in surveys?** - To measure nominal variables - To rank preferences - To assess attitudes or opinions on a continuum - To categorize participants **90. What is an advantage of using secondary data?** - It is specifically tailored to the research question - It is inexpensive and time-saving - It eliminates the need for analysis - It is always unbiased **91. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?** - To collect primary data - To identify gaps in existing knowledge - To analyze statistical findings - To summarize experimental results **92. What is \"validity\" in the context of research?** - The consistency of a measurement - The accuracy of a measurement - The ability to replicate results - The extent of data collection **93. What is a \"confounding variable\"?** - A variable that is manipulated in the study - A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables - A variable that is measured in the study - A variable that is irrelevant to the research question **94. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?** - Mean - Median - Range - Mode **95. What is a key characteristic of exploratory research?** - It tests a specific hypothesis - It provides detailed explanations of phenomena - It seeks to gather preliminary insights or ideas - It focuses on numerical data analysis **96. What is the term for a hypothesis that predicts no relationship between variables?** - Alternative hypothesis - Null hypothesis - Research hypothesis - Causal hypothesis **97. What is the role of operational definitions in research?** - To generalize findings - To describe how variables are measured or manipulated - To summarize previous research - To test the validity of results **98. What does a high standard deviation in a dataset indicate?** - Data points are close to the mean - Data points are spread out from the mean - Data distribution is skewed - Data has a strong central tendency **99. What is the term for a subset of a population used in research?** - Census - Population group - Sample - Control group **100. What is \"peer review\" in the context of academic research?** - A method for analyzing statistical data - An evaluation of a researcher's work by other experts in the field - A process for collecting qualitative data - A strategy for improving research ethics