Integrating Concepts in Biology: Population Homeostasis - PDF

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 29: Population Homeostasis Section 29.2: Are populations regulated through feedback mechanisms? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Understand how...

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 29: Population Homeostasis Section 29.2: Are populations regulated through feedback mechanisms? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Understand how populations are regulated by extrinsic factors, such as competition and predation, and lead to changes in intrinsic factors, such as reproduction. Explain how changes in population density often lead to initiation of feedback mechanisms. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Damselfish and the effects of predators The first few weeks after birth they swim in the open water. Settle down on coral (yellowtail) or sea anemone ( 3 spotted). Feed during the day on plankton located above their habitats. Go to their habitats when threatened and to rest during the night. A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Figure 29.6 Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Effects of predators on different densities of yellowtail damselfish populations Figure 29.6 A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Effects of predators on different densities of yellowtail damselfish populations Is there a density- dependent effect on mortality? Figure 29.6 A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Effects of predators on different densities of yellowtail damselfish populations Is there a density- dependent effect on mortality? The denser the population of fish, the greater proportion of fish lost to predation Figure 29.6 A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Effects of predators on different densities of yellowtail damselfish populations How do predators of different sizes effect densities? Figure 29.6 A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Effects of predators on different densities of yellowtail damselfish populations How do predators of different sizes effect densities? Small predators have an effect up to a certain density, but large predators have an additional effect at higher densities Figure 29.6 A, From http://www.eol.org/pages/1012107. B, From http://www.eol.org/pages/597172. C-D, From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 1 and 2, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Proportion of damselfish lost during daylight feeding and nighttime sheltering Figure 29.7 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figure 5, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Proportion of damselfish lost during daylight feeding and nighttime sheltering Figure 29.7 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figure 5, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Proportion of damselfish lost during daylight feeding and nighttime sheltering Figure 29.7 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figure 5, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Weak fish pushed to vulnerable positions Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the three- spot most vulnerable? Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the three- spot most vulnerable? Edge and water column Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the three- spot the safest? Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the three- spot the safest? Center Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the yellowtail most vulnerable? Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the yellowtail most vulnerable? Edge Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the yellowfish the safest? Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Where are the yellowfish the safest? Base Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions What conclusions can you draw from these graphs about densities and fish in vulnerable positions? Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America.  Analysis of vulnerable positions and effect of density on proportion of damselfish in vulnerable positions Higher proportions of fish are vulnerable as density increases Figure 29.8 From Holbrook and Schmitt, 2002, Figures 6 and 7, reprinted with permission from the Ecological Society of America. White wallrocket Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Are the number of inflorescences affected by NND? Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Are the number of inflorescences affected by NND? No! Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Is there a relationship between seed setting and NND? Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Is there a relationship between seed setting and NND? Yes! Plants with closer neighbors had greater reproduction and set more seeds Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Is there a relationship between seeds per capsule and NND? Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.  White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Is there a relationship between seeds per capsule and NND? Yes! Plants with closer neighbors had more seeds per capsule Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. White wallrocket reproduction These 3 parameters as variables were higher when functions of NND was small nearest neighbor distance Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. White wallrocket reproduction parameters as functions of nearest neighbor distance Figure 29.12 A, From Ravanissablanca, Creative Commons. B-E, From Kunin, 1992, Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.