Integrating Concepts In Biology PDF

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 18: Information in the Environment Section 18.2 How do organisms assess their environment when searching for resources? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Obj...

Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 18: Information in the Environment Section 18.2 How do organisms assess their environment when searching for resources? Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Biology Learning Objectives Describe the decisions animals make and the information that they gather while searching for resources. Understand how and why a species adapts to the information passed between individuals of another species. Evaluate the marginal value theorem as a foraging model. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.  These dots represent the hypothetical movement of a hypothetical animal over some amount of time. How you would you characterize it? RANDOM? Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  LESS RANDOM? Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Animals make decisions on when, where and what to forage… http://www.motherearthnews.com/ nature-and-environment/salamander- species-zmaz07fmzpit.aspx http://www.perimeterwildlife.com/critters/raccoon- control-atlanta-ga/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/ 52784525@N00/5078958455/ http://www.premiumcrickets.com/Products/ http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/Wildlife/Nongame/ https://environment.arlingtonva.us/trees/how- 110-Crickets__110.aspx salamanders/spotted_sal.htm arlington-rates-trees/ Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Foraging = decisions about the allocation of time and energy Balance between foraging and avoiding http://www.motherearthnews.com/ nature-and-environment/salamander- predators, searching for mates or carrying species-zmaz07fmzpit.aspx for young… etc. Optimal Foraging Theory Maximize benefits (energy) while minimizing costs (time) Is this the optimal prey size? http:// www.premiumcrickets.com/ Products/110-Crickets__110.aspx Slide put together by Dr. Jeremy Gibson (2021)  Horned lizards as optimal foragers Costs Benefits Predators Weather Search time Source of Energy Disturbance Handling time https://cdn.branchcms.com/3r8D9LKexZ-1364/ images/blog/harvester-ant-crawling-on-tile-2.jpg A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7 B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Types of Information Gathered Internal Information State of hunger Rate of acquisition Appetite Taste of food  Types of Information Gathered Internal Information State of hunger Rate of acquisition Appetite External Information Taste of food Travel time to patch Abundance Ease of capture Auditory or visual cues to locate prey  Texas Horned Lizard Horned lizards as optimal foragers Round-tailed Horned Lizard Figure 18.7A A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers A mathematical model was made for the data A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers The concept behind the exponential model is sometimes referred to as diminishing returns, because the capture rate has a steady decreases over time A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers What do you conclude from this graph? A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers What do you conclude from this graph? How can you predict when a lizard should leave the nest? A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers What do you conclude from this graph? How can you predict when a lizard should leave the nest? A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers What do you conclude from this graph? How can you predict when a lizard should leave the nest? Is it the same as when it actually did leave the nest? A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers Estimate # of ants eaten from: 1000 to 1500 s 2000 to 2500 s 3000 to 3500 s A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers Estimate # of ants eaten from: 1000 to 1500 s 70-85 = 15 ants A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers Estimate # of ants eaten from: 2000 to 2500 s 95-105= 10 ants A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press.  Horned lizards as optimal foragers Estimate # of ants eaten from: 3000 to 3500 s 109-112 = 3 ants A, top, Ben Goodwyn. A, bottom, Dawson at English Wikipedia, Creative Commons. Figure 18.7B B, Munger , 1984, reprinted with permission from University of Chicago Press. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Marginal Value Theorem Predicts the “optimal” time to leave a patch. Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Marginal Value Theorem Predicts the “optimal” time to leave a patch. Dependent on experience Dependent on patch quality Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Draw a tangent line Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem At the point of contact draw a line to the x-axis Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Predicting patch residence time based on travel time Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem If forager left earlier or later, intake rate would be lower Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem If forager left earlier or later, intake rate would be lower Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem However, the slope would be higher if they left early and lower if they left late Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Compare environments with patches that have different densities of ants Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Compare environments with patches that have different densities of ants Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Compare environments with patches that have different densities of ants Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Dense = leave earlier Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. BME 18.2: The Marginal Value Theorem Sparse = leave later Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved. Did the lizard leave at the right time? Did the lizard leave at the right time? YES Did the lizard leave at the right time? YES But does this happen all the time? Are these lizards always foraging optimally?  Rate at departure for horned lizards leaving ant nests Table 18.3 From Munger, 1984, Figures 3 and 5.  Rate at departure for horned lizards leaving ant nests Why is the slope for all ant nest visits higher than the slope for visits in which foragers did not leave early? Table 18.3 From Munger, 1984, Figures 3 and 5.  Rate at departure for horned lizards leaving ant nests Does this fit the expectations of the marginal value theorem? Table 18.3 From Munger, 1984, Figures 3 and 5.  Rate at departure for horned lizards leaving ant nests Capture rate at time of departure for each lizard at each ant nest was approximately = overall average capture rate for that lizard, supporting MVT. Table 18.3 From Munger, 1984, Figures 3 and 5.  Rate at departure for horned lizards leaving ant nests No slopes were significantly different from a slope of 1. Marginal value theorem predicts that the slope of the line for rate at departure versus overall habitat rate should be 1. Munger’s data Table 18.3 supports the marginal value theorem. From Munger, 1984, Figures 3 and 5.  Come back to the Big Idea of Information Heritable information provides for continuity of life. Imperfect information transfer produces variation. Information can be expressed and regulated without loss of content. Non-heritable information is transmitted within and between biological systems.