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Questions and Answers
Which of the following vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
Which of the following vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin C (correct)
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency can result in beriberi, which is characterized by nausea and paralysis.
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency can result in beriberi, which is characterized by nausea and paralysis.
True (A)
What are the two main classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?
What are the two main classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble
Excess accumulation of _______ vitamins in body tissues can lead to toxic effects.
Excess accumulation of _______ vitamins in body tissues can lead to toxic effects.
Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their deficiency conditions:
Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their deficiency conditions:
Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism?
Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism?
Water-soluble vitamins function primarily as hormones.
Water-soluble vitamins function primarily as hormones.
Name one dietary source of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
Name one dietary source of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
Which vitamin is primarily associated with the prevention of night blindness?
Which vitamin is primarily associated with the prevention of night blindness?
Folic acid is found exclusively in animal products.
Folic acid is found exclusively in animal products.
What condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin K?
What condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin K?
Vitamin E helps in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fatty acids and is found in ______.
Vitamin E helps in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fatty acids and is found in ______.
Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as tender tissues, weak gums, and swollen joints?
Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as tender tissues, weak gums, and swollen joints?
Match the following vitamins with their associated deficiency conditions:
Match the following vitamins with their associated deficiency conditions:
Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
Name one source of Vitamin D.
Name one source of Vitamin D.
What is a function of chromium in the body?
What is a function of chromium in the body?
Zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and lack of sexual maturation.
Zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and lack of sexual maturation.
What mineral deficiency is associated with poor growth and reproduction?
What mineral deficiency is associated with poor growth and reproduction?
Iodine is a component of __________ hormones.
Iodine is a component of __________ hormones.
Match the mineral with its primary function:
Match the mineral with its primary function:
Which of the following minerals is essential for bone maintenance?
Which of the following minerals is essential for bone maintenance?
All trace mineral deficiencies are common.
All trace mineral deficiencies are common.
What deficiency is linked to cobalt?
What deficiency is linked to cobalt?
_________ is known for causing higher frequency of tooth decay.
_________ is known for causing higher frequency of tooth decay.
Which mineral is needed for the health of numerous tissues?
Which mineral is needed for the health of numerous tissues?
What is the primary function of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?
What is the primary function of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is derived from riboflavin.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is derived from riboflavin.
What structure within FAD is responsible for its reactive site?
What structure within FAD is responsible for its reactive site?
FAD is involved in the oxidation of a ________ portion of the substrate.
FAD is involved in the oxidation of a ________ portion of the substrate.
Match the following components with their respective descriptions:
Match the following components with their respective descriptions:
Which of the following macronutrients provides the primary source of energy for the body?
Which of the following macronutrients provides the primary source of energy for the body?
Micronutrients are needed by the body in large amounts.
Micronutrients are needed by the body in large amounts.
What is the role of ATP in cellular energy?
What is the role of ATP in cellular energy?
_____ are required for the synthesis of various enzymes and metabolic processes in the body.
_____ are required for the synthesis of various enzymes and metabolic processes in the body.
Match the following micronutrients with their classifications:
Match the following micronutrients with their classifications:
Which of the following substances is considered a macronutrient?
Which of the following substances is considered a macronutrient?
Anabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down molecules to produce energy.
Anabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down molecules to produce energy.
Name one primary function of lipids in the human body.
Name one primary function of lipids in the human body.
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Coenzyme A is derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid.
Coenzyme A is derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid.
What structure in mitochondria is referred to as cristae?
What structure in mitochondria is referred to as cristae?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acts as an electron __________.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acts as an electron __________.
What is the reactive site in NAD+ located?
What is the reactive site in NAD+ located?
Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
Coenzyme A contains a reactive sulfhydryl group, denoted as __________.
Coenzyme A contains a reactive sulfhydryl group, denoted as __________.
The gel-filled space surrounding the cristae in mitochondria is known as the cytoplasm.
The gel-filled space surrounding the cristae in mitochondria is known as the cytoplasm.
What is the primary dietary source of energy?
What is the primary dietary source of energy?
Complex carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Complex carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Which vitamin is primarily involved in the synthesis of collagen for connective tissues?
Which vitamin is primarily involved in the synthesis of collagen for connective tissues?
Vitamin D is primarily found in fortified milk and fish-liver oils.
Vitamin D is primarily found in fortified milk and fish-liver oils.
What type of fatty acids are essential and must be obtained from the diet?
What type of fatty acids are essential and must be obtained from the diet?
What is a deficiency condition associated with a lack of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?
What is a deficiency condition associated with a lack of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?
_____ sugars are commonly included in simple carbohydrates.
_____ sugars are commonly included in simple carbohydrates.
Vitamin _____ is essential for blood-clotting and is found in leafy green vegetables.
Vitamin _____ is essential for blood-clotting and is found in leafy green vegetables.
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Match the following vitamins with their primary sources:
Match the following vitamins with their primary sources:
Which vitamin helps in the prevention of oxidation of Vitamin A and fatty acids?
Which vitamin helps in the prevention of oxidation of Vitamin A and fatty acids?
Excess calories from carbohydrates are solely due to carbohydrates alone.
Excess calories from carbohydrates are solely due to carbohydrates alone.
All fat-soluble vitamins can lead to deficiencies if not consumed adequately.
All fat-soluble vitamins can lead to deficiencies if not consumed adequately.
Name one characteristic of lipids that contributes to food texture.
Name one characteristic of lipids that contributes to food texture.
Which mineral is primarily involved in bone and teeth formation?
Which mineral is primarily involved in bone and teeth formation?
Trace minerals are found in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
Trace minerals are found in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
Name one dietary source rich in potassium.
Name one dietary source rich in potassium.
_______ is vital for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.
_______ is vital for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.
Match the major minerals with their dietary sources:
Match the major minerals with their dietary sources:
Which of the following deficiency conditions is linked to calcium deficiency?
Which of the following deficiency conditions is linked to calcium deficiency?
Sulfur deficiencies are common due to its wide presence in dietary proteins.
Sulfur deficiencies are common due to its wide presence in dietary proteins.
What is one function of magnesium in the body?
What is one function of magnesium in the body?
The primary ions distributed in the body’s fluids include sodium, potassium, and ______.
The primary ions distributed in the body’s fluids include sodium, potassium, and ______.
Phosphorus is primarily involved in what function?
Phosphorus is primarily involved in what function?
Flashcards
Water-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Highly polar vitamins, often serving as coenzymes; excess is excreted by the kidneys.
Fat-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins
Nonpolar vitamins that function like hormones, and excess can accumulate in tissues.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
A water-soluble vitamin crucial for decarboxylation reactions, deficiency leads to beriberi
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
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Niacin
Niacin
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Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
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Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
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Coenzyme
Coenzyme
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Folic acid sources
Folic acid sources
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Pantothenic acid function
Pantothenic acid function
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Biotin deficiency symptoms
Biotin deficiency symptoms
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Vitamin C function
Vitamin C function
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Vitamin A sources
Vitamin A sources
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Vitamin D function
Vitamin D function
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Vitamin E role
Vitamin E role
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Vitamin K function
Vitamin K function
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Trace Minerals
Trace Minerals
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Arsenica
Arsenica
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Cobalt
Cobalt
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Copper
Copper
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Chromium
Chromium
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Fluorine
Fluorine
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Iodine
Iodine
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Iron
Iron
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Manganese
Manganese
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum
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Macronutrients
Macronutrients
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Micronutrients
Micronutrients
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What is a primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is a primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
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What are the three main macronutrients?
What are the three main macronutrients?
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What are the roles of vitamins?
What are the roles of vitamins?
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How do you classify vitamins?
How do you classify vitamins?
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What are minerals?
What are minerals?
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Why is water essential?
Why is water essential?
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Carbohydrate Function
Carbohydrate Function
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Complex vs. Simple Carbs
Complex vs. Simple Carbs
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What is Cellulose?
What is Cellulose?
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Triglycerides and Energy
Triglycerides and Energy
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Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Fatty Acids
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Lipid Benefits
Lipid Benefits
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Linoleic and Linolenic Acids
Linoleic and Linolenic Acids
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NAD+ General Reaction
NAD+ General Reaction
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NAD+ Concise Representation
NAD+ Concise Representation
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FAD's Role
FAD's Role
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FAD Structure
FAD Structure
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FAD vs. NAD+
FAD vs. NAD+
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What are the vitamin B functions?
What are the vitamin B functions?
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What are the four major vitamin B deficiencies?
What are the four major vitamin B deficiencies?
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What are the key fat-soluble vitamin functions?
What are the key fat-soluble vitamin functions?
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Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies?
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies?
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What is folic acid?
What is folic acid?
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What is pantothenic acid?
What is pantothenic acid?
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What is Biotin?
What is Biotin?
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What is Vitamin C?
What is Vitamin C?
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Coenzyme A (CoA)
Coenzyme A (CoA)
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Acyl group
Acyl group
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)
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NADH
NADH
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Redox reactions
Redox reactions
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What's the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
What's the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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What's the importance of CoA in metabolism?
What's the importance of CoA in metabolism?
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Major Minerals
Major Minerals
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Calcium (Ca)
Calcium (Ca)
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Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus (P)
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Iron (Fe)
Iron (Fe)
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Iodine (I)
Iodine (I)
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Sodium (Na)
Sodium (Na)
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Potassium (K)
Potassium (K)
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Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)
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Mineral Deficiency
Mineral Deficiency
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Study Notes
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Energy for Life
-
Learning Objectives (1 of 2):
- Describe the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients in terms of amounts required and their function in the body.
- Describe the primary functions in the body of each macronutrient.
- Distinguish between and classify vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble based on their behavior in the body.
- List the primary function in the body for each major mineral.
- Describe the major steps in the flow of energy in the biosphere.
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2):
- Differentiate among metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
- Outline the three stages in the extraction of energy from food.
- Explain how ATP plays a central role in the production and use of cellular energy.
- Explain the role of coenzymes in the common catabolic pathway.
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Nutrition and Energy:
- Macronutrients: Substances needed by the body in large amounts (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins).
- Micronutrients: Substances needed in small amounts (vitamins and minerals).
- Other essential nutrients: Water (45%-75% of human body mass) and fiber (prevents constipation).
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Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 1990:
- Brought changes to food label regulations.
- Daily Values (DVs): Reference values for food labels, developed by the FDA.
- Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs): Standards for protein, vitamins, and minerals.
- Daily Reference Values (DRVs): Standards for nutrients related to health (fat and fiber).
-
FDA and USDA:
- FDA finalized the new Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods.
- Uses 2000 calories as a standard for calculating DRVs.
- One nutritional calorie equals one kcal of energy.
- Reviews and revises guidelines every five years.
- USDA issued the MyPlate food guide to replace MyPyramid posters.
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Carbohydrates:
- Main dietary source of energy.
- Provide materials for cell and tissue synthesis.
- Can be fattening if consumed in excess with high-calorie foods (example: bread with butter).
- Examples of carbohydrates: simple sugars, complex carbohydrates like starch and cellulose.
-
Lipids (fats):
- About 95% of lipids in the body and food are triglycerides.
- Concentrated energy sources (more than twice the energy of carbohydrates).
- Contain fat-soluble vitamins and aid in their absorption.
- Include essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce.
- Improve food texture and prolong satiety by digesting more slowly.
- Research indicates a potential correlation between excessive fat consumption (and the wrong type) and obesity/cardiovascular disease.
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Proteins:
- Only macronutrients with an established Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI).
- Used in the production of new tissue, cell maintenance/repair, enzyme/hormone production and energy production.
- Broken down to amino acids, which are absorbed into the body's amino acid pool.
- Classified as complete proteins if they contain all essential amino acids in needed proportions.
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Table 22.1 - The RDI for Protein: Provides RDI values for various population groups (pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, children, and adults).
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Table 22.2 - The Essential Amino Acids: Lists the essential amino acids.
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Vitamins:
- Organic compounds essential for health but not produced by the body (in needed quantities).
- Water-soluble vitamins are highly polar and excreted by kidneys.
- Fat-soluble vitamins have non-polar structures and their excess can accumulate in tissues, causing toxicity.
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Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2): Provides a breakdown of different vitamins, their roles, and deficiency symptoms.
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Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2): Continues with the breakdown of different vitamins.
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Minerals:
- Metals or nonmetals used in the body; often compounds.
- Major minerals: Found in quantities greater than 5g . (e.g., Ca, P).
- Trace minerals: Found in quantities less than 5g (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, I).
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Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2):
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Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2): Lists mineral sources, functions, and deficiency conditions.
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Energy in the Biosphere (1 of 2): Sun is the ultimate source of energy. The fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium releases energy. Plants absorb this energy with chlorophyll and converts it to glucose/starches/triglycerides.
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Energy in the Biosphere (2 of 2): Cellular respiration involves combining energy-rich compounds with oxygen in cells to produce CO2 and H2O, releasing energy and storing it as ATP.
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Carbon Cycle: The respiration process is the reverse of photosynthesis and involves recycled carbon compounds.
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Metabolism: Combination of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism; includes:
- Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones, releasing energy.
- Anabolism: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, utilizing energy.
- Metabolic pathway: A series of linked reactions with a common product.
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Catabolism of Food (1 of 2): Stage I: Digestion (hydrolyzation of large complex molecules), Stage II: Breakdown to simpler units.
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Catabolism of Food (2 of 2): Stage III: The common catabolic pathway - reactions in the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation that converts food energy into ATP.
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Structure of ATP: Adenosine is bonded to ribose and triphosphate. The triphosphate group is ionized and ATP is complexed with Mg2+
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Hydrolysis of ATP in Water (1 of 2) & (2 of 2): ATP hydrolysis results in the transfer of a phosphate group to water producing ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process releases free energy (ΔG)
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The ATP-ADP Cycle: ATP is used in various cellular processes (movement, active transport, biosynthesis), and when energy is needed it is broken down and reused.
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Mitochondria: Cellular organelles responsible for reactions of catabolic pathways. Contain inner and outer membranes with cristae folds increasing surface area for chemical reactions.
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Coenzyme A (CoA)(1 of 2) and (2 of 2): A key component in metabolism, derived from pantothenic acid; contains a reactive sulfhydryl group essential for transferring acyl groups
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) (1 of 3), (2 of 3), and (3 of 3): Acts as an electron acceptor. NAD+ accepts two electrons and one proton, producing its reduced form NADH. General reaction for conversion of alcohol to aldehyde
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Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) (1 of 2) and (2 of 2): Accepts two H atoms (and thereby two electrons) during substrate oxidation converting to FADH2. FAD plays a role in redox reactions in Krebs Cycle and other metabolic pathways.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of nutrition and energy in this quiz. Learn about macronutrients and micronutrients, their primary functions, and energy flow in the biosphere. Test your understanding of metabolism and the role of ATP in cellular energy.
