Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
Which of the following vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency can result in beriberi, which is characterized by nausea and paralysis.
Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency can result in beriberi, which is characterized by nausea and paralysis.
True
What are the two main classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?
What are the two main classifications of vitamins based on their solubility?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble
Excess accumulation of _______ vitamins in body tissues can lead to toxic effects.
Excess accumulation of _______ vitamins in body tissues can lead to toxic effects.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their deficiency conditions:
Match the following water-soluble vitamins with their deficiency conditions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism?
Which vitamin functions as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Water-soluble vitamins function primarily as hormones.
Water-soluble vitamins function primarily as hormones.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one dietary source of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
Name one dietary source of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is primarily associated with the prevention of night blindness?
Which vitamin is primarily associated with the prevention of night blindness?
Signup and view all the answers
Folic acid is found exclusively in animal products.
Folic acid is found exclusively in animal products.
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin K?
What condition is associated with a deficiency of Vitamin K?
Signup and view all the answers
Vitamin E helps in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fatty acids and is found in ______.
Vitamin E helps in preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fatty acids and is found in ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as tender tissues, weak gums, and swollen joints?
Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by symptoms such as tender tissues, weak gums, and swollen joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following vitamins with their associated deficiency conditions:
Match the following vitamins with their associated deficiency conditions:
Signup and view all the answers
Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one source of Vitamin D.
Name one source of Vitamin D.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a function of chromium in the body?
What is a function of chromium in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and lack of sexual maturation.
Zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and lack of sexual maturation.
Signup and view all the answers
What mineral deficiency is associated with poor growth and reproduction?
What mineral deficiency is associated with poor growth and reproduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Iodine is a component of __________ hormones.
Iodine is a component of __________ hormones.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the mineral with its primary function:
Match the mineral with its primary function:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following minerals is essential for bone maintenance?
Which of the following minerals is essential for bone maintenance?
Signup and view all the answers
All trace mineral deficiencies are common.
All trace mineral deficiencies are common.
Signup and view all the answers
What deficiency is linked to cobalt?
What deficiency is linked to cobalt?
Signup and view all the answers
_________ is known for causing higher frequency of tooth decay.
_________ is known for causing higher frequency of tooth decay.
Signup and view all the answers
Which mineral is needed for the health of numerous tissues?
Which mineral is needed for the health of numerous tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?
What is the primary function of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is derived from riboflavin.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is derived from riboflavin.
Signup and view all the answers
What structure within FAD is responsible for its reactive site?
What structure within FAD is responsible for its reactive site?
Signup and view all the answers
FAD is involved in the oxidation of a ________ portion of the substrate.
FAD is involved in the oxidation of a ________ portion of the substrate.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components with their respective descriptions:
Match the following components with their respective descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following macronutrients provides the primary source of energy for the body?
Which of the following macronutrients provides the primary source of energy for the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Micronutrients are needed by the body in large amounts.
Micronutrients are needed by the body in large amounts.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of ATP in cellular energy?
What is the role of ATP in cellular energy?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ are required for the synthesis of various enzymes and metabolic processes in the body.
_____ are required for the synthesis of various enzymes and metabolic processes in the body.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following micronutrients with their classifications:
Match the following micronutrients with their classifications:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following substances is considered a macronutrient?
Which of the following substances is considered a macronutrient?
Signup and view all the answers
Anabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down molecules to produce energy.
Anabolism is the metabolic process that breaks down molecules to produce energy.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one primary function of lipids in the human body.
Name one primary function of lipids in the human body.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Signup and view all the answers
Coenzyme A is derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid.
Coenzyme A is derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid.
Signup and view all the answers
What structure in mitochondria is referred to as cristae?
What structure in mitochondria is referred to as cristae?
Signup and view all the answers
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acts as an electron __________.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acts as an electron __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reactive site in NAD+ located?
What is the reactive site in NAD+ located?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Coenzyme A contains a reactive sulfhydryl group, denoted as __________.
Coenzyme A contains a reactive sulfhydryl group, denoted as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The gel-filled space surrounding the cristae in mitochondria is known as the cytoplasm.
The gel-filled space surrounding the cristae in mitochondria is known as the cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary dietary source of energy?
What is the primary dietary source of energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Complex carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Complex carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is primarily involved in the synthesis of collagen for connective tissues?
Which vitamin is primarily involved in the synthesis of collagen for connective tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
Vitamin D is primarily found in fortified milk and fish-liver oils.
Vitamin D is primarily found in fortified milk and fish-liver oils.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of fatty acids are essential and must be obtained from the diet?
What type of fatty acids are essential and must be obtained from the diet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a deficiency condition associated with a lack of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?
What is a deficiency condition associated with a lack of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ sugars are commonly included in simple carbohydrates.
_____ sugars are commonly included in simple carbohydrates.
Signup and view all the answers
Vitamin _____ is essential for blood-clotting and is found in leafy green vegetables.
Vitamin _____ is essential for blood-clotting and is found in leafy green vegetables.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Which of the following statements about lipids is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following vitamins with their primary sources:
Match the following vitamins with their primary sources:
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin helps in the prevention of oxidation of Vitamin A and fatty acids?
Which vitamin helps in the prevention of oxidation of Vitamin A and fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Excess calories from carbohydrates are solely due to carbohydrates alone.
Excess calories from carbohydrates are solely due to carbohydrates alone.
Signup and view all the answers
All fat-soluble vitamins can lead to deficiencies if not consumed adequately.
All fat-soluble vitamins can lead to deficiencies if not consumed adequately.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one characteristic of lipids that contributes to food texture.
Name one characteristic of lipids that contributes to food texture.
Signup and view all the answers
Which mineral is primarily involved in bone and teeth formation?
Which mineral is primarily involved in bone and teeth formation?
Signup and view all the answers
Trace minerals are found in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
Trace minerals are found in the body in quantities greater than 5 grams.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one dietary source rich in potassium.
Name one dietary source rich in potassium.
Signup and view all the answers
_______ is vital for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.
_______ is vital for nerve impulse transmission and muscle function.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the major minerals with their dietary sources:
Match the major minerals with their dietary sources:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following deficiency conditions is linked to calcium deficiency?
Which of the following deficiency conditions is linked to calcium deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Sulfur deficiencies are common due to its wide presence in dietary proteins.
Sulfur deficiencies are common due to its wide presence in dietary proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one function of magnesium in the body?
What is one function of magnesium in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
The primary ions distributed in the body’s fluids include sodium, potassium, and ______.
The primary ions distributed in the body’s fluids include sodium, potassium, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Phosphorus is primarily involved in what function?
Phosphorus is primarily involved in what function?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Energy for Life
-
Learning Objectives (1 of 2):
- Describe the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients in terms of amounts required and their function in the body.
- Describe the primary functions in the body of each macronutrient.
- Distinguish between and classify vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble based on their behavior in the body.
- List the primary function in the body for each major mineral.
- Describe the major steps in the flow of energy in the biosphere.
-
Learning Objectives (2 of 2):
- Differentiate among metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.
- Outline the three stages in the extraction of energy from food.
- Explain how ATP plays a central role in the production and use of cellular energy.
- Explain the role of coenzymes in the common catabolic pathway.
-
Nutrition and Energy:
- Macronutrients: Substances needed by the body in large amounts (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins).
- Micronutrients: Substances needed in small amounts (vitamins and minerals).
- Other essential nutrients: Water (45%-75% of human body mass) and fiber (prevents constipation).
-
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 1990:
- Brought changes to food label regulations.
- Daily Values (DVs): Reference values for food labels, developed by the FDA.
- Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs): Standards for protein, vitamins, and minerals.
- Daily Reference Values (DRVs): Standards for nutrients related to health (fat and fiber).
-
FDA and USDA:
- FDA finalized the new Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods.
- Uses 2000 calories as a standard for calculating DRVs.
- One nutritional calorie equals one kcal of energy.
- Reviews and revises guidelines every five years.
- USDA issued the MyPlate food guide to replace MyPyramid posters.
-
Carbohydrates:
- Main dietary source of energy.
- Provide materials for cell and tissue synthesis.
- Can be fattening if consumed in excess with high-calorie foods (example: bread with butter).
- Examples of carbohydrates: simple sugars, complex carbohydrates like starch and cellulose.
-
Lipids (fats):
- About 95% of lipids in the body and food are triglycerides.
- Concentrated energy sources (more than twice the energy of carbohydrates).
- Contain fat-soluble vitamins and aid in their absorption.
- Include essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce.
- Improve food texture and prolong satiety by digesting more slowly.
- Research indicates a potential correlation between excessive fat consumption (and the wrong type) and obesity/cardiovascular disease.
-
Proteins:
- Only macronutrients with an established Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI).
- Used in the production of new tissue, cell maintenance/repair, enzyme/hormone production and energy production.
- Broken down to amino acids, which are absorbed into the body's amino acid pool.
- Classified as complete proteins if they contain all essential amino acids in needed proportions.
-
Table 22.1 - The RDI for Protein: Provides RDI values for various population groups (pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, children, and adults).
-
Table 22.2 - The Essential Amino Acids: Lists the essential amino acids.
-
Vitamins:
- Organic compounds essential for health but not produced by the body (in needed quantities).
- Water-soluble vitamins are highly polar and excreted by kidneys.
- Fat-soluble vitamins have non-polar structures and their excess can accumulate in tissues, causing toxicity.
-
Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2): Provides a breakdown of different vitamins, their roles, and deficiency symptoms.
-
Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2): Continues with the breakdown of different vitamins.
-
Minerals:
- Metals or nonmetals used in the body; often compounds.
- Major minerals: Found in quantities greater than 5g . (e.g., Ca, P).
- Trace minerals: Found in quantities less than 5g (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, I).
-
Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2):
-
Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2): Lists mineral sources, functions, and deficiency conditions.
-
Energy in the Biosphere (1 of 2): Sun is the ultimate source of energy. The fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium releases energy. Plants absorb this energy with chlorophyll and converts it to glucose/starches/triglycerides.
-
Energy in the Biosphere (2 of 2): Cellular respiration involves combining energy-rich compounds with oxygen in cells to produce CO2 and H2O, releasing energy and storing it as ATP.
-
Carbon Cycle: The respiration process is the reverse of photosynthesis and involves recycled carbon compounds.
-
Metabolism: Combination of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism; includes:
- Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones, releasing energy.
- Anabolism: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, utilizing energy.
- Metabolic pathway: A series of linked reactions with a common product.
-
Catabolism of Food (1 of 2): Stage I: Digestion (hydrolyzation of large complex molecules), Stage II: Breakdown to simpler units.
-
Catabolism of Food (2 of 2): Stage III: The common catabolic pathway - reactions in the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation that converts food energy into ATP.
-
Structure of ATP: Adenosine is bonded to ribose and triphosphate. The triphosphate group is ionized and ATP is complexed with Mg2+
-
Hydrolysis of ATP in Water (1 of 2) & (2 of 2): ATP hydrolysis results in the transfer of a phosphate group to water producing ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process releases free energy (ΔG)
-
The ATP-ADP Cycle: ATP is used in various cellular processes (movement, active transport, biosynthesis), and when energy is needed it is broken down and reused.
-
Mitochondria: Cellular organelles responsible for reactions of catabolic pathways. Contain inner and outer membranes with cristae folds increasing surface area for chemical reactions.
-
Coenzyme A (CoA)(1 of 2) and (2 of 2): A key component in metabolism, derived from pantothenic acid; contains a reactive sulfhydryl group essential for transferring acyl groups
-
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) (1 of 3), (2 of 3), and (3 of 3): Acts as an electron acceptor. NAD+ accepts two electrons and one proton, producing its reduced form NADH. General reaction for conversion of alcohol to aldehyde
-
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) (1 of 2) and (2 of 2): Accepts two H atoms (and thereby two electrons) during substrate oxidation converting to FADH2. FAD plays a role in redox reactions in Krebs Cycle and other metabolic pathways.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the essential concepts of nutrition and energy in this quiz. Learn about macronutrients and micronutrients, their primary functions, and energy flow in the biosphere. Test your understanding of metabolism and the role of ATP in cellular energy.
