Science Unit Test PDF

Questions: Who discovered cells and when? Answer: Robert Hooke, 1655 What is cell theory? Answer: All living things are composed of one or more Cells, Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life, All cells arise from the division of other cells What do cells do? Answer: carry out p...

Questions: Who discovered cells and when? Answer: Robert Hooke, 1655 What is cell theory? Answer: All living things are composed of one or more Cells, Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life, All cells arise from the division of other cells What do cells do? Answer: carry out particular functions What is an organelle? Answer: A structure within a cell, Found in both animal and plant cells What do organelles do? Answer: Bring in nutrients, Carry out waste, Generate energy, Reproduce What is a cell membrane composed of? Answer: Composed of a bi-layer of fat [lipid] molecules, Called phospholipids What does the cell membrane do? Answer: Forms a boundary of the cell What is extracellular fluid? Answer: The watery environment outside of a cell What is a cytoplasm? Answer: The aqueous solution inside a cell in which the cell organelles are suspended What does the nucleus do? Answer: Control center of the cell and directs all cell activities and houses the cells DNA What is Nucleolus? Answer: Involved in the formation of ribosomes What does the nucleolus look like? Answer: A small ball in the middle What does the cytoplasm look like? Answer: The plain base around the the smaller dot What do ribosomes look like? Answer: Little dots What does a lysosome look like? Answer: A bigger round dot on the outside What does the Mitochondria look like? Answer: A rectangular circle with a squiggly line in the middle What does the nuclear membrane look like? Answer: The outer skin on the big ball in the middle What does the nucleus look like? Answer: The skin on the inside of the big ball in the middle What does the golgi apparatus look like? Answer: A big squiggly line in the outside What does the cell membrane look like? Answer: The skin on the very outside of the cell What do centrioles look like? Answer: A smaller more compact squiggly line in the outside What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like? Answer: A water/reflection looking pieces connecting to the big ball in the middle What do ribosomes do? Answer: Manufacture proteins for use inside and outside the cell, can be free floating or attached What are the two types the endoplasmic reticulum can be? Answer: Rough and smooth What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Answer: Rough has ribosomes, smooth doesn't What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Answer: A series of tubes and canals that connect with the nuclear envelope; transports proteins What does the golgi apparatus do? Answer: Sorts and packages proteins for transport of the cell What is the Mitochondrion? Answer: The powerhouse of the cell, energy is released from glucose and oxygen and it contributes to cellular respiration What are the Vacuoles? Answer: Large membrane bound sacs that contain dissolved sugars, minerals and proteins, its larger in plant cells What are the cells that are only animal cells? Answer: Lysosomes, centrioles, cell walls What are lysosomes? Answer: Known as “suicide sacs”, Breaks down cellular components What are centrioles for? Answer: Important in animal cell division What are cell walls? Answer: Thick, rigid layer of cellulose, lying outside the cell membrane What are Chloroplasts? Answer: Found in the cytoplasm of plant cells, Used to perform photosynthesis, Traps energy from the sun to make glucose and Consist of stacks of thylakoids called grana What is a chromosome? Answer: Instructions in a thread like form What do chromosomes look like? Answer: Stretched out/long x’s What do chromosomes come in? Answer: Pairs How many chromosomes do humans have? Answer: 46, 23 from each parent What are the chromosomes pairs called? Answer: Homologous pairs What are the sex chromosomes? Answer: X and Y What is the difference between female and male sex chromosomes? Answer: Female is XX and Male is XY How is the sex of the offspring determined? Answer: The male sperm cell What is a Karyotype? Answer: a picture of the chromosomes arranged in their pairs What is inside of our chromosomes? Answer: DNA What is DNA? Answer: deoxyribonucleic acid What is DNA divided into? Answer: Genes What are genes: Answer: a segment of DNA that controls protein production, Genes control the cell’s activities by controlling what proteins are made and when What is the cell hierarchy? Answer: Cell, Nucleus, Chromosome, DNA, Gene, A, T, G, C What is the name of the DNA structure? Answer: Spiral staircase also known as double helix When and who came up with the “spiral staircase” name: Answer: James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 What is the DNA structure? Answer: Made up of two strands that run ANTI parallel to one another What are the three parts of DNA? Answer: Phosphate backbone, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base All organisms have the same 4 bases, what are they? Answer: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Out of A,T,C,G, what letters bond together? Answer: A binds with T, C binds with G What do proteins do? Answer: Construction and repair of body parts, Transport of signals [i.e. hormones], Aid in chemical reactions [i.e. enzymes] What is a mutation? Answer: A change in the order of nitrogenous bases How do mutations affect the proteins]Answer: alter the protein that it produces, Mutations can affect how well the protein does its job What is Sickle Cell Anemia? Answer: a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin [protein in RBCs], The protein is less able to perform its function, which is to help the blood carry oxygen What are mutations caused by? Answer: Mutagens What is a mutagen? Answer: any substance or factor that can cause a mutation in DNA, e.g. UV radiation, chemicals such as tar, mercury. What are the two different types of mutations? Answer: local or hereditary How do mutations occur? Answer: They can occur in some of the cells or all of the cells How do mutations occur in all of the cells? Answer: inherited from either egg or sperm (genetic) What is a DNA screening? Answer: Sequences your DNA to see if there are any errors or mistakes that could lead to genetic diseases or cancer What do blood tests do? Answer: Show whether certain proteins are present or absent What is Cystic Fibrosis? Answer: An inherited disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract What does GMO stand for? Answer: Genetically Modified Organisms The genetic code is…? Answer: Universal Mixing DNA from different species is called? Answer: Genetic engineering What are GMOs? Answer: An organism whose genetic information has been altered with the insertion of genes from another species How are GMOs created? Answer: a technique called Recombinant Technology What is recombinant technology? Answer: A short segment of DNA [from organism X] that codes for the desired protein [antibiotic resistance] is inserted into a vector What is different in recombinant technology? Answer: organism Y is making proteins normally made by organism X, Only the bacteria with the antibiotic resistance will survive treatment What's an example of a GMO? Answer: Bacteria injected with human proteins are used for a variety of medical treatments What treatment is used by people with diabetes? Answer: Human insulin genes can be inserted into E. coli, E. coli becomes the “factory” for insulin production, This treatment is used to treat patients with diabetes How many cells do we have when we start our lives? Answer: We start as a single cell What is cell reproduction? Answer: the process by which new cells are formed What are the two types of reproduction? Answer: Asexual and sexual What is the difference between the two types of reproduction? Answer: Asexual offspring will look exactly the same while sexual will look similar but not the same How does asexual reproduction work? Answer: One cell divides to produce two daughter cells What is a cell cycle? Answer: Sequences of events that a non-sex cell goes through in order to grow What stages does a cell cycle occur? Answer: Interphase and Mitosis What stage do cells spend most of their time? Answer: Interphase What are the shortest stages? Answer: Mitosis and cytokinesis What happens when cells stop dividing? Answer: they eventually die out and are replaced by new cells Why do cells leave the cell cycle? Answer: Cells leave the cell cycle, if the body does not need more of that specific cell Where do cells go that leave the cell cycle? Answer: They enter a non-dividing stage Why do cells die? Answer: Some cells leave the cell cycle because it is time for them to die, Cells can become damaged from external sources [i.e. environmental toxins], The cell cannot repair itself; the cell breaks, its contents are released What can you see when cells die? Answer: Redness and swelling What is the name for cell suicide: Answer: Apoptosis What is mitosis? Answer: The process by which the duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts What happens after mitosis? Answer: the cell’s cytoplasm divides by a process called cytokinesis What happens before cell division? Answer: cells MUST undergo DNA replication What is the copy of a chromosome called? Answer: chromatin So how many chromatids are there? Answer: 92 sister chromatids What does duplicated chromatin do? Answer: coil up to form a chromosome The two sister chromatids are paired with a…? Answer: centromere What does the centromere look like? Answer: A small dot in the middle of the fake x in DNA What are the stages of mitosis? Answer: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (I prefer mice and talking cats) What does chromatin look like? Answer: Squiggly lines in the nucleolus What is cytokinesis? Answer: The division of the rest of the cell, Cytoplasm and the organelles What is prophase? Answer: the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears What is metaphase? Answer: the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers What is anaphase? Answer: the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle What is Telophase? Answer: the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed What happens to the cells when someone has cancer? Answer: Instead of leaving the cell cycle, they begin to divide uncontrollably What do the cells form when you have cancer? Answer: A tumor, (An abnormal clump or group of cells) What are some things you should avoid if you don't want cancer? Answer: Asbestos, tobacco smoke, HPV, UV rays, toxins What's one way you can treat cancer? Answer: Chemotherapy, Chemical treatments applied to the whole body, Slows down the rapid division of cells What does the eyepiece on a microscope look like? Answer: The round tube at the top you look through What does the body tube on a microscope look like? Answer: The bigger tube right below the eye piece What are objectives on a microscope? Answer: The things that change the zoom on the lens What is the stage on a microscope? Answer: Where you put whatever your testing, the rectangular thing What is the fine adjustment on a microscope? Answer: A small knob that you turn to help you see finer details What do stem cells do? Answer: They differentiate into specialized cells like blood cells or nerve cells What is cell specialization? Answer: The process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism What are meristematic cells? Answer: These cells produce more cells so that the animal can grow larger What can humans regenerate? Answer: Bone and skin cells When are stem cells most useful? Answer: When taken from the earliest stages of development What three factors influence the differentiation in animal cells? Answer: Contents of the cell’s cytoplasm, Environmental conditions, Influence of neighbouring cells What does mitosis ensure? Answer: that daughter cells receive identical sets of chromosomes What do the contents of the cytoplasm do? Answer: differences that occur within the cell’s cytoplasm play an important role in cell specialization How does the environment influence cell specialisation? Answer: Temperature and the presence of certain nutrients can affect cell specialization, This explains why cells with the same DNA may develop differently How do neighbouring cells influence cell specialisation? Answer: Substances produced by one cell can diffuse into neighbouring cells, These substances can change the way the cell’s DNA gets expressed What can occur when the cell's DNA is affected? Answer: Abnormalities What can cause abnormalities? Answer: Chemical contaminants can cause abnormal development, 90% of problems in developing embryos can be traced to the mothers exposure to harmful substances What happens when a cell matures? Answer: It turns genes off and on What is it called when a cell no longer matures? Answer: A specialized cell What is a specialized cell? Answer: This cell has left the cell cycle and no longer undergoes mitosis, Continues to function until it undergoes apoptosis What are the 4 types of tissue in the body? Answer: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous What does epithelial tissue look like? Answer: Oddly formed circle ish areas with dots in the middle Where is the epithelial tissue? Answer: It lines the surface of the body Cells have a strong connection between…? Answer: adjoining cell membranes, Forms a barrier What does connective tissue look like? Answer: A bunch of ropes with some specs in the area What does connective tissue do? Answer: Strengthens, supports, protects, binds, or connects cells and tissues Where do you find connective tissue? Answer: Found in bone, fat and blood What are the 3 types of muscle? Answer: Skeletal, Smooth and cardiac What does muscle look like? Answer: Smooth, sometimes a dot or two in the middle What is skeletal muscle? Answer: Attaches to bone, Cells are lined up in the same direction; striated What is smooth muscle? Answer: Found in blood vessels and internal organs, Cells are not striated What is cardiac muscle? Answer: Found only in the heart, Cells contract as a unit What do nervous muscles do? Answer: Coordinate body actions What are nervous muscles made out of? Answer: cells called neurons, These neurons receive and transfer signals What does nervous tissue look like? Answer: A big area in the middle of strings with bare strings on the outside and dots What do tissues do? Answer: Tissues of different kinds work together to form organs What is the heart? Answer: an organ made up of muscle and nerve tissue Types of organs are? Answer: Brain, Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Lungs, Stomach What is an organ system? Answer: A group of organs that work together to perform a common task What does the circulatory system include? Answer: heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries What are the organ systems? Answer: Circulatory System – Blood vessels, Digestive System, Respiratory System, Muscular System, Skeletal System – Bones, Nervous System – Nerves How many organ systems do we have? Answer: 11 What are the three most important systems? Answer: The digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems What does the digestive system do? Answer: Mechanically and chemically break down food to produce nutrients that the body’s cells can use What does the esophagus look like? Answer: the tube at the top the tube at the top Answer: Big top left corner What does the stomach look like? Answer: Pouch looking thing top right corner What does the gall bladder look like? Answer: Small tiny bean by the liver What does the pancreas look like? Answer: Small ball right in the middle What does the large intestine look like? Answer: a large tube like rope surrounding the small intestine What does the small intestine look like? Answer: A robe like tube inside the large intestine What does the appendix look like? Answer: A tiny tiny thing at the end of the large intestine What does the rectum look like? Answer: A small thing at the very end of the whole thing What are the 4 processes of the digestive system? Answer: Ingestion (Eat), Digestion (Break down), Absorption (Obtain nutrients), Elimination (Excrete/get rid of) Where does food pass through? Answer: through the pharynx and into the esophagus How does food leave the stomach? Answer: as a “liquidy” mixture [chyme] Where does food go after it leaves the stomach? Answer: it enters the small intestine What is villi? Answer: in the small intestine absorb the nutrients from the mixture What does the mitochondria do? Answer: The mitochondria in each cell use these nutrients to create energy for our body to use What are accessory organs? Answer: that aid in the chemical digestion of our food when it reaches the small intestine What are the 3 accessory organs? Answer: Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder What does the large intestine do? Answer: functions to absorb water, vitamins and minerals Where does the mixture go after being in the small intestine? Answer: the large intestine How long does it take food to move from ingestion to elimination? Answer: 20-30 hours What is the digestive system flow chart? Answer: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus What are Ulcers? Answer: inflammation of the stomach lining or open sores in the lining What are Colitis? Answer: inflammation of the colon causing difficulties with digestion What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Answer: difficulties digesting food, due to spastic movements in the intestine What does alveoli look like? Answer: The little tree branch grapes What do broncholies look like? Answer: The tree branches looking thing What does bronchi look like? Answer: Wraps around the tube just before the lungs What does trachea look like? Answer: Wraps around the tube down the throat What does the larynx look like? Answer: The tube right below the face What does the pharynx look like? Answer: the skin right at the face and neck What does the Epiglottis look like? Answer: Skin in the mouth What do sinuses look like? Answer: holes in the head What is the respiratory system? Answer: Responsible for bringing oxygen [O2] into the body and getting rid of carbon dioxide [CO2] What are the two stages in the respiratory system? Answer: Inspiration and Expiration What is inspiration? Answer: We breathe in, our diaphragm contracts; this causes an increase in volume of our chest cavity What is expiration? Answer: We breathe out, our diaphragm relaxes; causing a decrease in the volume of our chest cavity What do mucous and small hairs in our nose do? Answer: prevent toxins from entering our body Where does oxygen travel? Answer: from nose/mouth to the pharynx, Through the Larynx (voicebox), Then into the trachea [windpipe], From the trachea the oxygen travels to the bronchi, bronchioles and then to the alveoli What exchange occurs in the alveoli? Answer: Gas exchange What is the alveoli connected to? Answer: blood supply of circulatory system What happens Inside the alveoli? Answer: Blood from the heart drops off its CO2 and picks up O2 Where does Oxygenated blood go? Answer: Back to the heart What is done with Oxygenated blood? Answer: Pumped to the rest of the body What is the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INSPIRATION? Answer: Nose/Mouth, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, Alveoli, Gas exchange [CO2 out, O2 in], Oxygenated blood to heart What do red blood cells carry? Answer: CO2, “dirty blue” blood comeback to the lungs What happens after it drops off CO2? Answer: CO2 is then expired out of the body What is the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXPIRATION? Answer: Alveoli, Bronchioles, Bronchi, Trachea, Pharynx, Mouth/Nose What can smoking do to someone's lungs? Answer: Smoking can cause cilia to become damaged which prevents foreign particles from being swept out of the system What is in the tar of cigarette smoke? Answer: carcinogens What is the difference between a normal bronchiole and a Asthmatic bronchiole? Answer: The Asthmatic has red in the middle and more skin so less room for air What does the Circulatory System do? Answer: Transport of nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the body’s tissues, Also, involved in temperature regulation How does blood travel around? Answer: in arteries and veins What do arteries do? Answer: always carry blood away from the heart What do veins do? Answer: always carry blood to the heart How many chambers does the heart have? Answer: 4, 2 Atria [upper chambers], 2 Ventricles [lower chambers] What is the circulatory system? Answer: Blood returning to the heart from the body, Deoxygenated [CO2] What happens after the blood returns to the heart? Answer: Deoxygenated blood fills the right atrium What happens after dexygenated blood fills the right atrium? Answer: Then moves through to the right ventricle What happens after the blood moves to the right ventricle? Answer: Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen What is the flow chart for the circulatory system? Answer: Veins carry blood back to the heart from body, This blood is deoxygenated, Fills right atrium, Fills right ventricle, Pumped to lungs to become oxygenated What is a common circulatory system disorder? Answer: Heart disease How does heart disease happen? Answer: hypertension, arteriosclerosis What is normal blood pressure? Answer: 120 over 80 What is Arteriosclerosis? Answer: Thickening of the walls of the arteries, Narrows the passage for blood What can hypertension, arteriosclerosis do? Answer: can cause the formation of blood clots, If a blood clot breaks free, it may flow to a coronary artery and cause a heart attack, If the clot reaches the brain, this can cause a stroke How do cells develop? Answer: From similar cells that have specific functions What would happen if a seeding were to continue to go through mitosis? Answer: all of the daughter cells would have the same genetic material What kind of organisms are plants? Answer: Multicellular What color are plant cells? Answer: Green because of chlorophyll Why can´t plants move places? Answer: Roots are used to anchor them firmly in one place What are Meristematic cells? Answer: responsible for plant growth What do Meristematic cells form? Answer: These cells form specialized cells in plants, Constantly produce more specialized cells How do Plants Grow? Answer: Branches and roots grow because of dividing meristematic cells in the terminal bud How do plants stop growing? Answer: Growing parts of the plant give off a chemical called auxin to stop growth in other parts of the plant What is horizontal growth? Answer: Terminal bud removed What is vertical growth? Answer: Terminal bud attached How do plants make their own food? Answer: Plants use photosynthesis, Chloroplasts make the glucose to be used by the mitochondria What is the difference between plant and animal cells? Answer: They do not have complex organ systems that are found in animals Are plant and animal cells similar? Answer: Plants do however, perform many of the same functions as animals What do plants need to do to survive? Answer: Plants need to exchange gases with their surroundings, They require an internal transportation system to move water and nutrients, They must have a way of reproducing What are 3 types of plant tissue systems? Answer: Dermal Tissue System, Vascular Tissue System, Ground Tissue System What is a Dermal Tissue System? Answer: Tissues that cover the outer surface of the plant What is a Vascular Tissue System? Answer: Tissues responsible for moving materials within a plant [i.e. water, nutrients, etc] What is a Ground Tissue System? Answer: All other plant tissue What is the cuticle on a plant cell? Answer: The outside skin What is the vascular tissue on a plant cell? Answer: The big wood looking like thing in the middle What is a plant's root system? Answer: A plants root system can spread underground to cover a very large area, The shape and size of the root system depends on the environment What is the function of a root system? Answer: Anchors the plant, Absorb water and minerals from the soil, Store food What are the two types of roots? Answer: Taproot and Fibrous roots What are plant tissue systems? Answer: Vascular Cells (Xylem), Phloem What is vascular tissue (Xylem)? Answer: Dead tubular cells, laid end to end, Transport water and minerals from plant roots to other parts of the plant What is phloem tissue? Answer: Living tubular cells, joined end to end, Transport sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant What are the three parts of the shoot system? Answer: The Leaf, The Flower, The Stem What are the two main functions of the shoot system? Answer: Conduct photosynthesis, Produce flowers for sexual reproduction What is the equation for the shoot system? Answer: Light energy + carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen What is the shoot system, the stem? Answer: Contains vascular tissue to carry substances to and from the roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, Vascular Bundles, Contain xylem and phloem What does the shoot system, the stem, do? Answer: Supports the branches, leaves and flowers, Provides a way to transport materials, Human usage: sugar cane, potatoes, cork, linen, medicines, wood and paper products What is the function of the shoot system, the flower? Answer: Flowers, and the seeds and fruits that come from them, are very important sources of food and flavourings What are the food and flavourings of the flower? Answer: Rice, wheat, corn, Vanilla, chocolate, coffee, Bananas, apples, mangoes, Cotton and medications What is the shoot system, the leaf? Answer: The cell structure that performs photosynthesis is an organelle called a chloroplast What do chloroplasts contain? Answer: disc-like structures called thylakoid How are thylakoids arranged? Answer: in stacks called grana What do grana do? Answer: Grana act as solar collectors and use chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis What is the structure of the root system? Answer: Epidermis: outer layer of dermal cells, Cortex: middle layer of ground tissue cells, Pericycle: inner layer of ground tissue cells