Cell Structure and Function

A network of interconnected tubes and canals that connect with the nuclear envelope, responsible for transporting proteins throughout the cell.

A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that sort and package proteins for transport within and outside the cell.

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

Large, membrane-bound sacs found in the cytoplasm, primarily in plant cells, that store dissolved sugars, minerals, and proteins.

Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of a cell, containing genetic information (DNA) in a tightly packaged form.

The spiral staircase structure of DNA, composed of two antiparallel strands connected by base pairs.

A segment of DNA that controls the production of a specific protein, ultimately influencing various cellular functions.

The organized arrangement of chromosomes in pairs, visualizing the full set of chromosomes in an individual, often used for genetic analysis

A group of organs that work together to perform a common task.

The system that includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. It transports blood throughout the body.

The process of breaking down food into nutrients that the body can use.

Absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals. It's the final stage of digestion.

They help in the chemical digestion of food in the small intestine.

The tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, carrying food downwards.

The pouch that receives food from the esophagus and starts the digestion process.

It's the long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption takes place.

The process by which cells with the same DNA develop differently due to factors like temperature and nutrient availability.

Substances produced by one cell can diffuse to neighboring cells and influence their gene expression.

Mistakes in the cell's DNA that can lead to abnormal development.

The process by which a cell matures and becomes specialized for a specific function.

A cell that has completed its development and no longer undergoes mitosis. It continues to function until it undergoes programmed cell death.

The four main types of tissue found in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Tissue that lines the surfaces of the body. It forms a barrier and is made up of tightly packed cells.

Tissue that strengthens, supports, protects, binds, or connects cells and tissues.

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine are the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA. They pair up in a specific way: Adenine binds to Thymine (A-T), and Cytosine binds to Guanine (C-G).

Proteins are essential for a wide range of biological functions. They are responsible for building and repairing body parts, transporting signals like hormones, and facilitating chemical reactions as enzymes.

A mutation is a change in the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA. This alteration can be as small as a single base change or as large as a whole gene deletion.

Mutations can alter the protein that a gene codes for. This can affect the protein's function, potentially leading to problems in the body.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a specific mutation in the gene responsible for hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. This mutation results in a deformed hemoglobin molecule, making it less efficient at transporting oxygen.

A mutagen is any substance or factor that can induce a mutation in DNA. Examples include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemicals like tar and mercury.

DNA screening is a genetic test that analyzes your DNA to identify any errors or mistakes that could lead to genetic diseases or cancer.

GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. It refers to an organism whose genetic material has been altered using biotechnology techniques.

The process of breathing in, where the diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.

The involuntary process of breathing out, where the diaphragm relaxes causing a decrease in the volume of the chest cavity.

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

The tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the lungs.

The small branches of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

The process of the blood carrying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide.

The system responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.

The process where the blood in the alveoli drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen.

The process of breathing out carbon dioxide from the body.

Smoking damages the cilia in the lungs, preventing foreign particles from being swept out of the system.

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body. It also plays a crucial role in temperature regulation.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Heart disease is a common circulatory disorder that can be caused by factors like hypertension and arteriosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis is the thickening of artery walls, narrowing the passage for blood flow.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can cause the formation of blood clots. If a clot breaks free, it can travel to the heart or brain causing a heart attack or stroke.