Science Review Final Exam 2025 PDF

SNC 1W NAME: Adriana Flores **[FINAL EXAM REVIEW FOR GRADE 9 DE-STREAMED SCIENCE]** DATE OF EXAM: January 24^th^, 2025 ROOM ALLOCATION: My class **Materials to bring:** - textbook must be returned in excellent condition - pencils - pens - eraser - calculator (cell phones will NOT...

SNC 1W NAME: Adriana Flores **[FINAL EXAM REVIEW FOR GRADE 9 DE-STREAMED SCIENCE]** DATE OF EXAM: January 24^th^, 2025 ROOM ALLOCATION: My class **Materials to bring:** - textbook must be returned in excellent condition - pencils - pens - eraser - calculator (cell phones will NOT be allowed -- leave cell phones in locker or give to the teacher) - Kleenex **Suggestions:** - get a good night sleep - eat a hearty breakfast (at least drink some juice and eat something to sustain you!) - avoid coffee/tea unless decaffeinated - go to the bathroom before the exam so you do not have to wait for an escort during the exam UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY 1.a) Chemical properties describe how a substance reacts with others (e.g., flammability). Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color). b\) Chemical changes produce new substances (e.g., rusting), while physical changes do not (e.g., melting ice). 2\. Quantitative observations involve measurements (e.g., 5 liters of water), while qualitative observations describe characteristics (e.g., blue color). 3\. Elements consist of one type of atom (e.g., oxygen), while compounds are made of two or more types of atoms (e.g., water). Atoms are the basic units of matter, and molecules are two or more atoms bonded together. \*\*Pure substances\*\* have consistent composition (e.g., distilled water), while \*\*mixtures\*\* contain two or more different substances (e.g., saltwater). 4\. For Ba3(PO4)2: 3 Ba, 2 P, 8 O. For 4 C6H12O6: 24 C, 48 H, 24 O. For 2 Fe(NO3)3: 2 Fe, 6 N, 18 O. 5\. \*\*Group\*\* refers to columns in the periodic table. \*\*Period\*\* refers to rows. \*\*Valence number\*\* indicates the number of electrons in the outer shell, relating directly to group numbers. \*\*Metals\*\* are on the left, \*\*non-metals\*\* on the right, and \*\*metalloids\*\* in between. Group 1 is very reactive with water; Group 18 contains unreactive noble gases. The \*\*atomic number\*\* is the number of protons, and the \*\*atomic mass\*\* is the average mass of its isotopes. 6\. The three \*\*subatomic particles\*\* are \*\*protons\*\* (positive charge, in the nucleus), \*\*neutrons\*\* (no charge, in the nucleus), and \*\*electrons\*\* (negative charge, in electron clouds). 7\. \*\*Atomic notation\*\* For carbon: C-12, xenon: Xe-131, iodine: I-127, gold: Au-197, calcium: Ca-40, tin: Sn-118, lead: Pb-207. 8\. The \*\*atomic number\*\* tells us the number of protons, while the \*\*atomic mass\*\* indicates the total number of protons and neutrons. Bohr-Rutherford diagrams represent electron arrangements. Example atoms: C (6P, 6E), F (9P, 9E), O (8P, 8E), H (1P, 1E), P (15P, 15E), Si (14P, 14E). 9\. The number of \*\*electrons\*\* equals the number of \*\*protons\*\* to maintain electrical neutrality in an atom. 10\. An \*\*isotope\*\* is an atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons (e.g., Carbon-12 and Carbon-14). 11\. \*\*Ions\*\* are charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Metals typically form \*\*cations\*\* (positive ions), while non-metals typically form \*\*anions\*\* (negative ions). 12\. \*\*Ionic compounds\*\* consist of cations and anions held together by \*\*ionic bonds\*\* due to electrostatic attraction. 13\. \*\*Valence electrons\*\* are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom. The periodic table\'s groups indicate the number of valence electrons for elements. 14\. A \*\*molecular compound\*\* consists of non-metals bonded together through \*\*covalent bonds\*\*, sharing electrons. 15\. Drawing examples: \*\*Ionic compounds:\*\* MgCl2 (Mg²⁺ + 2Cl⁻), NaI (Na⁺ + I⁻), Li2Br (2Li⁺ + Br²⁻). \*\*Molecular compounds:\*\* H2O (H₂ + O), CO2 (C + 2O), NH3 (N + 3H). 16\. \*\*Ionic compounds\*\* are named by the metal followed by the non-metal with an -ide suffix: \- Lithium and iodine: Lithium iodide \- Calcium and bromine: Calcium bromide \- Magnesium and chlorine: Magnesium chloride 17\. Use the formula \\( D = \\frac{m}{V} \\) to calculate density, mass, or volume. 18\. \*\*Particle Theory of Matter\*\* states that all matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion and interact with one another. \#\#\# UNIT 2: ECOLOGY 1\. \*\*a)\*\* Ecology is the study of interactions among living organisms and their environments. \*\*b)\*\* The four spheres are the \*\*atmosphere\*\* (air), \*\*lithosphere\*\* (earth), \*\*hydrosphere\*\* (water), and \*\*biosphere\*\* (living things). 2\. \*\*Autotrophs\*\* produce their own food (another name: producers), while \*\*heterotrophs\*\* consume other organisms (another name: consumers). 3\. \*\*Biotic parts\*\* are living organisms (e.g., plants), while \*\*abiotic parts\*\* are non-living factors (e.g., sunlight). 4. a\) There are \*\*5 trophic levels\*\*. b\) The \*\*producer\*\* is grass. c\) The consumers are: 1o consumer (grasshopper), 2o consumer (frog), 3o consumer (snake), 4o consumer (hawk). d\) The hawk is called a \*\*top predator\*\*. e\) The herbivore is the \*\*grasshopper\*\*. f\) The \*\*carnivores\*\* are the frog, snake, and hawk. g\) An \*\*omnivore\*\* consumes both plants and animals; none are shown here. h\) Yes, questions can be answered for a food web. i\) The source of energy is \*\*the sun\*\*. 5\. \*\*Scavengers\*\* consume dead animals (e.g., vultures), while \*\*decomposers\*\* break down organic material (e.g., fungi). Scavengers eat whole remains, whereas decomposers recycle nutrients. 6\. \*\*Mutualism\*\* benefits both species (e.g., bees and flowers), \*\*commensalism\*\* benefits one without harming the other (e.g., barnacles on whales), and \*\*parasitism\*\* benefits one while harming the other (e.g., ticks on mammals). 7\. \*\*Predator-prey\*\* relationships involve one organism hunting another, while \*\*competition\*\* occurs when species vie for the same resources. 8\. \*\*Density-dependent limiting factors\*\* (e.g., disease) affect populations based on their density, whereas \*\*density-independent factors\*\* (e.g., natural disasters) affect them regardless of density. 9\. \*\*Eutrophication\*\* is the over-enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth and oxygen depletion. 10\. Energy decreases as it moves up the food chain; typically, only about \*\*10%\*\* transfers to the next level. In the example: \- Grass seeds (6000 kJ) \>\> Mouse (600 kJ lost: 5400 kJ lost) \- Mouse (600 kJ) \>\> Wolf (60 kJ lost: 540 kJ lost) 11\. Increase in carbon dioxide levels is caused by \*\*burning fossil fuels\*\* and \*\*deforestation\*\*; reduction can happen through \*\*renewable energy\*\* and \*\*reforestation\*\*. 12\. \*\*Exponential growth\*\* occurs with unlimited resources and no competition. 13\. A \*\*dominant species\*\* significantly influences the ecosystem (e.g., large trees), while a \*\*keystone species\*\* maintains the structure (e.g., sea otters). 14\. A \*\*population\*\* is a group of the same species in an area, while a \*\*community\*\* is different species interacting in a habitat. 15\. An \*\*ecological niche\*\* is the role of a species in its ecosystem; e.g., an insectivorous bog plant captures insects to obtain nutrients. 16\. \*\*Photosynthesis\*\* vs. \*\*cellular respiration\*\*: \| Photosynthesis \| Cellular Respiration \| \|\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\|\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\| \| Reactants: CO2 + H2O + light \| Reactants: glucose + O2 \| \| Products: glucose + O2 \| Products: CO2 + H2O + energy \| \| Occurs in: plants \| Occurs in: all living organisms \| 17\. \*\*Biodiversity\*\* is the variety of life in an area, while \*\*sustainability\*\* refers to maintaining ecosystem balance for future generations. 18\. A \*\*water-based ecosystem\*\* is called an \*\*aquatic ecosystem\*\*, while a \*\*land-based ecosystem\*\* is called a \*\*terrestrial ecosystem\*\*. 19\. \*\*Bioaccumulation\*\* is the buildup of substances in an organism, while \*\*biomagnification\*\* refers to the increase of these substances up the food chain. 20\. Key processes in the \*\*carbon cycle\*\* include \*\*photosynthesis\*\*, \*\*respiration\*\*, \*\*decomposition\*\*, and \*\*combustion\*\*. 21\. \*\*Acid precipitation\*\* is rain containing high levels of sulfuric and nitric acids, often from air pollution. 22\. \*\*Bottom-up regulation\*\* starts with producers; \*\*top-down regulation\*\* starts with apex predators affecting lower levels. 23\. The \*\*Kyoto Protocol\*\* aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. \#\#\# UNIT 3: ELECTRICITY 1\. The \*\*four components\*\* of an electrical circuit are a \*\*power source\*\*, \*\*load\*\*, \*\*conductors\*\*, and a \*\*switch\*\*. 2\. \*\*Series\*\* and \*\*parallel circuits\*\* comparison: \| Series \| Parallel \| \|\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\|\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\| \| One path \| Multiple paths \| \| One switch \| Each has a switch \| \| Same current throughout \| Different currents in branches \| \| Voltage divides across loads \| Voltage is the same across loads \| \| Total resistance increases \| Total resistance decreases \| \| If one bulb goes out, the whole circuit goes out \| Other bulbs remain lit \| 3\. \*\*Conductors\*\* allow electricity to flow (e.g., copper), while \*\*insulators\*\* do not (e.g., rubber). 4\. \*\*a)\*\* Current tells us the flow of electric charge, measured in \*\*amperes (A)\*\*. \*\*b)\*\* Voltage indicates the potential difference, measured in \*\*volts (V)\*\*. \*\*c)\*\* Resistance describes opposition to current flow, measured in \*\*ohms (Ω)\*\*. 5\. Resistance is affected by \*\*material\*\* (conductivity), \*\*length\*\* (longer increases), \*\*cross-sectional area\*\* (wider decreases), and \*\*temperature\*\* (higher increases). 6\. A \*\*multimeter\*\* measures current, a \*\*voltmeter\*\* measures voltage, and an \*\*ohmmeter\*\* measures resistance. 7\. The \*\*Law of Electric Charges\*\* states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. 8\. During \*\*charging by friction\*\*, electrons are transferred from one object to another through contact, resulting in one positive and one negative charge. 9\. \*\*a)\*\* During \*\*charging by induction\*\*, charges are separated without direct contact, creating positive and negative regions in the object. \*\*b)\*\* During \*\*charging by conduction\*\*, contact transfers charge, and the touched object takes on the charge of the object being touched. 10\. \*\*Lightning bolts\*\* result from the discharge of built-up static electricity in clouds. 11\. Yes, use the electrostatic series to predict charge build-up when two objects are rubbed together. 12\. \*\*Renewable energy sources\*\* include solar and wind; \*\*non-renewable sources\*\* include oil and coal. 13\. To calculate the cost, use the formula: \*\*Cost = power (kW) × time (h) × rate (\$/kWh)\*\*. 14\. Energy efficiency is calculated using: \*\*Efficiency = (useful output energy/input energy) × 100%\*\*. 15\. \*\*1 coulomb\*\* equals the charge transported by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second. 16\. Key parts of a battery include the \*\*electrolyte\*\*, \*\*electrode\*\*, and \*\*electrochemical cell\*\*. 17\. The scientific term for a \*\*spark\*\* is a \*\*discharge\*\*. 18\. Yes, drawing circuits and calculating currents and voltages involves Ohm's Law and circuit rules. 19\. Practice \*\*V = I x R\*\* calculations for circuit analysis. \#\#\# UNIT 4: SPACE 1\. The \*\*heliocentric model\*\* has the Sun at the center; the \*\*geocentric model\*\* has the Earth at the center. 2\. A \*\*telescope\*\* is used to observe distant objects. \*\*Refracting telescopes\*\* use lenses, whereas \*\*reflecting telescopes\*\* use mirrors. 3\. A \*\*constellation\*\* is a group of stars forming recognizable patterns. 4\. A \*\*space probe\*\* is an unmanned spacecraft to explore outer space. 5\. \*\*a)\*\* Planets in order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. \*\*b)\*\* Items in the solar system: Sun, inner planets, asteroid belt, outer planets, Kuiper belt. 6\. An \*\*orbit\*\* is the gravitational path of an object around another; it is typically \*\*elliptical\*\*. 7\. An \*\*asteroid\*\* is a small rocky body orbiting the Sun, primarily found in the asteroid belt. 8\. \*\*Revolution\*\* is a planet\'s orbit around the Sun; \*\*rotation\*\* is its spin on its axis. 9\. A \*\*lunar eclipse\*\* occurs when the Earth blocks sunlight to the Moon; a \*\*solar eclipse\*\* happens when the Moon blocks sunlight to Earth. 10\. A \*\*satellite\*\* is an object that orbits a larger body, either natural (e.g., the Moon) or artificial (e.g., satellites). 11\. \*\*Galaxy shapes\*\* include spiral, elliptical, and irregular; the \*\*Milky Way\*\* is a spiral galaxy. 12\. The Sun formed from a gas cloud (solar nebula), undergoing fusion reactions, while \*\*sunspots\*\* are cooler areas on its surface. The core mainly consists of \*\*hydrogen and helium\*\*. It will become a \*\*red giant\*\*, followed by a \*\*supernova\*\* explosion. 13\. The \*\*solar system formation theory\*\* is the \*\*nebular hypothesis\*\*. 14\. A \*\*light year\*\* is the distance light travels in one year, about 9.46 trillion kilometers (5.88 trillion miles). 15\. A \*\*black hole\*\* is a region in space with a gravitational pull so strong that not even light can escape.