Summary

These notes cover acids and bases, including their classification, properties, and the pH scale. The document also details how to name acids and use indicators to determine acidity or basicity. It's a great resource for understanding chemical reactions and properties.

Full Transcript

Acids and Bases and Neutilization Reactions...

Acids and Bases and Neutilization Reactions acids bases · Many familiar compounds a re or · Classification as acid or base is based on chemical composition If you know compound's chemical formula , you may be able to identify it as an acid/base ↳ a very dangerous * · Acids and bases can be ↳ They can be very corrosive (in the case of a strong acid) or caustic (in the case of a strong base) ↳> NEVER try to identify an acid or base by taste or touch PH Scale * of acids and bases is measured on the pl scale the strength of acidic solution : zerorless than 7 · pH an ↳ The more acidic a solution the closer its put is to 0 , · put of a neutral solution : 7 · put of a basic solution : more than 7-14 ↳ The more basic a solution, the closer its pH to 14 3 is 16 =1000 times more acidic than solution with A solution with plt & a potc pH Indicators indicators chemicals that colour depending on the acidity/basicity of the solution in which they are placed · DH are change Blue = basic acidic ↳ litmus paper : Red = · Indicators change colour at different ph values , so different indicators are used to identify different plt values ↳ bromothymol blue for plt 6-1 6. for plt 8 2-10 ↳ Phenolphathalein. ↳ many natural sources (ie beets. and cabbage) are indicators Acids aqueous , they often must be dissolved in water to behave like acids · Acids are often written with subscript (aq) = since · The chemical formula of an acid usually starts with hydrogen (H) nitric acid HP (aq) Hydrochloric acid = eg. = HNOz (aq) Acids cont. · Acids with a carbon usually have the written first 100 acid HCH , acetic CHzCOOH car = = (a) ic) Naming ide to Acids I when naming acids change fluoride hydrofhoric acid. hydrogen 1 + = of matter is given start the name with "hydrogen HF-hydrogen fluoride - > if no state HF (aq) = hydrofivoric doid + carbonate = carbonic acide ide- > hydro-is acid 2. hydrogen acid HzCOz = hydrogen Carbonate ate-ic acid acid # zlOzcaa) Carbonic ite--ous = sulphurous acid. 3 hydrogen + sulphite = H Soz = hydrogen Sulphite Hy Soz(aq) = sulphurous acid = Some "common" Acids Hydrobromic Chloric acid acid HNOz(aq) - nitric acid suphuric acid H2SO4 caal - acid HzPOy(aal-Phosphoric (aa) acid Az(Ob - carbonic Naming Acids. 1 Binary Acids composed of hydrogen and one hon-metal other element ↳ of of non-metal + ic dcid Hydrotbase name ↳ Examples · HC : Hydrochloric acid HBr : acid o hydrobromic · HF : hydrofluoric acid Oxyacids (contain oxygen) ↳ consist of hydrogen , oygen , and another element lusually a non-metal). The name the acid depends on the polyatomic ion in ions ends in late it switches to i ↳ If the polyatomic It switches to "ors" " If ion ends in "ite. - > the polyatomic ↳ Do not use hydro in oxyacial names L- Examples o H2SOy (sulfate-sulfuric acid) o He S03 (sulfite - > sulfurous acid) (nitrate > hitric acid) HNO3 - · Bases Bases subscript (cal often must be dissolved in water to behave like bases ageous, they = · Bases are often written with since o The chemical formula of a base usually ends with hydroxide (OH) o Examples of common bases 4) NaOH (aa) - > Sodium Hydroxide ↳ Mg(OH) < (aq) - > Magnesium Hydroxide > (a(OH) zeng) -> Calcium Hydroxide ↳ NHyOH (aq) - > Ammonium Hydroxide Production Fons of coduct electricity because they ions in solution Acids and bases can release · Acids release At cas ions release OH ions · Bases las refers to the concentration of ions it has The put of a solution Square brackets signify concentration : [Htnal) , [OHiaal] · High [Hiaal] = low ph , very acidic basic · High /ottiaal) = highpH , very solution cannot be both acidic and basic at the same time. other, so a with Ht and Of ions readily react each cancel each other out and form water in a process called neutralization They + OH · H + can) jag) - > Hz0c) Properties of Bases * lab in your morth) put anything from the bitter (*never science · taste ** never touch chemicals with your bare skin) feel Slippery ( ** · bases a re caustic-burn skin o Many o no reaction with metal o conduct electricity · have a pl greater than 7 blue · turn red litrus payer in basic solution · Phenolphthalein is pink solution · formO f coal (hydroxid) ions in of base usually ends with OH · chemical formula a Properties of Acrels · taste sour (never put anything from the science lab in your mouth) acids corrosive - burn skin ** and "eat through metal" ( * * never touch chemicals with your bare skin · many are · Conduct electricity · have a pl less than < · turn blue litmus paper red · phenolphthalair is colorless in an acidic solution solution · form H* (g) (hydrogen) ions in formula of acid usually starts with I · Chemical an Acid - Base Neutralization reactions acid and salt and water Neutralization occur when an a base react to produce a base salt-water acid + > - HY + MON - > MX + H, 0 EX. H(cal + NaOAcaal - > Nacis) + #20 cas) Salt water -ve ion acid base ↳ X reprsents a ion ↳ M reprsents a the balanced equation for each rxn- > reaction Write a. Sulphuric 1 acid is used to neutralize calcium hydroxide H2SO4caa) + CalOHz- > CaSOy +IH , O. 2 Phosphoric acid helps to neutralize iron (11) hydroxide , one of the compounds that causes rust FeLOA) > - FePOy + TH2O H2PO4 (a) +

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