Science B CSA PDF

CSA 100: Competency and Skills Appraisal on General Education Science Reviewer 1 Taxonomic Ranks Mnemonic (DKPCOFGS) o Dumb King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti o D-domain, K-kingdom, P-phylum, C-class, O-order, F-family, G-genus, S-specie...

CSA 100: Competency and Skills Appraisal on General Education Science Reviewer 1 Taxonomic Ranks Mnemonic (DKPCOFGS) o Dumb King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti o D-domain, K-kingdom, P-phylum, C-class, O-order, F-family, G-genus, S-species Heterotrophic (can’t produce own food), Autotrophic (can produce own food like plants) Multicellular (made up of cells, big enough to be seen by eyes), Unicellular (made with 1 cell, microscopic) Cell Walls can only be seen on 1. Plants, 2. Fungi, 3. Protists (some of them like the algae), and 3. Bacteria Smaller mammals like mice are not known to be carriers of rabies Homeostasis refers to balance or equilibrium Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in the living body/cell o Catabolism breaking down of chemicals to release energy o Anabolism building of bigger molecules to store energy Cellular Respiration is the breaking of carbohydrate molecules with the help of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This process also releases energy for the cell. Some of the Vestigial (no purpose) Organs or Parts of the human body are wisdom teeth, Coccyx, Appendix, and Tonsil Survival adaptations are actions and/or characteristics of organisms to use for defense or survival o Camouflage – blending own body color with the surrounding o Mimicry – copying bigger or more dangerous organisms to intimidate predators o Play dead – used by animals to deter predators from eating or killing them o Venom – deadly substance on the fangs of animals to kill their prey or defend their life The human body maintains the following electrolytes: o Sodium (+) o Calcium (+) o Bicarbonate (-) o Magnesium (+) o Chloride (-) o Potassium (+) o Phosphate (-) Atomic mass is the combined number of protons and neutrons The number of protons or electrons is reflected in the atomic number Non-metals are on the right side of the periodic table. Other parts are mostly metallic Prokaryotic cells are a type of cells with no nucleus and membrane-bounded organelle. Found on bacteria. Eukaryotic cells are a type of cells with nuclei and membrane-bounded organelles. Cell walls, plastids, and chloroplasts are cell structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells Centrosomes/centrioles and lysosomes are common in animal cells but not found in plant cells Due to the presence of cell walls, a plant cell has a more rectangular shape than the irregular appearance of animal cells Hypertonic solution concentration is outside the cell causing the water to leak out leaving the cell to shrink Hypotonic solution concentration is inside the cell causing the water to enter making the cell swell Facilitated diffusion – the movement of molecules with the help of tube-like proteins Filtration – a process of separating solid particles from a liquid mixture  Osmosis – is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane Diffusion – is the movement of particles through a fluid medium (liquid or gas) In the ecosystem the bottommost trophic level is occupied by the producers these are plants and other organisms that can make their own food. Next is the primary consumers who are herbivores. The secondary consumers are the carnivores. Each trophic level can only transfer about 10% of original energy to the next trophic level. Symbiotic relationship or symbiosis – the relationship of organisms in ecosystem o Mutualism – both organisms benefit from their interaction o Commensalism – Only one organism benefits from the interaction while the other is neither harmed nor benefited o Parasitism – one organism benefit from the interaction while the other is harmed gradually o Amensalism – an interaction when an organism harm the other but not for no apparent reason o Competition – a relationship between organisms who require the same sustenance or need o Predation – a relationship wherein one organism kills and eats the other Ecological Niche - is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. It is an inclusive term that involves not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community. Ecological Succession - the process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time. Deciduous forest - characterized by trees that lose their leaves at the end of each growing season Tropical rainforest - dense and warm rainforests with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the Equator Temperate coniferous forest - common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or montane areas Temperate grassland - cold winters and warm summers with some rain Taiga - thick forests of coniferous trees, such as spruce, pine, and fir. Tundra - the coldest of all the biomes Desert - the driest of all the biomes. In fact, the most important characteristic of a desert is that it receives very little rainfall. Ecesis - the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat. Nudation - the formation of a bare area by several reasons, such as volcanic eruption, flooding, landslide, erosion, etc. Eutrophication - excessive plant and algal growth due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis Saponification – soap-making process Endospores - highly retractile and thick-walled structures formed inside the bacterial cells used for the organism to survive for a long time Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae (Bacteria) Rabies is caused by Rabies virus (Rabies lyssavirus) Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani (Bacteria) Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria) Common sign of infection includes fever, chills and sweat, and cough Law of Dominance - When parents with pure, contrasting traits are crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation  Law of Independent Assortment - the inheritance of one pair of genes is independent of inheritance of another pair Law of Segregation - every individual possesses two alleles and only one allele is passed on to the offspring Allosomes or sex chromosomes are the 23 pair in human genome. X chromosome carries the female characteristics and Y chromosomes carries the male. Genotype refers to the alleles or genes that are passed to the offspring; Phenotype refers to the observable traits that the organism has. Trisomy 21 or the additional chromosome at the 21st pair of chromosome is also known as Down Syndrome Gene flow - also called migration; is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another. Genetic Drift - is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance. Mutation - Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Sexual Dimorphism - is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. Major Biomolecules in the human body o Carbohydrates – sugars which is the main source of energy in a living body ▪ Building blocks are monosaccharides like glucose and fructose which form disaccharides like maltose (brewing sugar) and sucrose (table sugar) o Protein - structural support, biochemical catalysts, hormones, enzymes, building blocks, and initiators of cellular death. (made from amino acids) o Lipids - fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They're part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. (made from fatty acids) o Nucleic acids - large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information. Small Intestine is responsible for the majority and completion of the chemical digestion Alveoli are tiny sacs within the lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream Clusters of nerve cells are called ganglia Melatonin that controls the circadian rhythm is released by pineal gland Vasopressin is the hormone that controls the retention of water in the kidney Capillaries are the blood vessels that handles the exchange of materials between blood and surrounding tissues The rhythmic beating of the heart is produced by the sinoatrial node The white blood cells that secrete antibodies to combat pathogens are the lymphocytes