Science 9 Quarter 3 Reviewer PDF

lOMoARcPSD|46915078 Science 9 Quarter 3 science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Tagaytay City National High School) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any col...

lOMoARcPSD|46915078 Science 9 Quarter 3 science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Tagaytay City National High School) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 SCIENCE 9 QUARTER 3 REVIEWER By : Gwayneth Alexa D. Roño Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 WEEK 1-3 Magma inside the volcano has high temperature. As the magma is continuously PARTS OF VOLCANO heated, it goes up. Summit - the highest point or the apex of the volcano As it rises, gas bubbles are developed. The gas - there is an opening called vent bubbles are trapped and expand causing the molten material to swell also, resulting in a Slopes - the sides of the volcano gradual increase in pressure within the volcano. Base - lower outer part of the volcano Fracturing - pressure exceeds the strength of overlying rock. - causes more bubbles to form TYPES OF VOLCANO BASED ON STRUCTURE Cinder cone built from particles and blobs of solidified lava ejected from a single vent / built from ejected lava fragments Lava is thrown into the air, which breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. steep slope, wide crater and are the most abundant of the three major volcano types Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes - large, typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension formed from alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and pyroclastic materials formed from viscous, or sticky, lava that does not flow easily lava builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides Shield volcanoes large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields from above built almost entirely of fluid lava flow thus these volcanoes are not steep formed by the accumulation of lava that oozes out from the volcano. tall and broad, with flat, rounded shapes Eruptions at shield volcanoes are only explosive if water somehow gets into the vent Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 WEEK 1-3 PARTS OF VOLCANO Summit - the highest point or the apex of the volcano - there is an opening called vent. Crater - a funnel-shaped opening at the top of the volcano Caldera - if formed when a part of the wall collapses following an explosive eruption. Slope - the sides of the volcano Base - lower outer part of the volcano Primary Factors Affecting Volcanoes’ Eruptive Style: MAGMA'S TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY The viscosity of magma decreases with temperature. the property of material’s resistance The higher the temperature of magma is, the lower is its to flow viscosity. described as the liquid’s thickness As lava flows, it cools and begins to harden, its ability to and stickiness flow decreases and eventually it stops. the more viscous and thicker the material is, the greater is its resistance to flow MAGMA'S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION magma with high silica content => more viscous less silica content => travels fast before solidifying AMOUNT OF DISSOLED GASES IT CONTAINS Other factors being equal, gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to increase its ability to flow. in near-surface environments, the loss of gases makes magma more viscous, forming a dome or a columnar Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 1-3 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Phreatic or Hydrothermal is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. shortlived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a larger eruption. Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. a large column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics called base surges are observed. Strombolian a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava Vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall tephra Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 1-3 Plinian is excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials GEOTHERMAL ENERGY The production of electricity from HOW GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IS FORMED geothermal energy is cheaper is generated in 2 ways: than the electricity production geothermal power plants and geothermal using natural gas, coal, and heat pumps. They differ in the depth of heat hydropower. source to produce energy. The heat of the Earth warms up Geothermal power plants- the heat water which is trapped in rock from deep inside the Earth is used to formations beneath its surface. produce steam to generate electricity Geothermal heat pumps- use the heat coming from close to the Earth’s surface to heat water or provide heat for buildings. STEPS ON HOW TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY IN A GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT: 1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface. 2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes the water to turn into steam. 3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity. 4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water. 5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 1-3 HOW VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AFFECT SOCIETY It can cause loss of lives and properties. As the lava flows or pyroclastic materials are ejected in the air, they can destroy anything in their way. Positive Effects: The eruption of Pinatubo in 1991, one of the longest volcanic eruptions, has caused the decrease in the Earth’s surface temperature for almost two years. The strong winds during its eruption spread the aerosol particles from the plume around the globe. The result was a measurable cooling of the Earth’s surface for a period of almost two years. The eruption of Pinatubo Volcano has created spectacular scenery in its wake. The eruption of Musuan Volcano in Bukidnon has produced very rich soils for farming years after its eruption in 1867. People became creative also by making earthenware out of the ashfall from the Pinatubo Volcano eruption. SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION 1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors; 2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash; 3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater; 4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion; 5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area which not attributable to heavy rains; 6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes; 7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g., Taal) near the volcano; of solfataras. 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano; 9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and, 10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 4 FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE LATITUDE An imaginary line which circles around the Earth halfway between the North pole and the South pole. When the area is farther from the equator, the colder the climate. When the place is closer to the equator, the warmer the climate. ALTITUDE It is the height of something above sea level. The higher the altitude, the colder the climate. The lower the altitude, the warmer the climate. For every 1000 m elevation, there is a drop of 6.5°C. BODIES OF WATER It helps regulate the temperature of a place. It moderates the change temperature in the location. At night, soil cools down than water, so air temperature above ground is lower than that above the sea. Warm air then flows from sea to land, so the drop in temperature above ground is moderated. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 4 W L TOPOGRAPHY It is the features in an area of land such as mountains and rivers. The area in which the wind blows is called the windward side. There, the wind is blocked by the mountain forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the water vapor condenses and forms clouds. This will result in precipitation on the windward side. The air moves down towards the opposite region called leeward side. The cold air mass starts to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. OCEAN CURRENTS The clockwise and counterclockwise direction of ocean currents are caused by the Coriolis Effect. Ocean currents that flow away from the equator carry warm water. The air above the warm water has higher temperature. When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a coastal region, the temperature of that area decreases as warm air from land flows to the sea resulting in a cold climate, when warm ocean currents that take along warm water go to a landmass, the temperature of that place increases as warmer air above the water flows inland, resulting in a warm climate. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 CLIMATE CHANGE A significant change in the measures of climate, such as temperature, rainfall, or wind, lasting for an extended period - decades or longer CAUSES Climate change can result from natural processes and factors and more recently due to human activities through our emissions of greenhouse gases. EXAMPLES Changes in the sun's intensity. Examples of human activities contributing to Volcanic eruptions, or slow changes in the climate change include; earth's orbit around the sun carbon dioxide emissions through burning Natural processes within the climate fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas system such as changes in ocean current Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from circulation. agriculture. Emissions through land use changes such as deforestation, urbanization, and desertification, These emissions that are changing the composition of the earths' atmosphere are termed the green house effect. IMPACTS I. RISING OF SEA LEVEL Thermal Expansion - Water expands as it warms. Melting of land ice - Thinning of ice at the poles II. DROUGHT This increases the risk of natural fires – it can affect directly the population living in areas of fires and also further round. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 III. EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS Any weather event that is unusual for a particular location or severe in its effects. IV. AGRICULTURE Rise in sea level will inundate flood plains and river valleys Effect of pests Warmer temperatures will decrease soul moisture requiring more irrigation Productivity rate V. HUMAN HEALTH Spread of diseases Increased number of heat - related illnesses and deaths. (Malaria and Dengue Fever) Drinking water and food insecurity VI. SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESPONSES OF COMMUNITY Homelessness Social Violence Migration of population due to drought or flooding Unemployment Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 EL NIÑO - is a lengthy warming in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. This natural phenomenon occurs at irregular intervals of two to seven years and lasts for nine months or two years at most. - Normally, as trade wind moves from east to west, it collects warm air. But when trade winds is weakened, it causes the piling up of warm surface water and making the part of the Pacific Ocean warmer leading to El Niño phenomenon. -This happens when the upwelling of colder water is blocked by the large quantities of warm surface water. - El Niño will most likely bring severe drought. It is believed that it causes stronger thunderstorm disturbance and massive storms. It also causes the decrease of the population of some species. LA NIÑA This natural phenomenon may but does not always follow El Niño events. It may last for nine to twelve months but in some cases, it lasts for two years. This event is triggered by the cooling of the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Trade winds that move from east to west are strengthened. Moving air brings along too much water vapor. Areas that experienced severe drought which was caused by El Niño may encounter above normal rainfall. But in some cases, areas that experience dry season will be drier than normal conditions. La Niña’s effects are the opposite of El Niño. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 Characteristics of Stars Are hot balls of plasma that shine because nuclear Vary in colour fusion is happening at their cores… they create their –Blue own light –Yellow Have different characteristics which allow many –Red different ‘varieties’ of stars to exist LUMINOSITY Luminosity – how bright a star is TEMPERATURE Apparent magnitude – how bright a star Hot stars are around 15 000oC and appears to an observer on Earth greater Stars can appear to be the same Cool stars are around 3 000oC brightness to us on Earth even though they may not be (one may be farther away from us than the other) Absolute magnitude – the actual brightness of a star Stars that are as bright as our Sun have a luminosity of 1 If a star has a luminosity of 50, it is 50 times brighter than our Sun RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS “The Main Sequence” Temperature and Colour - Band of stars that stretches from the top left - Blue stars are hotter to the bottom right of the HR diagram - Red stars are cooler - Contains stars that are in the stable, main part Luminosity and Colour of their life cycle, e.g. – our Sun - Brighter stars are blue - Dimmer stars are red Stars that are not part of the Main Sequence Size and Luminosity are near the end of their lives - Bigger stars are brighter - E.g. White Dwarfs – they are white (so they are - Smaller stars are dimmer hot) but dim because they are small --- are cooling and will become black - E.g. Red Giants – they are red (so they are cool) but bright because they are large --- will eventually explode Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER lOMoARcPSD|46915078 MODULE 6 CONSTELLATIONS The pattern or image that a group of stars formed is called constellation. The word constellation is from the Latin word “con” means group and “stella” means star. } The International Astronomical Union (IAU) identified 88 constellations in the sky ASTERISM A smaller pattern of stars within a constellation. Big Dipper is an Asterism making up the constellation Ursa Major. TYPES OF CONSTELLATION CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATION Refers to the stars circling the north and south celestial poles They can be seen in the night sky. Through out the year Ursa Major also called Big bear one of the most famous constellation the third largest of all. The tail and body makes up the Big Dipper. Ursa Minor also called the Little Bear is made up of five relatively faint stars. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 CASSIOPEIA Depending on the time of the year, Cassiopeia looks like letter M or W. Can be easily recognized because of its five bright major stars. DRACO Made up of 9 stars. It rests between the Big and Little Dippers. Hardest circumpolar to find because its stars rise and set. Draco represents dragon named Ladon. NONCIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATION All stars observed from the equator are not circumpolar for it appears to rise in the east and set in the west. Zodiac Constellation Lie along the plane of the ecliptic. 12 constellations Northern zodiac constellations- Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer and Leo are located in the eastern celestial hemisphere. Southern Constellation- Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Capricorn, and Aquarius are located in the western celestial hemisphere. ORION Orion the hunter appears during the winter season. Orion can be easily found if you will spot the three very close stars that make up its belt and by finding the trapezium asterism. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 CANIS MAJOR Canis Major is a constellation that represents a bigger dog following Orion. Canis Minor represents another dog following Orion that can be found following An imaginary line from Orion’s shoulder. FUNCTION OF CONSTELLATION The presence of constellation is proved to be useful in ancient times as they made it part of their culture and even traditions. Ancient people use to observe constellations before doing some of their tasks. Farmers know that spring is the most important seasons to plant crops and harvest season comes during the fall. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 COOL FACTS ABOUT CONSTELLATIONS EARTH’S ROTATION! There are 88 constellations The constellations you see depend on your Stars in the northern hemisphere appear to location, date, and time. rotate around Polaris (the north star) Most have legends, myths, or stories behind them. Polaris aligns with the axis of rotation for the Earth: The North Pole POLARIS: THE NORTH STAR As the Earth rotates on its axis its “celestial” north pole remains directly in line with Polaris. This forms the circles seen in the previous photograph Cassiopeia – “ The Queen” Brightest Star – Schedar Best season to view – all year The Myth: Cassiopeia was the queen of Ethiopia. She was so proud of her beauty and bragged about it. She offended the sea god Poseidon. He sent a sea monster to attack her kingdom and teach her some humility. According to the legend, the sea god Poseidon placed the figure of Cassiopeia among the stars to remind people of her vanity. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 Cygnus – “The Swan” Brightest Star – Deneb Best season to view – all year The Myth: One day three hunters were hiking through the forest when they came upon a clear lake. The lake was home to many birds including a beautiful snow goose. One hunter shot his bow and the snow goose fell into the lake. As the sky darkened, the spirit of the snow goose formed a constellation in the sky. Scorpius – “The Scorpion” Brightest Star – Antares Best season to view – summer The Myth: To the ancient Greeks, the constellation Scorpius was the image of a scorpion. The constellation was related to the death of the giant hunter Orion. There are several different stories about Orion's death. According to one story, Orion wanted to kill all the earth's wild animals, but the Earth goddess Gaia got angry because she made the animals. The goddess sent a scorpion to attack Orion. The scorpion stung Orion to death with its tail. As a reward, Gaia changed the insect into a constellation. Orion – “The Hunter” Brightest Star – Rigel and Betelgeuse Best season to view – the winter The Myth: Orion was a very good hunter, but also boastful.Gaia, the goddess of Earth, became fed up with Orion’s boast so she sent a deadly scorpion to kill the hunter.The scorpion ended Orion’s bragging.Both Orion and Scorpius were placed in the sky but to avoid any further battles, they are never in the sky at the same time. Orion is seen in the winter and Scorpius is seen in the summer. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|46915078 Ursa Major – “Big Bear” Brightest Star – Dubhe and Merak Best season to view – all year The Myth: Zeus, king of the gods, fell in love with Callisto.Together they had a son, Arcas.Zeus changed Callisto into a bear to protect her from his jealous wife, Hera. When Arcas grew up, he almost shot his mother by mistake. Zeus protected Callisto by changing Arcas into another bear (Ursa Minor-Little Dipper) and placing both bears in the sky. Ursa Minor – “Little Bear” Ursa Minor, aka, Little Bear, contains the Little Dipper and the North Star, Polaris Brightest Star – Polaris Best season to view – all year Remember Zeus loved Callisto and changed her into a bear to protect her from his jealous wife. Arcas liked to hunt and almost killed his mother, Callisto, Big Bear. Zeus decided to also change Arcas into a bear to protect both his son and his lover. He placed both bears in the sky together. Draco – “The Dragon” Draco the dragon fought Minerva during the wars between the giants and the gods. Minerva threw Draco's twisted body into the heavens before it had time to unwind itself. Downloaded by Sashakdog ([email protected])