Science 7/8 Handouts (Biology 2nd Quarter) PDF

Science 7/8 Handouts (Biology 2nd Quarter) For ST1 I. Kingdoms Kingdoms – is the way in which science classifies living things according to their ancestry over the course of evolution. 1. Animalia (Animal Kingdom) The most evolved and is divided into two large group...

Science 7/8 Handouts (Biology 2nd Quarter) For ST1 I. Kingdoms Kingdoms – is the way in which science classifies living things according to their ancestry over the course of evolution. 1. Animalia (Animal Kingdom) The most evolved and is divided into two large groups (Vertebrates and Invertebrates) Vertebrates – (animals with spines) Invertebrates – (animals without spines) These animals are multi-celled, heterotrophic eukaryotes with aerobic respiration and the ability to move. Examples: - fish, mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, amphibians, insects, mollusks and annelids, among others. 3. Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeast, molds, and mushrooms. They are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet as they play a vital 2. Plantae (Plant Kingdom) role in the biosphere and have great economic Characterized by its immobile, multicellular importance on account of both their benefits and eukaryotic nature, these autotrophic and harmful effects. things, whose cells contain cellulose, and chlorophyll are essential for life on Earth since they release oxygen through photosynthesis. Examples include trees, herbs, ferns among others. According to the Fungi definition, they are classified mainly on two bases 1. Nutrition mode a. Saprophytic – they live and get their nutrition from dead organic matter. ( E.g. Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, etc. b. Parasitic – they get their nutrition from hosts, i.e, other living or dead organisms. They harm hosts by causing disease conditions. Prepared by: Ms. Giselle Sophia M. Camaya  The relationship between the host and the parasite is called parasitism. Slime molds - are organisms that start off as c. Symbiotic: They obtain their nutrition single cells but can group together to form and grow on other living organism. This allows multicellular structures. They thrive in moist the mutual benefit of both organisms. (E.g. environments and feed on decaying organic lichens and mycorrhiza) matter. Though often considered like fungi, they have unique life cycles that distinguish 4. Protista them. Kingdom Protista - group of simple, mostly single-celled organisms that don’t fit into the Diatom - are single-celled algae with unique, other kingdoms like plants, animals, or fungi. glass-like cell walls made of silica. They Some protists can make their own food like perform photosynthesis and are a major plants (e.g., algae), while others eat other component of phytoplankton in oceans and things like animals do (e.g., amoebas). They freshwater, contributing significantly to global live in water or moist environments. oxygen production. Paramecium - a single-celled organism covered in tiny hair-like structures called cilia, which it uses for movement and feeding. It lives in freshwater and feeds by sweeping food particles into its oral groove. Dinoflagellates - are mostly single-celled organisms found in marine and freshwater environments. They have two flagella for movement and can produce toxins that cause red tides. Some species are photosynthetic, while others are predators. Macroalga - are large, multicellular algae, commonly known as seaweed. They perform photosynthesis and are found in marine environments. Examples include kelp and green algae, which serve as important sources of food and oxygen in aquatic Amoeba – single celled organisms that ecosystems. moves and feeds by extending parts of its cell membrane to form “pseudopodia” (false feet). 5. Eubacteria It engulfs food particles by surrounding them They are single-celled organisms that lack a with its cell membrane. They are usually found nucleus and have simple cell structure. They in freshwater environments. are found almost everywhere on Earth, from soil to water, and even inside living things. Euglena – single celled organisms that can Some are helpful ( like those in your gut), while both makes its own food through others can cause diseases. photosynthesis (like plants) using chloroplasts and consume other organisms (like animals). It moves using a whip-like tail called a flagellum and is often seen in freshwater Prepared by: Ms. Giselle Sophia M. Camaya For additional information about bacteria cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, and green you can go to : Eubacteria- Definition, sulfur bacteria. Characteristics, Structure, Types, Examples (microbenotes.com) 6. Archaebacteria Known to be the oldest living organisms on The process of photosynthesis happens earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and when plants use light energy to convert are classified as bacteria because they carbon dioxide and water into glucose and resemble bacteria when observed under a oxygen. microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. Where does photosynthesis occur? However, they share slightly common - It happens in the chloroplast. characteristics with the eukaryotes. How does it happen? *These can easily survive under very harsh - Each chloroplast contains a green- conditions such as the bottom of the sea and colored pigment called chlorophyll. - Light energy is absorbed by the volcanic vents and are thus known as chlorophyll while the CO2 and O2 extremophiles. enter through the tiny pores called stomata located in the epidermis of leaves. II. Photosynthesis Watch: https://youtu.be/K8OssnSp8ks?si=bHUeXiK qr_oXd0B_ The word “photosynthesis” is derived from the Greek words phōs (pronounced: “fos”) and σύνθεσις (pronounced: “synthesis “) Phōs means “light” and σύνθεσις means, “combining together.” This means “combining together with the help of light.” Photosynthesis also applies to other organisms besides green plants. These include prokaryotes, such as Prepared by: Ms. Giselle Sophia M. Camaya The Light Reaction or Light-dependent Reaction The first stage of photosynthesis where plants use sunlight to create energy-rich molecules. In this process, sunlight is captured by chlorophyll in the plant's leaves, and this energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH. These molecules store energy and are later used to help convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during the second stage of photosynthesis. The Dark Reaction or Light-Independent Reaction The dark reaction (or light-independent reaction) of photosynthesis, also known as the Calvin cycle, is the part of the process where plants use the energy from the light reactions to turn carbon dioxide from the air into glucose (sugar). This occurs in the chloroplasts, and it doesn’t need light to happen, but it relies on the energy produced during the light reactions. Prepared by: Ms. Giselle Sophia M. Camaya