Science 10 Quarterly Assessment Reviewer PDF

SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER Earth’s infrastructure that results 1.0 The Internal Structure of The in earthquake Ear...

SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER Earth’s infrastructure that results 1.0 The Internal Structure of The in earthquake Earth - through the study of seismic 1.3 Mantle waves, scientists inferred that our planet is made up of different - it is the layer between the crust layers and the core - the largest layer of the Earth 1.1 Crust *upper mantle - cooler - the outermost layer of the Earth *lower mantle - hotter - most earthquakes appear in this layer 1.4 Gutenberg Discontinuity *Continental Crust - it is the boundary between the - above sea level core and the mantle - thicker - named after Beno Gutenberg, a - less dense seismologist who made several - older important contributions to the study and understanding of the *Oceanic Crust Earth’s interior - found underneath the oceans making the sea floors 1.5 Core - thinner - it is the planet’s source of internal - more dense heat because it contains - younger radioactive materials 1.2 *outer core Mohorovicic Discontinuity - liquid - it is the boundary between the - thicker crust and the upper mantle - cooler (2, 204 to 4, 982°C) - it is named after Andrija Mohorovicic, a Croatian *inner core meteorologist and seismologist - solid who was fascinated with the - thinner faults and movement in the - hotter (as high as 4, 982°C) REVIEWER SCIENCE 10 - QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 1 PAGE 1  SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER 2.0 Theory of Plate Tectonics 4.2 Oceanic-Oceanic Collision - this theory states that the Earth’s - the process of subduction occurs outermost layer is fragmented where the denser plate dives into a dozen or more large and under the other small plates that are moving - this collision forms volcanoes relative to one another as they and trench ride atop hotter, more mobile - examples are Mariana Trench, material Philippine Trench, and Java Trench 3.0 Plate Tectonics 4.3 Continental-Oceanic Collision - one plate can carry both continental and oceanic crust - the denser plate (oceanic) gets - they move at a very slow rate bent and pulled under the lighter - there are seven major plates and thicker continental crust - this collision forms deep oceanic trench or valley 4.0 Types of Plates Boundaries - an example is the Andes CONVERGENT BOUNDARY Mountain - two plates move towards each other DIVERGENT BOUNDARY - it has three types - this occurs when adjacent plates move away from each other 4.1 - a new crust material from molten Continent-Continent Collision magma occupies the space in the - when two continental plates cracks and valleys collide, the rocks in between them - it causes the formation of rift have pushed upward valleys and ridges - results into formation of - examples of ridges are East mountains Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic - example is Himalayan Ranges Ridge - an example of rift valley is The Great Rift Valley in East Africa REVIEWER SCIENCE 10 - QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 1 PAGE 2  SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER TRANSFORM BOUNDARY 6.0 Global Distribution of Active - two plates slide against each Volcanoes other in a sideways motion 1. Along the plate boundaries, such - massive amounts of energy build as oceanic ridges or spreading up as a result of two massive centers. plates pushing against one other 2. In areas of continental extension which occasionally results into a that may become divergent plate large earthquake boundaries in the future. - an example of this boundary is 3. Along converging plate the San Andreas Fault in boundaries where subduction California U.S.A. occurs. (Pacific Ring of Fire) 4. In areas called hotspots that are *Illustration of Plate Boundaries* usually located in the interior of plates, away from the plate boundary. *Pacific Ring of Fire - the majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along this place - it is also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt - 75% of the world’s active 5.0 Plate Tectonics: Volcanism volcanoes can be found here *volcano 7.0 Earthquake - a vent or opening in the ground in which hot gases, rocks, and other - a natural phenomenon that is molten materials in the planet’s characterized by a sudden, violent interior are ejected shifting of massive plates *volcanism underneath the Earth’s surface - a mechanism by which magma rises onto Earth’s crust through a volcanic vent and flows along Earth’s surface REVIEWER SCIENCE 10 - QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 1 PAGE 3  SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER 8.0 Distribution of Earthquakes 9.3 After 1. In the faulting and folding of the - check yourself and others for Earth’s crust. (In other terms, injuries earthquakes usually happen - don’t enter damage buildings along convergent, divergent, and - check water and electrical lines transform plate boundaries). for damages *The Three Main Seismic Belts 10.0 Mountain Range a. Pacific Ring of Fire - a succession of many closely b. Alpine-Himalayan belt spaced mountains covering a c. Mid-Atlantic Ridge earthquake particular portion of the Earth belt 2. Some Earthquakes occur along *mountain belts rift valleys or ocean ridges, such - a collective term used to describe as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. several mountain ranges that run roughly parallel to each other 9.0 Earthquake Preparedness 11.0 Theories that Explain Plate 9.1 Before Movement a. know the earthquake hazards in - the internal structure of the Earth your area explains the possible causes of b. strap or bolt heavy plate movement furniture/cabinets to the walls - geologists came up with three c. conduct and participate in regular hypotheses to explain these earthquake drills occurrences on the surface of the Earth 9.2 During 1. mantle convection a. duck, cover, and hold 2. ridge push b. beware of falling objects 3. slab pull c. stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and other heavy objects REVIEWER SCIENCE 10 - QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 1 PAGE 4  SCIENCE 10 S.Y. ‘24 - ‘25 | QUARTER 1 QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT REVIEWER 12.0 Three Hypotheses to Explain 13.2 Similarities in rock layers and Plate Movement mountain - Wegener argued that rocks could 12.1 The Continental Drift Theory have been formed in the same - proposed by Alfred Wegener, a place in the past but this place German meteorologist separated because of plate - states that the Earth’s continents movement. today originated from a single supercontinent called Pangaea 13.3 Fossils of extinct plants and which broke apart into pieces and animals slowly drifted away from each - Wegener proposed that these other organisms lived, died, and were fossilized together in the past but 12.2 Seafloor Spreading Theory they are now found on different - proposed by Harry H. Hess continents because of plate - this theory explained how the movement. ocean floor keeps on spreading outward in the vast underwater 13.4 Glacial Evidence - this shows that the Earth’s - Shrubs and scratches which are magnetic field has shifted created as glaciers slide along - the north and south poles have the surface are found in different changed places many times in continents indicating that these the past, covering long intervals are once covered a large of time continent. 13.0 Lines of Evidence of Plate Movement 13.1 Continental Fit - shows that continents fit like a jigsaw puzzle REVIEWER SCIENCE 10 - QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT 1 PAGE 5