Physics Notes PDF

The **3 Laws of Motion** (namely Inertia, Acceleration, and Interaction) was created by **Sir Isaac Newton** in 1687**\ **\ 1ST: LAW OF **INERTIA -** states that objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a force causes its speed or direction to change. Inertia is t...

The **3 Laws of Motion** (namely Inertia, Acceleration, and Interaction) was created by **Sir Isaac Newton** in 1687**\ **\ 1ST: LAW OF **INERTIA -** states that objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a force causes its speed or direction to change. Inertia is the quantity which depends solely upon mass. The **more mass**, the **more inertia.\ \ **2ND: LAW OF **ACCELERATION:** states that the **acceleration** of an object is directly related to the net force and inversely related to its mass. According to Newton's law, acceleration = force/mass. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass. The greater the mass, the greater amount of net force is needed to accelerate.\ \ FORMULAS  Force = F\ Mass = m Acceleration = a\ a = Vf - Vi / t\ F = ma\ m= F/a a = F/m 3RD: LAW OF **INTERACTION**: states that for every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The statement means that for every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on two interacting objects.\ \ \ FORMULA\ \ **Fnet = Fn + Fg\ \ \ [POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY ]**- both PE and KE are represented by **Joules (J)[\ \ ]Potential Energy** is the stored energy in an object due to its position, properties, and forces acting on it. FORMULA:\ **PE = mgh**\ m = mass\ g = acceleration due to gravity (constant value of 9.8 m/s2)\ h = height[\ \ ]**Kinetic Energy** is the form of energy that an object possesses due to its motion.\ FORMULA: KE = 1/2mv², m = mass, v = speed/velocity SOUND - is a type of energy caused by **vibration** that propagates through a **medium** such as solid, liquid, and gas. Sound is a **longitudinal wave** because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound waves move.\ Echo Echo -is the reflection of a sound wave once. Reverberation -is the reflection of sound waves multiple times. Oscillation -is the back and forth movement of sound waves/molecules. 2 properties of Sound: Reflection -is the movement of sound waves along its areas Refraction -is the bending of sound waves into cooler regions. Speed of Sounds in Different Climate/Temperature Equation: V= 331 m/s + 0.6 m/s ÷ °C (T) V=velocity T=Temperature (Given) Dispersion of Light -The phenomenon of splitting of white lights into its constituent colours through prism is known as the Dispersion of Light. There are 3 properties of light,there are: Dispersion Reflection Refraction Dispersion -is the process in which the white light disperse/separates into its components of colors in which is ROYGBIV. R=Red O=Orange Y=Yellow G=Green B=Blue I=Indigo V=Violet -Red has the longest wavelength and has the lowest frequency/energy. -Violet has the shortest wavelength and has the highest frequency/energy. Relationship of Wavelength and Frequency. -Wavelength and Frequency is inversely proportional to each other which means,when the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases and if the frequency increases,the wavelength decreases or vice versa. Relationship of Frequency and Energy. -Frequency and Energy are directly proportional to each other which when the Frequency increases,the energy also increases,and if the frequency decreases,the energy decreases also. Diffraction -Occurs when a white light passes through a hole in which a phenomenon occurs which is called the Dispersion of Light. Refractive Index (RI) -The refractive index is the measure of bending of a light ray when passing from one medium to another. Diamond(Highest Refractive Index) -The diamond (μ = 2.42) has the highest refractive index among all the given options. Vacuum(Lowest Refractive Index) -The vacuum ( μ = 1.00) has the lowest Refractive Index. Spectrum -is called by the component colors (ROYGBIV) Highest to Lowest Frequency/Energy -ROYGBIV Lowest to Highest Frequency/Energy -VIBGYOR Longest to Shortest Wavelength -ROYGBIV Shortest to Longest Wavelength -VIBGYOR Temperature V/S Heat -Temperature (T) The degree of heat energy available for work in the system. -A measure of the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. -Measuring tool is Thermometer. Unit -C Celcius -F Fahrenheit -K Kelvin Higher Temperature means faster moving particles. -Heat always flows from hot to cold until thermal equilibrium is reached.(According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics) Heat (Q) -is an energy in transit. -is measured in Joules/Calories (J,C) -Quantity/Amount of hotness/heat -Measuring Instrument is Calorimeter. -It depends on the mass of the substance. -It is the TOTAL kinetic energy and energy of attraction of all the particles of materials. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE (Phase Changes) Heat Transfer -the process wherein thermal energy is exchanged between objects due to their differences in temperature. Methods of Heat Transfer -Conduction- direct contact (solid) -Convection- evaporation (liquid) -Radiation- air temperature (gas) Phase Change Absorbs Heat Energy: Evaporation Melting Boiling Sublimation Releases Heat Energy: Freezing Condensation Deposition Heat transfer stops when both objects have the same temperature or what we called thermal equilibrium. Work \- Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced. Equations: Vertical: -W=mgh m-mass g-gravity h-height Horizontal: -W=Fd F-Force d-distance CURRENT V/S VOLTAGE Current -the flow of electric charge carriers in a wire/circuit. -the RATE of flow of charged particles. André Marie Ampère 1775-1836 -discovered by a French physicist and mathematician. Symbol-I Unit-Ampere/A 1 ampere = 1 Coulomb/seconds Voltage -Electrical Potential Difference -The difference between two points in a cicuit/battery -Also called \"Electromotive Force\" -it causes the current to flow Alessandro Volta 1745-1827 Italian physicist,chemist,and pioneer of electricity and power. Invented the first electric battery in 1800 Symbol-V or E Unit-Volt/s (V) 1 volt = 1 Joules/Coulomb Device-Voltmeter Electricity -A type of energy that consists of the movement of electrons between two points when there is a potential difference between them. -Also known as the electric current. Michael Faraday 1791-1887 English scientist who studied electromagnetism and electro-chemistry. Known as the \"Father of Electricity\". Symbol-I current Unit-Watt (W) 1 watt-1 Joule/second (Power) Equations Current is directly proportional to the voltage V=IR and inversely proportional to the resistance. V=Voltage As the voltage increases,the current increases also. I=Current As the current increases,the voltage increases also. R=Resistance As the resistance increases,the current/voltage decreases. Formulas: V=IR I=V÷R R=V÷I SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 2 mains types of Circuits: Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Series Circuits -Involves two or more devices connected to ONE single path. -connected to a SAME circuit. -dependent on the functionality of one another. Advantages of Series Circuits -does not overheat easily -easy to make and learn -less expenses Disadvantages -If one point breaks/fails to function,all of the total circuit will break/fail to function. Parallel Circuits -Involves two or more devices having their own independent pathway. -Resistance decreases and electric current increases when more devices are added onto it through independent branches. Advantages of Parallel Circuits -Every unit gets EQUAL amount of voltage. -Easy to connect or disconnect without affecting the working of other devices -If any fault happens to one pathway of the circuit,the current is still able to pass. Disadvantages -Requires more wires -Cammot increase or multiply the voltage -If too many connections are added,the total amount of current can exceed the safe level that the circuit can handle. Electrical Safety Device Fuse Circuit Breaker Earth Pin or Wire Double Insulation