Science Exam Q3 PDF: Volcanism and Weather

SCIENCE Q3 ˚. 𓂃 ୭ I. Volcanism Happens when magma finds a path through the Magma: underground molten rocks that influences lithosphere the formation and eruption of volcanoes...

SCIENCE Q3 ˚. 𓂃 ୭ I. Volcanism Happens when magma finds a path through the Magma: underground molten rocks that influences lithosphere the formation and eruption of volcanoes A magma chamber may be squeezed by tectonic Magma Chamber: where magma is stored forces creating pressure that pushes the magma Magma Properties — upward. ★ Viscosity Resistance of a fluid to flow Why does magma rise from Earth’s surface? Granitic: High Resistance = High Viscosity = High Molten rocks are less dense than the surrounding Silica Content 70% solid rocks Andesitic: Medium Resistance = Volcanoes Medium Viscosity = Medium Silica Content 60% A hill, mountain, or fissure that has an opening or rupture where molten rocks, hot gases, and ashes Basaltic: Least Resistance = are ejected Least Viscosity = Least Silica Content Crater formed by the removal of pre existing materials 50% Activity: Active - Erupted within 10,000 years Inactive - No record of eruption, May erupt with little to no warning Formation: 80% Convergent boundaries 15% Divergent boundaries 5% Result of hotspots Types of Volcanoes: Cinder Cone Volcanoes Composite Volcanoes Shield Volcanoes Built from volcanic fragments Andesitic lava flows out of a Basaltic lava (pyroclasts) vent over a long time Slightly dome shaped Small and less than 300m high Perfect cone like the Mayon Wide base Volcano Formed near/inside large volcanoes (occurs in groups) Symmetric cone Types of Eruptions: SCIENCE Q3 ୭˚. 𓂃 1  1. Phreatic 2. Vulcanian 3. Strombolian Driven by steam Large quantities of Basaltic or andesitic lava accumulated gas Ground water vaporizes Less ash Cauliflower cloud 5. Pelean 6. Phreatomagmatic 7. Plinian Viscous lava forms a dome Eruption involves an Most destructive ejection of volcanic Forming a tall column of gases that forms radially ash that causes ash fall spinning ring cloud Parts of Volcanoes: Vent - Central opening Fumaroles - Secondary vents Conduit - Passage in a volcano Caldera - Larger depression which only emits gases which magma travels up formed when summit of the Magma Chamber - Large pool Crater - Circular depression volcano collapses of magma beneath the Earth connected to the vent Volcanic Hazards: Pyroclastic Flow Lava Flow Fast movement of ash and rocks mixed with hot Steam like flow of incandescent molten rocks gases Lahar Ash flow Thick mixture of volcanic ash and water Shower of ash that causes respiratory problems generated along river channels Follows the wind’s direction Can bury areas with debris Volcanic Gases Hot mixture of water vapor Benefits of Volcanoes: ★ Geothermal Energy Heat contained in fluids and rocks thousands of feet below Earth’s surface Used as an energy source Derived from hot water stored underground through drilling wells ★ Agriculture ★ Elements/Compounds Lava makes the soil richer Minerals such as gold, copper, silver II. Weather and Climate SCIENCE Q3 ୭˚. 𓂃 2  Weather: Short term changes in the atmospheric PAGASA — Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical condition Astronomical Services Administration Climate: Long term general prevailing condition of an area Elements of Weather 1. Atmospheric Temperature Affected by insolation: The solar radiation that reaches the earth that depends on the length of How cold or hot the air in a place is daytime and nighttime Measured by thermometer 2. Atmospheric Pressure Force per unit exerted by air due to its weight Measured by barometer 3. Wind Natural movement of air caused by variations of air pressure Wind Direction: Describes where the air originated and the direction it’s blowing Coriolis Effect: Causes the wind to deflect to the right if Northern Hemisphere, left if Southern Hemisphere 4. Precipitation Energy from the sun causes water on Earth to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere Condensed water vapor: Rain, drizzle, hail, slow, sleet Goes through water cycle 5. Relative Humidity Indicates the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere How moist or dry the air is relative humidity: actual water vapor content/water vapor capacity Factors that Affect Climate 1. Latitude Distance of a location north or south of the equator The poles also experience the greatest difference in day lengths during summer 2. Altitude Vertical elevation or distance of area above sea level Altitude increases, Temperature decreases and vice versa 3. Distance from the Sea Coastal Areas have lower temperature ranges (Cold during the summer) Cooler in inland areas 4. Topography SCIENCE Q3 ୭˚. 𓂃 3  Arrangement of the surface features of a place or region Mountains alter wind patterns Rain shadow happens when rain only pours on one side of a mountain. The side with rain floods and the other side becomes a desert Climates of the World: Tropical: Warm all year Continental: Hot Summer, Cold Winters Dry: Low precipitation, No rain Polar: Cold all year Temperate: Mid Annual Temperature 5. Global Wind Patterns Prevailing Winds blow in a given direction over a Worldwide pattern of wind and weather region Global Warming: Phenomenon marked by an increase in the average global temperature driven by human and natural impacts Increase in the amount of carbon dioxide Rise in sea level and climate change Climate Change: Changes in the normal weather and climatic patterns have been observed around the globe III. Constellations Groups of stars that form patterns in the sky International Astronomical Union IAU: Divided the sky into 88 constellations with borders/regions Asterism: Form patterns but not recognized by the IAU The Milky Way Galaxy: Local Sky: Galaxy which the solar system belongs The sky that you see from where you stand Composed of billions of stars bound together by Zenith: Point directly above you gravity Meridian: Certain border/region in the sky Celestial Sphere: Horizon: Boundary where Earth’s surface meets the Imaginary sphere of infinite radius with Earth at sky the center Ecliptic The sun traces a path on the central sphere Zodiac Constellations: Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius Astronomy: Astrology: Scientific Study Beliefs that attempts to explain human affairs and predicts future events SCIENCE Q3 ୭˚. 𓂃 4