Schwere Fragen (English) PDF

**Q**: What are the main limitations of using personal experience as a source of knowledge?\ **A**: Bias, subjective interpretations, inaccurate observations, and the influence of self-esteem on objectivity. **Q**: How can reliance on tradition hinder the acquisition of new knowledge?\ **A**: It di...

**Q**: What are the main limitations of using personal experience as a source of knowledge?\ **A**: Bias, subjective interpretations, inaccurate observations, and the influence of self-esteem on objectivity. **Q**: How can reliance on tradition hinder the acquisition of new knowledge?\ **A**: It discourages questioning existing practices and makes adopting innovative ideas difficult. **Q**: Why should we analyze the suggestions of authorities critically?\ **A**: Authorities can be wrong, may present opinions as facts, and can provide conflicting perspectives. **Characteristics of Research** 4. **Q**: What distinguishes research from other sources of knowledge?\ **A**: It is systematic, disciplined, objective, and involves data collection, interpretation, and reporting. 5. **Q**: What is the significance of objectivity in research?\ **A**: It ensures observations and conclusions are unbiased and based solely on evidence. 6. **Q**: Why is verification important in research?\ **A**: Verification through replication ensures the reliability and generalizability of findings. **Principles of Scientific Inquiry** 7. **Q**: What does it mean for a research question to be "significant"?\ **A**: It addresses important issues with potential to benefit educational practices or knowledge. 8. **Q**: Why is linking research to theory essential?\ **A**: Theories provide a framework for understanding phenomena and generalizing findings. 9. **Q**: How can researchers ensure their conclusions are credible?\ **A**: By providing a coherent, evidence-based chain of reasoning, addressing limitations, and ensuring methodological rigor. 10. **Q**: What is the role of peer review in scientific inquiry?\ **A**: It ensures credibility, allows scrutiny, and validates findings through professional critique. **Types of Research Designs** 11. **Q**: What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative research?\ **A**: Quantitative research focuses on numerical data, while qualitative research provides narrative or textual insights. 12. **Q**: Why might mixed-method research be beneficial?\ **A**: It combines the strengths of quantitative and qualitative approaches for comprehensive insights. 13. **Q**: What is the main disadvantage of qualitative research?\ **A**: Small, non-random samples limit generalizability to larger populations. 14. **Q**: Why is sampling critical in quantitative research?\ **A**: It ensures data is representative and findings are generalizable. **Additional Research Types** 15. **Q**: How does applied research differ from basic research?\ **A**: Applied research addresses practical problems, while basic research expands theoretical knowledge. 16. **Q**: What is the focus of action research?\ **A**: Improving practices and outcomes within a specific institution or context. 17. **Q**: What is a key characteristic of analytical research?\ **A**: It involves systematic analysis of documents, records, or artifacts to investigate events or ideas. **Ethics in Research** 18. **Q**: What is informed consent, and why is it important?\ **A**: Participants must be informed about the study and agree voluntarily, ensuring ethical integrity. 19. **Q**: Why is it essential to protect participants\' anonymity and confidentiality?\ **A**: To maintain privacy and avoid harm or discomfort to participants. 20. **Q**: What is the purpose of institutional review boards (IRBs)?\ **A**: To review research proposals, ensuring ethical standards are upheld before data collection begins. **1. Q: What are the two Greek words that form the basis of \"pedagogy\" and what do they mean?** A: \"Paidos\" meaning \"child\" and \"agein\" meaning \"to guide, to lead\" **2. Q: What is the difference between \"educere\" and \"ducere\"?** A: \"Educere\" means \"to place another out of a certain state\" while \"ducere\" means \"to guide\" **3. Q: What are the four main phases of the Hermeneutical Phenomenological Method?** A: 1) Previous Stage or Clarification of Budgets 2\) Collecting the Experience Lived 3\) Reflecting on the Experience Lived 4\) Writing about-Reflecting on the Experience Lived **4. Q: What is the primary purpose of phenomenology in education?** A: To understand and interpret the fundamental structures of lived educational experiences and recognize their pedagogical value **5. Q: What are the two types of silence described in phenomenological research?** A: 1) Literal/epistemological silence (linked to what cannot be said) 2\) Ontological silence (moments when we acquire meaningful experience) **6. Q: What is the main purpose of the \"Previous Stage\" in phenomenological research?** A: To establish budgets, hypotheses, preconceptions, and recognize potential biases that could intervene in the research **7. Q: What are the three main methods for collecting experiential material according to Van Manen?** A: 1) Description of personal experiences 2\) Conversational interview 3\) Close observation **8. Q: What is the difference between in-depth interviews and conversational interviews in phenomenology?** A: In-depth interviews seek biographical information and interpretations, while conversational interviews seek to obtain the lived meaning of specific experiences **9. Q: What is an \"epiphany\" in phenomenological text?** A: A sudden perception or intuitive understanding of the life meaning of something that is so significant it moves us in the central part of our being **10. Q: How should anecdotes be written in phenomenological research?** A: They should be described as lived, avoiding causal explanations, generalizations, or abstract interpretations, focusing on specific events and experiences **11. Q: What disciplines does pedagogy merge as a multidisciplinary science?** A: Philosophy, psychology, anthropology, sociology, and economics **12. Q: What is the main difference between close observation and participant observation?** A: Close observation avoids formulating previous schemes of thought, while participant observation starts from or develops categories **13. Q: What is the purpose of the \"selective or marking approach\" in phenomenological analysis?** A: To identify phrases that are especially fundamental or revealing of the experience being described **14. Q: According to the text, what should researchers do with their theoretical knowledge during phenomenological research?** A: They should not relegate theories but prefer to disregard them to obtain freedom of thought **15. Q: What is the primary goal of the phenomenological method according to Martinez?** A: To move from the particular to the universal, creating a complete phenomenological description **16. Q: What are the two dimensions of meaning in phenomenological text?** A: 1) Semantic meanings (expositive) 2\) Expressive quality (non-cognitive) **17. Q: How does phenomenology view the subject-object relationship?** A: It does not conceive subject and object as separate entities; the existence of world objects as something differentiated from human consciousness is put in parentheses **18. Q: What sequence is followed in collecting experiential material?** A: 1) Conversational interview 2\) Writing of descriptions 3\) Formulation of questions 4\) Conversational interview 5\) Rewriting of descriptions 6\) Reformulation of descriptions in the final phenomenological text **19. Q: What should be considered when integrating particular structures into a general structure?** A: The description should be concise but complete, representing the common physiognomy of the group while maintaining individual physiognomies **20. Q: According to Van Manen, what is the main challenge in phenomenological reflection?** A: The search for meaning is the most difficult task of phenomenological reflection **Study Questions and Keys** 1. **What are the two main branches of hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: (1) Interpretation, which addresses the practical issue of how to interpret texts; (2) Understanding, which explores the philosophical questions of what understanding means and how it occurs. 2. **What is the hermeneutic circle, and why is it significant?**\ **Key**: It is a conceptual model illustrating the iterative relationship between the whole and its parts, emphasizing that understanding emerges through this relational dynamic. 3. **Who is considered the father of modern hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Friedrich Schleiermacher. 4. **How does Schleiermacher define the relationship between the whole and parts in interpretation?**\ **Key**: The whole can only be understood through its parts, and parts can only be understood through their relationship to the whole. 5. **How does Heidegger shift the focus of hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: He shifts from methodological concerns to existential ones, focusing on the circular relationship between pre-understanding and understanding. 6. **What does Gadamer mean by the "fusion of horizons"?**\ **Key**: It is the merging of the interpreter\'s perspective with the historical and cultural context of the text to achieve understanding. 7. **What is the distinction between meaning and significance in hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Meaning refers to the inherent content of the text, while significance relates to its relevance and interpretation within the interpreter's context. 8. **What is the \"hermeneutics of suspicion,\" and who are its key proponents?**\ **Key**: A critical approach that challenges the trustworthiness of texts, focusing on hidden meanings. Key proponents include Ricoeur, Freud, Marx, and Nietzsche. 9. **How does Gadamer critique the Enlightenment's view of prejudice?**\ **Key**: He argues that the Enlightenment\'s rejection of prejudice overlooks its productive role in enabling interpretation and understanding. 10. **What is the role of pre-understanding in Heidegger's hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Pre-understanding refers to the assumptions and prior knowledge that shape how one interprets and engages with a text. 11. **Why does Habermas critique Gadamer\'s hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Habermas criticizes Gadamer for not addressing how power structures and ideologies distort understanding. 12. **How does Schleiermacher view the goal of hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: To reconstruct the original meaning of a text, even potentially understanding the author better than they understood themselves. 13. **What is the relevance of hermeneutics in organizational and management studies?**\ **Key**: Hermeneutics informs interpretive methodologies, including thematic analysis, critical hermeneutics, and the examination of organizational texts and practices. 14. **What does Ricoeur mean by \"sense beneath the sense\"?**\ **Key**: Ricoeur explores how symbols and texts carry deeper, hidden meanings beyond their surface interpretation. 15. **What methodological principle does the hermeneutic circle challenge?**\ **Key**: Linear, step-by-step approaches to understanding, instead advocating for iterative and relational thinking. 16. **How does Gadamer connect understanding with tradition?**\ **Key**: He views understanding as deeply rooted in shared cultural and historical traditions that shape both the text and the interpreter. 17. **What is the significance of non-sense in hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Disruptions to sense force reflection and can reveal deeper layers of meaning, challenging preconceived notions. 18. **What are the differences between Schleiermacher's and Gadamer's approaches to authorial intention?**\ **Key**: Schleiermacher emphasizes reconstructing the author\'s intention, while Gadamer focuses on the dialogue between the text and interpreter, transcending intention. 19. **What is critical hermeneutics, and how does it differ from traditional hermeneutics?**\ **Key**: Critical hermeneutics examines the ideological and power dynamics in interpretation, focusing on emancipation rather than mere understanding. 20. **How does the hermeneutic tradition challenge strict distinctions between subjectivity and objectivity?**\ **Key**: By emphasizing the interconnectedness of context, interpreter, and text, hermeneutics blurs rigid lines between subjective interpretation and objective meaning.