Scenario practice 1.docx

Scenario practice 1 1.Tamati is four years old, he has a sore throat. His temperature is 38.5C. His mother decides to give him some Pamol (liquid paracetamol). She uses a teaspoon to measure a dose: a. How would you educate Tamati's mother to measure Pamol: To measure Pamol accurately, using a p...

Scenario practice 1 1.Tamati is four years old, he has a sore throat. His temperature is 38.5C. His mother decides to give him some Pamol (liquid paracetamol). She uses a teaspoon to measure a dose: a. How would you educate Tamati's mother to measure Pamol: To measure Pamol accurately, using a proper measuring device, such as a syringe or a medicine cup, rather than a teaspoon is essential. A teaspoon is not a precise measurement tool and can lead to underdosing or overdosing. b. Explain the reason for your answer: Paracetamol, the active ingredient in Pamol, can cause serious harm if taken in incorrect doses. Using a teaspoon can result in inaccurate measurements. Using a standardized measuring device will help administer the correct dose 2\. Tamati is diagnosed with tonsillitis. Explain why tonsils become swollen/enlarged during tonsillitis: Due to an immune response to infection. Tonsils are part of the body\'s lymphatic system, which plays a vital role in the immune response. They trigger an inflammatory response, leading to swelling and enlargement of the tonsils as they work to combat the infection. This swelling is a natural defense mechanism to help fight off the invading pathogens. 3.What is the main function of lymph nodes: 3\. The main function of lymph nodes is to act as filters that trap and destroy pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) and abnormal cells (like cancer cells) from the lymphatic fluid before it returns to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes contain immune cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, that help identify and eliminate harmful substances. They play a crucial role in the body\'s immune response by producing antibodies and activating immune cells to fight infections. 4\. During an assessment, why would a RN ask about medications sold over the counter: To gather information about any self-administered treatments that the patient may be taking. Over-the-counter medications can interact with prescribed medications or have side effects. By understanding all medications a patient is taking, including over-the-counter drugs, the RN can ensure safe and effective care by identifying potential drug interactions, allergies, or contraindications that may affect the patient\'s well-being. **Part two: Energy & metabolism Pharmacology** Joe has episodes of epigastric pain and discomfort. He thinks it is heart burn. Joe goes to his doctor who diagnoses GORD and prescribes Losec tablets. 1. Describe the pathway of bolus, from ingestion until it reaches the stomach. Upon ingestion, the bolus enters the mouth where mechanical digestion begins through chewing and mixing with saliva containing enzymes like amylase for starch digestion. The bolus then travels down the esophagus via peristalsis, towards the stomach. 2. What is the cause of Joe's discomfort and pain? Stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, leading to irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining. This can result in symptoms like epigastric pain, heartburn, discomfort and GERD. 3. Losec makes the stomach less acidic. How does losec decrease acid production in the stomach: It works by decreasing acid production in the stomach through its mechanism of action on proton pumps. Losec inhibits these pumps, reducing the amount of acid that is secreted into the stomach. 4. List two forms of proton pump inhibitor medication: Omeprazole and lansoprazole These medications work similarly to Losec by inhibiting proton pumps to decrease acid production in the stomach. **Part three: Energy & Metabolism** a. Charlie is a 56 year old man who lives in his own home. He is married to Margaret who is 52 years of age. Charlie and Margaret are both overweight and their doctor has told them both that they need to lose weight. 1. Where does the mechanical breakdown of polysaccharides begin: In the mouth with the process of chewing. Salivary amylase, an enzyme present in saliva, initiates the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. 2. Name the enzyme responsible for the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides: Is pancreatic amylase. This enzyme is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine where it continues the digestion of complex carbohydrates into maltose and other simple sugars. 3. Both Charlie and Margaret are above the normal body mass index (BMI) range. Give the normal values for BMI measurements: Normal values fall within the range of 18.5 to 24.9 for adults. Thomas is 2 years old, he has an appointment to see the dental nurse to check his teeth: 1. Thomas is learning to brush his teeth. When do parents/ carers need to start brushing the teeth of their children? Start brushing their children\'s teeth as soon as the first tooth erupts. 2. Dental caries / tooth decay is due to foods & drinks high in sugar. How does sugar cause tooth decay? It provides a food source for bacteria in the mouth. These bacteria metabolize sugars, producing acids that lead to cavities and decay. 3. Snacking is a really important source of energy for young children. List four foods that are tooth & health friendly for Thomas Fresh fruits like apples or pears Vegetables such as carrots or cucumbers Dairy products like yogurt or cheese Nuts and seeds 4. Glucose is commonly seen as a form of 'sugar'. Name the hormone that is released during hyperglycaemia: Insulin for hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels. **Question Four: Reproduction and sexuality** **Part one:** 1. The nurse is working with a family who has just brought home a newborn. This is their first child and they have concerns about the baby's nutrition. The nurse will recommend to the parents that they: 2. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | a. | introduce solid foods at 3 | | | months. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | b. | provide cereals and fruits after | | | 6 months. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | c. | add honey to water to encourage | | | intake. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | d. | use cow's milk if the baby is not | | | going to be breastfed. | | | | | | b: provide cereals and fruits | | | after 6 months with exclusive | | | breastfeeding for the first 6 | | | months of life. Introducing solid | | | foods too early can increase the | | | risk of allergies, digestive | | | issues, and obesity in infants. | | | | | | **Part Five: Combining pregnancy | | | with child development / | | | contraception** | | | | | | Janet and Barry are parents of 4 | | | year old William. Janet is 5 | | | months pregnant with their second | | | child. Janet has had 1 | | | miscarriage. Answer the following | | | questions: | | | | | | What gravida and para is Janet? | | | | | | Gravida refers to the total | | | number of pregnancies a woman has | | | had, including the current one. | | | In Janet has been pregnant twice | | | (including the current pregnancy) | | | and had one miscarriage. Gravida | | | is 3. Para indicates the number | | | of pregnancies that have reached | | | viable gestational age., no | | | matter the outcome. Para 1. | | | | | | What trimester would Janet be in | | | at 5 months? | | | | | | Second trimester. The second | | | trimester typically spans from | | | week 13 to week 27 of pregnancy. | | | | | | Four months later, Janet gives | | | birth to a baby boy. | | | | | | Janet is keen to breastfeed the | | | new baby however is unsure about | | | contraception. Can she use an | | | oral contraception pill? | | | | | | Can use oral contraception pills | | | while breastfeeding. It is | | | recommended to consult with a | | | healthcare provider to ensure the | | | selected contraceptive method is | | | suitable for her specific | | | situation. | | | | | | At birth, all babies have an | | | APGAR score -- what do the | | | letters APGAR mean? | | | | | | A: Appearance (skin color) | | | | | | P: Pulse (heart rate) | | | | | | G: Grimace response (reflexes) | | | | | | A: Activity (muscle tone) | | | | | | R: Respiration (breathing rate | | | and effort) | | | | | | Describe the difference between a | | | breastfeed and formula fed baby's | | | faeces/stool: | | | | | | Breastfed babies tends to be | | | softer, more yellowish in colour, | | | and have a slightly sweet smell. | | | Formula-fed often have firmer | | | stools that are darker in color | | | and may have a stronger odor. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+