Community And Socialization PDF

“Education and health are the two greatkeys. We must use all public sector institutions, naWed though theY maY be9tO close the gap between rich and poor. We must work with the political sector to convincingly paint the breadth and depth of the problem and the she of the opportunitY as well.... Above...

“Education and health are the two greatkeys. We must use all public sector institutions, naWed though theY maY be9tO close the gap between rich and poor. We must work with the political sector to convincingly paint the breadth and depth of the problem and the she of the opportunitY as well.... Above all, we must not abandon the hope of progress.” –SIR GUSTAV NOSSAL, INTRODUCTION The societY in which we live determines everything from the food we eat to the choices we make. The word societY comes Bom the latin root 'socius’, meaning "companion" or "being with others." A societY consists of people who share a territory, who interact with each other, and who share a culture. DEFINITION OF SOCIETY "Society is a web of socialrelationships". (Robert Morrison MacIver) "A society is a collection of individuals united by a certain relation or mode of behavior which marks them off from others who do not enterinto theses relations or who deferfrom them in behavior." (Morris Ginsberg). “CommunitYA group of people who are located in a particular space (including CYberspace)9 have shared values, and interact within a social system”. “Community nutrition A discipline that strives to prevent disease and to improve the health, nutrition, and well-beingof individuals and groups within communities.” CHARECTERISTICS OF SOCIETY 1. Society consists of people. 2. Mutual interaction and mutual awareness. 3. Likeness; which refers to similarities. 4. Differences in their social relationships. 5. Co-operation and division of labor. 6. Interdependence 7. Society in dynamics, change is always present in society. 8. Social control, has its own meansand waysdf controllingthe behavior of its members. 9. Culture 10.Gregarious nature, it refers to the tendency of men to live in groups. DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY 1. "A socialgroupwith 'we feeling'and living in a given" area.(Emory S. Bogardus) 2. "An areaof socialliving marked by some degree of social coherence"(RM Maclver) Meaning A groupof people living in given geographic area,sharing a common way of life, working together for certain ends, aware that they belong to the community as well as larger society. People will have common interests and activities united together with common living patterns andorganized sociallife. CHARECTERISTICS/ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY 1. Locality 2. Community sentiments - Feeling of belonging together, share their common interests. 3. Groups of people 4. Likeness - People share the common way of life and work 5. Naturality - created by an act of will or planned efforts 6. Permanency - Community life in a definite place is relatively stable. Difference between society and community Society 1. Society is a web of social relationships. 2. A definite geographical areais not an essential aspect of society. 3. Society is abstract 4. A sense of "we feeling" may be present or may not be present in society. 5. Society is wider. There can be one community in a onesociety. 6. Interest of society are extensive and varied. 7.It involves both likeness and differences Community 1. Community consists of a group of individuals living in a particular areawith some degree of "we feeling" 2. Community always denotes a definite locality or geographic area. 3. Community is concrete. 4. Community sentiments is an essential elements of community. 5. Community is smaller than society 6. Interest of community are comparatively less extensive and varied. 7. Likeness is more important than differences in community IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION 1. Socialization converts man, the biological being into man, social being. 2. Socialization contributes to the development of personality. 3. Helps to become disciplined. 4. Helps to enact different roles. 5. Provides the knowledge of skills. To be continued - - helps to develop right aspirations in life. - contributes to the stability of the social order. - helps to reduce social distance. - helps in transmission of culture. - provides scope for building a bright future. STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION 1. Oral stages: (0-1 year) hg'8,„„,d p'ead By means of crying the child establishes its oral dependency. Graduallythe child identifies its +-'F mother and nearest members of its family. Freud called this stage as a primary identification stage. 2. Anal stage: (1-3 year) During the third year, the child learns that it cannot depend entirely on the mother and that it has to take some degree of care for itself. The child is thought to do some task like toileting andkeeping the clothes clean. So this stage is also known as "toilet training stage. 3. Oedipal stage:(3-12 vear) - It starts from preschool period and extends up to puberty. The child identifies himself on the basisof sex. The boy develops Oedipus complex -love towards mother and jealousy towards father. The girl exhibits Electra complex - love towards father and jealousy towards mother. Ultimately boy will identify with the fatherandthe girl with mother and thus they grow up. 4. Adolescence: (From puberty to adulthood teenage) A physical and psychologicalchanges take place within the individual. This is the most tiring period for the individual as well as parents. The adolescents become partially free from the parental control. Adolescent will have less social control and will learn new socialroles. Elements of socialization Socializationpromotes human welfare and individual capacities. It offers greatest possibilityfor improvement of human culture. its elements are – a) Physical and psychological elements of the individual b) Environmentin whichhe is born c) Culture - Attitudes, norms. role andperformance of social activities. AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION 1. Family and parents 2. Peers and agemates 3. Teachers 4. Religion 5. Literature and massmedia of communication Merits of socialization 1. Conversation of a biological being into a social being. 2. Disciplines the individual. 3. Contributes to the development of personality. 4. Helps him enact various roles. 5. Transmission of culture 6. Maintains the stability of the social order. Demeritsof socialization 1. Personality disorders 2. Leads to unsatisfactory self image. 3. Leads to antisocial and delinquent behavior. 4. May 1ead to mental illness and suicide Advantagesof socialization 1. The process of socialization enables an individual. come out of isolation and join group life. 2. An individual will not do anything whichis socially harmful or will bring disrepute or dishonor to him as a member of the society. 3. As a socialized individual he will not do anything unproductive. 4. If an individual is fully socialized andunderstands the significance of society. 5. Another advantageof socialization is that it brings the members of the society close to each otherand the distance that separatesthe individual from each otheris minimized. INDIVIDUALIZATI ON Individualization is a process of becoming different from others. It is the process in which man comes to know himself and acquires a senseof inner responsibility ’'Individualizationis that socialprocess whichmakes the individual moreor less independent of his groupand to create in him a self consciousness of him" WORKING PROCESS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION a) Individualization is a process carried through society by individual himself. b) When a man attains his own self, it does not mean that the individual frees completely from the influenceof his group. c) The process is carried out. not only by the individual himself but also the society. 1. Individualization is a process of being different from other people, 2. Individualization on the level of new from of self regarding attitudes. 3. Individualization through objects. 4. Individualizationand sublinrdting the individualizing forces around and within us. Life style It is a way of life or a style of living thatreflects the attitudes and values of a person or group. It is a manner of living that reflects the personal values and attitudes. In It include Patternsol; social relations. consumption, entertainment and dress. Personal or personality disorganization 1. Often individual f,lil to meet the requirements of the society in which they live. As a result. he develops personality problems and becomes disorganized. 2. Such a person is considered as a mental case, a case of mental derangement or abnormality. His behaVior is unpredictable and he remain isolated. He is out of adjustment with society. Community Nutrition Introduction Adequate food andwater are basic human needs. Sufficient energy (measured in calories), protein, fat, carbohydrates, water, vitamins, andminerals are necessary for preventing deficiencies, allowing proper growth, maintenance of body weight, and phYsiological function. Nutritional status is a significant determinant of health status. Nutrition Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. Nutrient is a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and growth. Community Nutrition Community nutrition is a discipline that strive to prevent diseases and to improve the health, nutrition and well being of individualsand groups within community. Public health nutrition is the application of nutrition and public health principles to design programs, SYstems,policies and environments that aims to improve or maintain the optimal health of populations and targeted groups. Its practitionersdevelop policies and programs that help people improve their eating patterns andhealth. Indeed these three arenas- people, policy and program- are the focus of communIty nutrrtron. People: +Individualswho benefit fromcommunitynutrition programs and services. +They have access to food in times of need or learn skills that improve their eating patterns. Policy: + A course of action chose by public authorities to address a given problem. + What governments and organizations intend to accomplish through their laws, regulations and programs. Programs: +Theinstruments used by community nutritionists to seek behavior changes that improve nutritionalstatus and heath. +May target small groups or large groups of people. q why is it Important To Know About Public Health Nutrition? 1. Adequate nutrition for all is the goal: Adequate food mIdbalanced nutrient intake are basic necessities for lifep health and well being. Nutrition affects health from conception to old age. Adequate nutrition is especially important in periods of rapid growth and development. Poor nutrition during pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence can mean stunted phYsical, mental and social development with lifelong consequences.Chronic dietarY denciencY2 excess or imbalance predisposes individuals to or aggravates a spectrum of disease conditions9 and ultimately affect the quality and length of life. 2. Dietary factors are associated with five of the ten leading causes of death: CoronarY heaR disease9some types of cancer, stroke, non-insulin dependent diabetes (type 2 diabetes), and atherosclerosis are associated with dielary factors. Dietary excesses and imbalances contribute to the development of these diseases. Currently attention is focused on total caloric intake; amount and type of fat; vitamins such as folic acid and the antioxidantsof vitamins A, C and E; minerals such as calcium; and othernutritive substancessuch as fiber and flavonoids. Overweight and obesity which are estimated to affect over a third of the population is also an important contributing factor for disease and disability. 3. Maternal and child nutrition sets the stage for life: The health of mothers and infants has historicallybeen a focus of public health and public health nutrition. Balanced diet and appropriate weight gain have received attention in the past. Now attention is also directed to preconceptual concerns such as folic acid intake and its association with neural tube defects. Recent research linksfactors in the fetal environmentto risk for adult diseases including diabetes and cancer. Breastfeeding for the first year of life is recommended because of its manY benefits to infants andtheir mothers. Childhood is a time when food preferences and habits are shaped.Childhood nutrition affects growth anddevelopment, immune status, and social and cognitive ability. The nutritional intake of children with special health care needs also requires close scrutiny. Low calcium intake of girls and young women sets the stage for osteoporosis in later years. 4.Vulnerable subgroupsare at high risk for nutritional problems: Some subgroups of the population9 including people with low incomes, some racial and ethnic minority groups, and people with disabilities(defined as functionalimpairments)experience a disproportionate amount of preventable illness and premature death. Nutrition is an important contributing factor. some groups9 especially those who are economically disadvantaged or isolated, experience periodic or chronic hunger also called food insecurity resulting in undernutdtion. Reaching these groups with accessible, culturally-relevant, nutrition programs and services presents a special challenge to public health agencies and all community nutrition providers. Targeting vulnerable subgroupsand designing programs to meet their special needsis a strategy used by public health to attempt to reduce disparities in nutritional status and health among population subgroups. 5. Behavior change is challenging: Nutrition behavior (includingfood selection, preparation andconsumption is the product of culture, education, economics, food availabilitY, social strata9 family position andhealth status. Nutritional statusdepends on all those factors Plus biological e a and genetic factors. Guiding all members of the populationtoward morehealthful food choices and optimum nutritional health is a great challenge. And doing so early enough to prevent the development of disease is a goal of public health nutrition. Meeting this challenge requires the use of multiple9 reinforcing behavior change strategies, including food and nutrition information and education. Nutrient A nutrient is a component in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. Nutrients that we obtain through food have vital effects on physical growth and development, maintenance of normal body function, physical activity and health. Nutritious food is, thus needed to sustain life and activity. Our diet must provide all essential nutrients in the required amounts. Requirements of essential nutrients vary with age, gender, physiological status and phYsical activitY. The human body requires seven major types of nutrients A nutrient is a source of nourishment, a component of food9 for instance9 protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, mineral, fiber, andwater. Macronutrients are nutrients we need in relatively large quantities. Micronutrients are nutrients we need in relatively small quantities. Macronutrients can be further split into energY macronutrients (that provide energy), and macronutrients that do not provide energy. Energy macronutrients > Carbohydrates Carbohydrates - 4 kcal per gram Carbohydrates9 also known as saccharides or carbs, are sugars or starches. They are a major food source and a key formof energy for most organisms. Most carbohydrate-rich foods have a high starch content