Science Booklet 2025 - Egyptian Pioneer Schools PDF

Science Booklet 2024 First Term:-2022/2023 2025 Student Name: ……………………………………. Class: …………………………….  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit (1)...

Science Booklet 2024 First Term:-2022/2023 2025 Student Name: ……………………………………. Class: …………………………….  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit (1) Lesson 1: Attempts of elements classification. -GR: 1- Scientists thought about classifying elements according to their properties. In order to facilitate their study.  The most important attempts are (1) (2) (3) Mendeleev's periodic Moseley's periodic Modern periodic table table table 1. Mendeleev's periodic table: The first real periodic table. - In this time, the number of elements was 67. In Mendeleev’s periodic table, the elements were arranged in ascending order according to their atomic weights. ADVANTAGES OF MENDELEEV’S TABLE DISADVANTAGES OF MENDELEEV’S TABLE 1-He left gaps in his table because he 1-He had to make disturbance in the predicted the discovery of new elements. ascending order of atomic weights of some elements to put them in groups that suit 2-He determined the values of atomic their properties. weight of some elements which were not discovered yet. 2-He had to consider the isotopes of one element as different element due to the 3-He corrected the atomic weights of difference in their atomic weights so he some elements which were estimated had to put more than one element in one wrongly. place in his table. | Page1 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages 2. Moseley's periodic table Rutherford discovered that the nucleus of the atom contains positively charged protons.  In the same year, the British scientist Moseley:  Named the number the positive protons as atomic number.  After discovering x-rays properties, he found that the periodic properties of elements are related to their atomic numbers and not to their atomic weights as Mendeleev’s proposed.  Moseley arranged elements in his table in ascending order according to their atomic numbers.  He added to the table:  The zero group which includes inert (noble) gases.  He specified a place below the table for lanthanides and actinides elements. 3. Modern periodic table  Bohr discovered the main energy levels of the atom whose number reaches 7 in the heaviest atom.  Scientists discovered that each main energy level consists of a definite number of other levels known as energy sublevels. The elements are classified in the modern periodic table according to: 1) Their atomic number 2) The way of filling the energy sublevels ( S , P , d , f ) with electrons. Description of the modern periodic table:  The number of known elements in the modern periodic table till now is 118 elements, 92 elements are available in Earth’s crust while the others are prepared artificially.  It consists of: 7 horizontal periods and 18 vertical groups.  The elements of the modern periodic table are classified into 4 blocks ( S , P , d , f). | Page2 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page3 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages * S-BLOCK * P-BLOCK * D-BLOCK ELEMENTS * F-BLOCK ELEMENTS ELEMENTS ELEMENTS - Located on the - Located on the - Located in the middle of the -Located below left side. right side. periodic table. the periodic table. -Arranged in - Arranged in 6 -Arranged in 8 groups:(3B), 2groups:(1) and groups: (4B), (5B) , (6B) , (7B) , (8) -They include (2A) (3A),(4A),(5A), , (1B) and (2B). lanthanides and (6A),(7A) and actinides. group zero. - They are known as transition elements. - They appear starting from period (4). How to locate the position of an element in the modern periodic table? 3) Write the electronic configuration of the atom. 4) The number of energy levels occupied by electrons indicates the period number. 5) The number of electron in outermost energy level indicates the group number. Examples: - Locate the position of each of the following elements in the modern periodic table. Element Electronic period number Group number configuration Hydrogen 1H 1 1A Phosphorous 15P 3 5A | Page4 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Neon 10 Ne 2 Zero * How to determine the atomic number of an element by knowing its position in the periodic table: *Example: Calculate the atomic number of each of the following element: Element (x) that exists in the second period and in group (7A). Solution 1) This element has 2 energy levels and 7 electrons in the outermost energy level. 2) The atomic no. = 2 + 7 = 9 electrons. | Page5 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Evaluation on lesson 1 *Complete: 3) Mendeleev arranged the elements ascendingly according to......... while Moseley arranged them ascendingly according to......... 4) The modern periodic table consists of......... horizontal periods,......... vertical groups. 5) What is the scientific base on which the modern periodic table classified? --------------------------------------------------- 6) Locate the position of the following elements in the modern periodic table: 1H.................................... 10Ne................................ 20Ca................................ 7) Find the atomic number for the following elements. Element X lies in the first period and zero group......... Element Y lies in the second period and 3A group......... Element Z lies in the third period and 7A group......... 8) Classify the elements into two groups: 2He – 3li – 19K – 10Ne – 11Na | Page6 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Lesson 2 Graduation of properties of elements in the modern periodic table: Graduation of properties of elements in the modern periodic table Such as (1) (2) (3) Atomic size Electronegativity Metallic and nonmetallic property 1) Atomic size:  The measuring unit of atomic radius is picometer (pm).  Picometre is part from million million part of a meter. Graduation of atomic size of elements in the periodic table  The atomic size decreases in periods by increasing the Atomic number (from left to right). GR Due to increasing the attraction force of the nucleus to the electrons.  The atomic size increases in groups by increasing the atomic number (from up to down). GR: Due to the increase in the number of energy levels -Note: Cesium (Cs) has the biggest atomic size in the periodic table. | Page7 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages 2) Electronegativity:  ability of an atom in covalent molecule to attract the electrons of the bond towards itself  The difference in electronegativity:  Determined the kind of compound a) Polar compounds b) Non-polar compounds Polar compounds :  They are compounds in which the difference in electronegativity between the elements forming their molecules is relatively high. -Ex: Water( H2O) , Ammonia (NH3) 3) Metallic and nonmetallic property: Elements in the periodic table are classified into: 1) Metals 2) Nonmetals 3)Metalloids 4) Noble gases Metals Nonmetals Metalloids They have less than 4 They have more than 4 They are elements which electrons in the electrons in the outermost have the properties of both outermost energy level. energy level. metals and nonmetals. They have luster They have no luster.boron (5B).silicon (14Si).arsenic(33Ar).terllium (52Te) Good conductors of heat Bad conductors of heat and and electricity electricity except carbon During the chemical During the chemical reaction, the atom of reaction, the atom of metal metal tends to lose their tends to gain electrons and outermost electrons and change into negative ion. change into positive ion. Positive ion Negative ion | Page8 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages -The atom that loses one - The atom that gains one electron or more during electron or more during the the chemical reaction. chemical reaction. - It carries positive -It carries negative charges charges equal to the equal to the number of the number of the lost gained electrons. electrons. * Graduation of metallic and nonmetallic property in the modern periodic table: - In periods: each period starts with strong metal (in group 1A) then the metallic property decreases by increasing the atomic number , till reaching metalloids then the nonmetallic property appears and increases by increasing the atomic number till reaching the strongest nonmetal in group 7A (17) then the period ends with an inert gas (in group zero). - In groups: A) GR: In metallic groups: the metallic property increases by increasing the atomic number (from top to bottom). Because the atomic size increases. B) GR: In nonmetallic groups: the nonmetallic property decreases by increasing the atomic number ( from top to bottom). Due to the decrease of electronegativity Chemical properties of metals. (A) Reaction with dilute acids: 1- Some active metals such as magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) react with dilute acids (as hydrochloric acid ) giving salt of acid and hydrogen gas evolves. Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2 Magnesium hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride hydrogen gas 2- Inactive metals such as copper (Cu) don’t react with dilute acids and no hydrogen gas evolves. | Page9 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Cu + HCl → No reaction copper hydrochloric acid 3- Some metals such as magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) react with oxygen giving metal oxides which are called “ Basic oxides”. 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO (magnesium oxide) 4- Some basic oxides (as magnesium oxide ) dissolve in water giving alkalis ( metal hydroxide ) which turns litmus solution into blue. MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide) Magnesium oxide water 5-Some basic oxides such as iron oxide don’t dissolve in water. Basic oxides: they are metallic oxides that dissolve in water giving alkalis B) Reaction with water : The reaction of metals with water depends on the position of the metal in the chemical activity series. Chemical activity series: it is a series in which metals are arranged in descending order according to their chemical activity Metals Reaction with water Sodium Na They react with water instantly and hydrogen gas evolves Potassium K burning with pop sound. Calcium Ca They react very slowly with cold water. Magnesium Mg Zinc Zn They react with hot water vapour at high temperature only. Iron Fe Copper Cu They don’t react with water Silver Ag | Page11 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Chemical properties of nonmetals A) Reaction with dilute acids: - All nonmetals ( as carbon (C) and sulpher (S) ) don’t react with dilute acids (as HCl ). (B) Reaction with oxygen: -Nonmetals ( such as carbon (C) )react with oxygen giving nonmetal oxides which are known as “ acidic oxides “ C + O2 → CO2 ( carbon dioxide ) - Nonmetal oxides ( acidic oxides ) dissolve in water giving acids which turn litmus solution into red. CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 ( carbonic acid ) Acidic oxides :they are nonmetal oxides that dissolve in water forming acids | Page11 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Questions on lesson 2 Put (√) or (x) in front of the following statements and correct the wrongones: (1) The atomic size increases by the increase of the atomic number. ( ) (2) Water and ammonia are from polar compounds. ( ) (3) Some alkalis dissolve in water forming bases. ( ) (4) The solutions produced from dissolving the non-metal oxides in water turn the violet litmus solution into red. ( ) 2-Choose the correct answer between bracktes: (1) Each period in the modern periodic table starts with.......... element. ( metallic - semimetallic - nonmetallic - inert ) (2)In the same period, the element which has the highest electro negativity lies ingroup.......... (0 - 7 A - 2 A - 1 A) (3) When sodium react with water.......... gas evolves. (O2 - CO2 - H2 -N2) 3-What is meant by : (1) Metalloids.......... (2) Chemical activity series.......... 4-Explain the behaviour of the following elements with water: (1) Iron.......... (2) Silver.......... (3) Potassium.......... 5-Write the balanced chemical equations which express reaction of : (1) Carbon dioxide with water. (2) Magnesium with dil. hydrochloric acid | Page12 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Lesson 3 Main groups in the modern periodic table Group 1A (alkali metals) first group of s-block. - They are located on the left side of the periodic table. - GR: Elements of group (1A) are known as alkali metals. Because they react with water forming alkaline solution. 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 * General properties of alkali metals: 1- They are monovalent elements.GR. Because they have one electron in the outermost energy level. 2- They tend to lose their outermost electrons during the chemical reaction forming positive ion which carries one positive charge. 3- They are active elements, so they are kept under the surface of kerosene or paraffin oil. o GR: Sodium and potassium are kept under the surface of kerosene. To prevent them from the reaction with moist air as they are active metals. 4- Their chemical activity increases as the atomic size increases. Therefore, cesium (Cs) is considered the most active metal. o GR: because it has the largest atomic size. 5- They are good conductors of heat and electricity. 6- Most of them has low density: | Page13 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Group 7A (Halogens) They are elements of group 17 in p-block. - Located on the right side of the periodic table before inert gases. o GR: Group (7A) is called halogens Because they react with metals forming salts. 2K + Br2 → 2KBr (potassium bromide) * General properties of halogens: 1- They are monovalent elements. GR : Because their outermost energy level have 7 electrons. 2- They tend to gain one electron during chemical reaction forming negative ions which carry one negative charge. 3- They exist in the form of diatomic molecules (formed of two atoms) as : F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2. 4- Their physical state is graduated from gas to liquid to solid:  Fluorine and chlorine → gases  Bromine → Liquid  Iodine → Solid 5- They are active elements; therefore, they don’t exist in nature in elementary state but they combine with other elements to form compounds. (except astatine (At) which is prepared artificially). 6- Each element replaces the element below it in its salt solution. | Page14 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Cl2 + 2 KBr → 2 KCl + Br2 chlorine potassium bromide potassium chloride bromine Cl2 + 2 NaBr → 2 NaCl + Br2 chlorine sodium bromide sodium chloride bromine Br2 + 2KI → 2 KBr + I2 Uses of some elements: Element Its use (1) Sodium ( 11Na ): It is used in liquid state to transfer heat from inside the ( Metal and it is good nuclear reactor to outside to obtain vapour required to conductor of heat) generate electricity. - GR: The liquid sodium is used in nuclear reactors. to transfer heat from inside the nuclear reactor to outside to generate electricity. (2) Cobalt ( 60Co): It is used in food preservation.GR. ( Radioactive cobalt 60 ) Because it emits gamma rays which prevent the reproduction of microbes but don’t harm the man. | Page15 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages (3) Silicon ( 14Si ): It is used in the manufacture of electronics such as ( Metalloid ) computer because it is semi-conductor ( its ability to conduct electricity depends on the temperature ) (4) Liquified nitrogen : It is used in preservation of cornea of eye. GR. (Nonmetal) Due to the decrease of its boiling point ( -196◦ ) | Page16 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Lesson 4 Water Importance of water: 1- No living organism can live without water. 2- It is used in transportation between cities and countries. 3- It is used in generating electricity by water falls (High Dam in Egypt). * The main fields in consuming water internationally are: 1- agricultural fields 2- industrial fields 3- personal fields. * Sources of water: 1- water areas ( seas , rivers , oceans ….) 2- rains 3- Wells 4- springs * Structure of water: Water molecule is formed by the combination of one oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms by 2 single covalent bonds , the angle between them is 104.5◦. Note : Water molecules are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bond: a weak electrostatic attraction force arises between the molecules of polar compounds GR: The presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Beccause the electronegativity of oxygen is higher than hydrogen.  Notes: - Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds. - Hydrogen bond is responsible for abnormal properties of water. GR: Water molecule is from polar molecules. Because the difference in electronegativity between its elements is relatively high. Properties of water A) Physical properties 1) Water exists in 3 states at normal temperature (solid , liquid , gas). 2)Water is a good polar solvent: GR: Most of ionic compounds dissolve in water. E.g.: table salt (NaCl ). Because water is a good polar solvent. - Some covalent compounds such as sugar dissolve in water because they form hydrogen bonds with water. - Some covalent compounds such as oil don’t dissolve in water.GR Because oil can’t form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. | Page17 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages 3) Pure water boils at 100◦C and freezes at 0◦C.  GR: The high boiling point and the low freezing point of water. Due to the presence of hydrogen bonds among water molecules. 4) Water density decreases on freezing: GR. Because when temperature decreases than 4◦C , water molecules gather together by hydrogen bonds forming ice crystals with hexagonal shape , large volume and large number of spaces between them. 5) Water has high latent heat: It means that water resists the change from one state to another. 6) Water has high specific heat: It means that water absorbs or loses large amount of heat without changing its temperature. B) Chemical properties of water 1) Weakness of water ionization: Ionization: the process of converting the molecules of covalent compounds into ions - Pure water is a weak ionized material. - When water ionizes, it gives positive hydrogen ions (H+) and negative hydroxide ions (OH-). | Page18 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages 2) Pure water has neutral effect on litmus paper.GR. Because it gives equal numbers of positive hydrogen ions (H+) and negative hydroxide ions (OH-) during ionization. 3) Resistance of water to decomposition: Water doesn’t decompose into its elements (oxygen and hydrogen) under normal conditions. This keeps the aqueous solutions inside the cells of living organisms. Water electrolysis Q) What is the function of Hofmann’s voltameter? It is used in water electrolysis. - Oxygen gas (O2) evolves at anode (positive pole) and increases the glowing of the splint. - Hydrogen gas (H2) evolves at cathode (negative pole) and burns with a blue flame and pop sound. - The volume of H2 is double the volume of O2. (ratio of 2:1 ) 2H2O → 2H2↑ + O2↑ Ex: Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas (H2) that evolves at the negative pole if you know that the volume of oxygen gas that evolves at the positive pole of Hofmann’s voltameter is 2 cm3. Solution: The volume of hydrogen gas = 2 × the volume of oxyge = 4 cm3 | Page19 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Water pollution Water pollution: Adding any substance to water which causes continuous gradual change in water properties affecting the health and the life of living creatures. Kinds of pollutants: Natural pollutants Artificial pollutants They arise from natural phenomena as : They arise from different human activities volcanic eruptions , death of living as discharging factories residues in water. organisms , lightning and thunderstorms. Kinds of pollution: Kinds of pollution Its causes ( origin ) Its harms (damages) (What happens when...?) A- Biological Mixing animals and human Infection by many diseases such pollution: wastes with water. as : bilharziasis , typhoid and hepatitis. | Page21 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages B- Chemical Discharging factories a) Eating fish with high pollution: residues and sewage in concentration of lead causes death water. of brain cells. b) Drinking water with high concentration of mercury causes blindness. c) Arsenic causes liver cancer. C) Increasing the temperature Death of marine creatures due to Thermal pollution: of water areas that used in the separation of dissolved cooling nuclear reactors. oxygen from water. D) Radiant Dumping the atomic wastes pollution: and radioactive materials in water. * Protecting water from pollution: 1- Don't get rid of factories residues and sewage in water. 2- Developing the stations of water purification. 3- Disinfection of drinking water tanks. 4- Don’t store tap water in plastic bottle.GR. Because plastic reacts with chlorine causing cancer. 5- Spreading environmental awareness among people to protect water from pollution. | Page21 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Questions on lesson 4 #Choose the correct answer between brackets : (1) All of the following are from the properties of water except................. (neutral on both litmus paper / analysis by heat / increase in volume on heating / polar compound) (2) There are................. bonds between the water molecule. (hydrogen / covalent / ionic / metallic) (3) Alake contains: mineral salts, oxygen , fertilizer , animal wastes , green algea. How many pollutants are in it ? (1 / 2 / 3 / 4) (4) A liquid boils at 100 ºC, what is the other property which affirm it is a pure water ? (Sugar dissolves in it / when it freezers , denstiy decreases / neutral on both litmus paper / it evaporates on heating) #Give reasons for : (1) Presence of hydrogen bond between water molecule......................................................................................................................................... (2) Pure water doesn’t affect litmus paper dye......................................................................................................................................... (3) Although sugar is a covalent compound , it dissolves in water......................................................................................................................................... #What are the results of ? (1) Water is polluted by the wastes of Man and animal......................................................................................................................................... (2) Storing water in plastic bottles of mineral water........................................................................................................................................ | Page22 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit Review #Choose: (1) Scientists..................... discovered the main energy levels in the atom (Bohr / Mendeleev / Mosely / Hoffman) (2) Sodium oxide from.................... oxides (amphoteric / acidic / nonmetallic / basic) (3) All the following elements from semimetals except for.................... (teleriun / silicorn / boron / bromine) (4) The strongest metal lies in the.................. group. (2A / 1A / 1B / 7A) #What is meant by ? (1)Chemical activity series?................................................................................................. (2)Water pollution?................................................................................................................ (3)Semimetals?..................................................................................................................... #How can you differentiate between magnesium oxide and sulphur oxide?............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ #What is the importance of ? (1)Liquified nitrogen:......................................................................................................... (2)Sodium :........................................................................................................................... (3)Water :.............................................................................................................................. #Give reasons for : (1)The use of radio active Co 60 in food preservation.......................................................................................................................................... (2)Elements of the same group have similar properties.......................................................................................................................................... (3)The boiling point of water is high.......................................................................................................................................... (4)Alkali metals are kept under kerosene in the lab.......................................................................................................................................... #What is the effect of the following on the water environment? (1)Drainage of factories wastes in rivers and seas. (2)Using of rivers and seas water as a renewable source for cooling the nuclear reactor. (3)Mixing of animal and Man wastes with water. | Page23 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page24 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit 2 Lesson 1 Atmospheric layers Atmospheric envelope: It is a gaseous envelope rotating with the Earth around its axis and it extends about 1000 Km above the sea level. Atmospheric pressure: It is the weight of air column of an atmosphere height on a unit area ( 1cm2 or 1 m2). *Measuring units of the atmospheric pressure: 1) Bar 2) Millibar. 1 bar(b) = 1000 millibar (mb)  Measuring device of atmospheric pressure: It is measured by barometer. -Types of barometers: 1- aneroid 2- altimeter Normal atmospheric pressure: It is the atmospheric pressure at the sea level and it equals 1013.25 mb. * Important notes: - The atmospheric pressure depends on the height from sea level. - 50 % of the mass of atmospheric air is present in the area between sea level and 3 km height. - 90% of the mass of atmospheric air is present up to 16 km height above sea level. - The density of air decreases by increasing the elevation above sea level. * Atmospheric pressure maps: Isobar: It is the curved lines that join the points of equal pressure in atmospheric pressure maps. - The centre of low atmospheric pressure areas is represented by L. - The centre of high atmospheric pressure areas is represented by H. - The wind moves from the areas of high atmospheric pressure to the areas of low atmospheric pressure. | Page25 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages * Layers of atmospheric envelope: 1- Troposphere 2- Stratosphere 3- Mesosphere 4- Thermosphere Tropopause: the region between troposphere and stratosphere where temperature remains constant. Stratopause: the region between stratosphere and mesosphere where temperature remains constant. Mesopause: the region between mesosphere and thermosphere where temperature remains constant. | Page26 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages P.O.C Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere - Basic - The first layer - The second layer. - The third layer. - The fourth layer. information: - It means the disturbed layer. GR> -It is called the ozonic - The middle layer and - It is called thermal because all weather changes take atmospheric envelope. the coldest one. layer.GR> because it place in. GR>because it contains is the hottest layer of most of ozone gas. atmospheric envelope. Thickness - Extend about 13 km above sea - Extends from - Extends from - Extends from level. tropopause (at a height stratopause (at a height mesopause (at a height - Its thickness is 13 km. of13 km above sea level) of50 km above sea of 85km above sea to stratopause (at a level) to mesopause (at level) to a height height of50 km above a height of85 km above of 675km above sea sea level). sea level) level. - Its thickness is 37 km. - Its thickness is 35 km. - Its thickness is 590 km. Temperature - Decreases with a rate (6.5◦C) for-Increases gradually - It is the coldest layer. - Increases with high each 1 km height until it reaches from (-60◦C) at the lower GR>because the rate as we go up until it the lowest value (-60◦C) at its top. part until it reaches (0◦C) temperature in it reaches 1200◦C at its at its top. GR> bec. it decreases with high end. contains the ozone rate as we go up until layer which absorbs the it reaches ultraviolet rays coming (-90◦C) at its top. from the sun. Atmospheric - Decreases as we go up it becomes - Decreases as we go up - Decreases as we go up pressure 100 mb at its top ( 0.1 of the until it becomes 1 mb at until it becomes 0.01 normal atmospheric pressure). its top (0.001 of the mb at its top. GR> due to the decrease of the normal atmospheric weight of air column. pressure). | Page27 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages - All atmospheric phenomena take - It contains most of - It is much vacuumed - Its upper part contains place in.GR>because it contains ozone gas so it is called ( highly rarefied ). ionosphere layer 75% of the mass of the air. ozonic atmospheric GR>because it (charged ions that - It organizes the Earth’s envelope. contains limited extend up to 700km temperature.GR>Because it quantities of helium above sea level) contains 99% of the water and hydrogen gases vapour. only. - Luminous meteors are formed in mesosphere.GR> due to its friction with air molecules. Air movement - The air moves - Pilots prefer to fly their vertically.GR>because the hot air planes in stratosphere. currents (of low density) move GR> upwards while cold air currents ( Because the lower part of high density) move of it doesn’t contain downwards. clouds or weather disturbances and the air moves horizontally. | Page28 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Ionosphere: It is a layer that contains charged ions and it has an important role in wireless communications. Van-Allen belts: They are two magnetic belts surrounding ionosphere and play an important role in scattering the harmful charged cosmic radiations. Aurora phenomenon: It is a phenomenon that appears as brightly colored light curtains seen from the both poles (North and South poles) of the Earth. - The atmospheric envelope is inserted with outer space in a region known as exosphere in which satellites rotate around the Earth with cameras and telescopes. Exosphere: It is a region in which the atmospheric envelope is inserted with outer space. Q) What is the importance of: 1- Satellites ? Transmits weather condition information and TV programs. 2- Exosphere region ? Satellites revolve around the Earth in this region. * We can calculate the temperature of any height from the sea level in troposphere layer using the following relation: The temperature at a certain height = temperature at sea level – the decreases in temperature ( height (km) x 6.5◦C ) The height of a mountain = temperature at sea level - temperature at height 6.5 | Page29 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Review of lesson 1 #Choose the correct answer from statements between brackets: a -Normal atmospheric pressure equals ……………. millibar. (1013.25 / 76 / 1.013 / 760) b-…………. is located between stratosphere and mesosphere. (Tropopause / Stratopause / Mesopause / Thermopause) c- Meteors burn in …………… (mesosphere / ionosphere / exosphere / stratosphere) #Give reasons for : a- The lower part of the stratosphere is suitable for flying airplanes. ……………………………………………………………………………………...….. b- Ionosphere is important for radio stations. ……………………………………………………………………………………...….. #Mention the importance of each of the following: a Van Allen’s Belts …………………………………………………………...………… b Altimeter ……………………………………………………………………………… c Satellites …………………………………………………………..………………….. #What is meant by each of the following ? a Atmospheric pressure. …………………………………………… b The aurora phenomenon. ………………………………….........…… | Page31 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Lesson 2 Erosion of ozone layer and global warming First: Erosion of ozone layer * Position of ozone layer : It is located at a height 20 : 40 km above sea level in the lower part of stratosphere. GR: Formation of ozone layer in the stratosphere layer. Because it is the first layer of atmospheric envelope that faces ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and it contains suitable amount of oxygen. *Structure of ozone layer: It is composed of ozone gas (O3) which consists of 3 oxygen atoms. *Formation of ozone gas : 1- Ultraviolet radiation breaks down the bond between the two oxygen atoms in oxygen molecule giving 2 free oxygen atoms. O2 → O + O 2- Each free oxygen atom combines with an oxygen molecule forming ozone molecule. O + O2 → O3 *Thickness of ozone layer :  Its thickness is 20 km in the stratosphere layer where the atmospheric pressure is 0.001 mb.  But the English scientist “Dobson” postulated that it has a thickness of 3 mm only if it was at STP [standard temperature (0◦C) and normal atmospheric pressure (1013.25 mb)].  The measuring unit of ozone degree is Dobson.  The natural degree of ozone is 300 Dobson units where: 100 Dobson = 1 mm thickness | Page31 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages * Types of ultraviolet rays: Near ultraviolet rays Medium ultraviolet rays Far ultraviolet rays (UV-A) (UV-B) (UV-C) Its wave length is (315:400 Its wave length is (280:315 Its wave length is (100:280 nm) nm) nm) 100% of it penetrate ozone 95% of it is absorbed by 100 % of it are absorbed by layer. ozone layer and don’t ozone layer and don’t penetrate it. penetrate it. 5% only of it penetrate ozone layer. * Harms of medium and far ultraviolet rays : Living organism Harmful effects a) Human: skin cancer – cataract – weakness of immunity system. b) Amphibians: spoil eggs – decreasing rate of reproduction. c) Marine - death of plankton (nutrient of marine creatures). organisms : - destroying the marine food chains. d) Terrestrial - upset the photosynthesis process. plants: - shortage of crops production. * Importance of ozone layer: GR  The ozone layer acts as a protective shield for the living organisms. Because it protects the living organisms from the harmful chemical effects of ultraviolet rays. Erosion of ozone layer: it means thinning or losing parts of ozone layer.  GR: Erosion of ozone layer (ozone hole) increases in September every year above the south pole ?  GR: The world celebrates the ozone day in September each year ? Because all pollutants collect together as black clouds and are pushed by wind towards south pole making ozone depletion increases. *Pollutants of ozone layer : 1- Chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFC): -They are known commercially as freon which is used in: | Page32 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages a- Cooling substance in air conditioning sets. b- Propellant substance in aerosols. c- Flatting substance in making foam baking. d- Solvent substance for cleaning electric circuits slides. 2- Methyl bromide gas : Used as an insecticide to preserve stored agricultural crops. 3- Halons: Used in fire extinguishers. 4- Nitrogen oxides: Produced from burning of fuel of ultrasound airplanes (Concorde planes).  GR: The continuity of ozone layer erosion. Due to the continuous using of the pollutants of ozone layer such as freons and halons. * Protection of ozone layer: - An international conference was held in Canada in 1987 to discuss how to protect ozone layer. - They reached a group of solutions called “ Montreal protocol “which was signed by 191 nations. Some of these solutions: 1- Reducing using CFC compounds and find safer alternatives. 2- Stop producing Concorde planes. - In 1990 , Montreal protocol was modified in London and they decided : “ All nations must ban production or handling CFC compounds , otherwise they won’t be allowed to export their goods “ Second: Global warming - The intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) which follows united nation (UN) showed that global warming is caused by green house effect. * Global warming : It is the continuous increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air.  Note : The gases that increase temperature of atmosphere (global warming) are called green house gases. * The most important greenhouse gases: (1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) (2) Chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFC) (3) Methane gas (CH4) (4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) (5) Water vapour (H2O) * Reasons of increasing Carbon dioxide gas ratio in air: (1) Fossil fuel burning (2) Forests fires (3) Cutting trees * Greenhouse phenomenon: It is the trapping of infrared radiation in troposphere layer due to the increase of the ratio of greenhouse gases which causes the increase in planet Earth temperature. | Page33 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages * The negative effects of global warming: (1) Melting of ice at the two poles causing : a- Increasing water level in seas and oceans. b- Coastal areas will drown. c- Extinction of some polar animals such as polar bear and seals. (2) Severe climatic changes such as: a- Tropical hurricanes like Katrina in 2005 b- Destructive floods c- Drought waves d- Forests fires * Protection from global warming: - In 1997 , Kyoto protocol was held in Kyoto , Japan by 160 nations and they suggested: 1- Reducing the consumption of fossil fuel to reduce the ratio of bad emission. 2- Searching for more cleaner alternative resources of energy. | Page34 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Review of lesson (2) #Replace each of the following statements by suitable scientific term: a)A molecule is formed forms combining an atom of an element to a molecule of the sameelement. b)Continuous increase of the average temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth. #Choose the correct answer from those between brackets: a) Ozone Layer is measured by a unit called …..........….. (Km / Dobson / UV / mm3) b) All are greenhouse gases except ……..........….. (CO2 / O2 / N2O / CH4) #Give reasons for : a)Formation of Ozone Layer in the stratosphere. ………………………………………………………………….......………………............. b)Stop building concord airplanes. …………………………….....................……………………………………......………… #Write short note about the negative results of global warming. …………………………….....................…………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… | Page35 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit Review #Replace each of the following statements by a suitable scientific term: 1)The boundary separating between stratosphere and mesosphere where temperature is rather constant. (………….) 2) Charged layer reflects radio waves. (………….) 3)One of the atmosphere components that its ratio increased in recent years to reach about 0.038%. (………….) 4)A type of ultraviolet radiation that is absorbed completely (100%) in the Ozone Layer. (………….) #Complete the following phrases: 1) The highest temperature layer in the atmosphere is ………. and the least temperature one is ………….. 2) Most of weather features occur in …………. layer whereas satellites swim through the ……………. layer. 3) Ultraviolet radiation has a …………. effect, and the infrared radiation has a ………. effect. 4) Among the pollutants of the Ozone Layer are ………….. compounds that are used in air conditioning sets and …………… compounds that are used in fire extinguishers. #Illustrate with formulas only the role of ultraviolet radiation in the formation of Ozone gas. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………. #An aeroplane captain announced that the atmospheric pressure outside the aeroplane is90 millibar. In which layer of the atmosphere was the plane flying? Why? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… #Compare between mesosphere and thermosphere in terms of temperature, importance,and air pressure. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… #Calculate the height of a mountain if the temperature at its foot is 30º C and at its top is(-6 º C) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… | Page36 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Unit (3) Lesson 1 : Fossils. Fossils: They are traces and remains of old living organisms that are preserved in sedimentary rocks. Traces: Traces indicate the activity of once an old living organism during its life. -Ex: Worm’s tunnels - Dinosaur’s foot print. Remains: Parts indicate the remains of once an old living organism after death. -Ex: Remains of shark’s teeth - Remains of dinosaur’s skull. Types of fossils: (1) Fossil of complete body (2) Cast (3) Mold (4) Petrified fossils 1- Fossil of complete body: It is a type of fossils which is formed as a result of the rapid burying of the organism in a medium preserves it from decomposition as snow and amber. - Examples of complete body fossil: a- Mammoth fossil: b- Amber fossil: * Amber: It is the solidified resinous matter which was secreted by pine trees in old geologic ages. (2) Cast: It is the replica of the internal details of a skeleton of once an old living organism. Ex: Ammonite - Nummulite - Trilobite. | Page37 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages (3) Mold: It is the replica of the external details of a skeleton of once an old living organisms. -Ex: Mold of ferns - Mold of fish. (4) Petrified fossils: They are fossils , in which minerals replace the organic matter of organism part by part leaving the shape without any change. -Examples of petrified fossils: Dinosaur’s tooth - Dinosaur’s eggs - Petrified wood Petrified wood : They are fossils that are formed as a result of replacing the organic matter of wood by silica part by part giving us details about the life of an old plant. Petrification: It is the process of replacing the wood material of trees by silca part by part to form petrified wood. * Suitable conditions for fossil formation (preservation) : 1- Presence of hard skeleton of organism. 2- The rapid burying of the organism in a medium preserves it from decomposition. 3- The existence of suitable medium in which the mineral materials replace the organic material of the organism. Importance of fossils: (1) Age determination of sedimentary rocks: Index fossil indicates the age of sedimentary rocks Because the age of rocks is the same age of fossils existed in them. Index fossil : They are fossils of organisms that had lived for a short period of time and a wide geographic distribution then became extinct. | Page38 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages (2) Figuring out the paleo environment:  Q. Mention the importance of: A) Nummulite fossils - They indicate that Gabel El-Mokattam was a seafloor more than 35 million years ago. - They are found in the limestone rocks of Gabel El-Mokattam. B) Ferns fossils: - Indicate that the environment where they lived was hot and rainy tropical environment. C) Coral fossils: - Indicate that the environment where they lived was clear warm shallow sea. (3) Studying life evolution : Fossil record: It is fossils that exist in the rocks of different areas that indicate the extinction and evolution of organisms. * By studying the fossil record , it showed that: 1- The life started first in sea then on land. 2- Organisms developed from simple to complicated as : - Algae appeared before mosses and ferns. - Angiosperms appeared before gymnosperms. - Invertebrates appeared before vertebrates. - Fish were the first vertebrates that appeared then → Amphibians then → reptiles then → Birds and mammals.  Important note: Archaeopteryx fossil is considered a link between reptiles and birds. (4) Petroleum exploration: The existence of microfossils such as foraminifera and radiolariacould point to: - The conditions are suitable to form petrol. - The age of rocks in exploratory wells. | Page39 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Review of lesson 1 1- Write the scientific term for each of the following statements: (1)Remains of old organisms that lived in the past for a certain period and then became extinct. (2)Replacing, part by part, the wood material of trees by silica to form petrified woods. 2- Complete the following phrases: (1) Archaeopteryx represents the link between …………….. and...…………........................ (2) Fossils are used in …………… exploration and determining the age of…….. 3-Choose the correct answer from between brackets: (1) …………….. is an example of microfossils. (Mammoth / Ferns / Foraminifera / archaeopteryx) (2) Complete fossils of insects are found preserved in (ammonites / amber / igneous rocks / ambergris) 4-Mention the importance of each of the following: (1)Coral fossil…………………………………………………….............................…….. (2)Nummulites fossil……………………….....................………...…………………........ 5-What is the difference between ? (1) Remains and trace. …………………………………………………………...…………………................... (2) Mold and cast. ……………………………………………………………..……………....................… 6-Give reasons for: (1) Naming the petrified forests with wood mountain. …………………...…………………………………………………………..............…. (2) Gebel El-Mokattam was once a sea floor more than 35 million years ago. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… | Page41 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Lesson 2 Extinction Extinction: It is the continuous decrease without compensation in the number of species until all members of species die out. The moment of extinction : It is the date of death of the last individual of the species. * Using fossils to indicate extinction: * Factors causing extinction : Causes of old extinction Causes of recent extinction 1- Meteors impact with Earth. 1- Destroying natural habitat. 2- The onset of a long glacial age. 2- Over hunting. 3- Emission of poisonous gases from 3- Environmental pollution. volcanoes. 4- Climatic changes and natural disasters. - * Examples of extinct species in old time 1- Dinosaur 2- Mammoth * Examples of extinct species in the recent time : Extinct species in the recent time Cause of extinction 1. Dodo bird: - Extinction of dodo bird Because it was an easy target for hunters due to: a- Has small wings so it can't fly. b- Has short legs so it can’t run fast. 2- Quagga: - Extinction of quagga - It is a midway between horse and zebra. Due to the continuous hunting. | Page41 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages The endangered species The international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) issues every year a RED LIST that includes the endangered species. Examples of endangered species: Endangered species Causes of endanger 1- Panda bear: - Panda bear is endangered Due to:1- Weakness rates of reproduction. Rareness of bamboo plant (its only food) that doesn’t blossom except once every 100 years. 2- Rhinoceros: - Rhinoceros is endangered Due to: 1- Changing its habitats into cultivated lands. 2- Over hunting for using its horns in some medical purposes. 3- Bald eagle: - Bald eagle is endangered - Naming the bald eagle by this name Because it feeds on fish that contain Because its head is covered by white poisonous matter that is dumped in rivers. feathers which make it look like bald. 4- Ibis bird: - Ibis bird is endangered Due to the loss of its nests after building the High Dam. 5- Papyrus plant: - Papyrus plant is endangered Due to drying of swamps where they grow. | Page42 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Ecosystem: It is a natural area of living organism and non-living things. Food chains: It is a path of energy that transmits from a living organism to another in the ecosystem Kinds of ecosystem: Simple ecosystem Complicated ecosystem It is an ecosystem that has few members It is an ecosystem that has multiple members and it is severely affected by the absence of and it isn’t affected much by the absence of one of its species. one of its species. - Ex: Desert ecosystem - Ex: Tropical forests ecosystem. *Ways to protect living organisms from extinction: 1- Issuing rules to control hunting in land, sea and air. 2- Increasing the awareness about the importance of natural life. 3- Rearing and reproducing the endangered species and send them back to their native habitats. 4- Establishing gene banks for the much endangered species. 5- Establishing natural protectorates. Natural protectorates: They are safe areas established to protect endangered species in their homeland. | Page43 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages * The important world’s protectorates: P.O.C Bluestone Panda protectorate Ras Mohamed protectorate protectorate * Location : U.S.A North eastern China South Sinai governorate, Egypt. * Protected kind: Grey bear Panda bear Rare species of coral reefs, coloured fish and numerous of rare plants and animals. | Page44 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages Review on lesson 2 #Choose the correct answer from between brackets: (1)……….. indicate(s) extinction. (Fossils / Protectorates / Evolution / Ecological equilibrium) (2)………. protectorate is the first established natural protectorate in Egypt. (Saint Cathrine / Ras Mohamed / Wadi Hetan / Petrified forest) #Write the scientific term for each of the following statements: (1) The death of all members of species of living organisms. (………...…) (2) Extinct animal has a wolf’s head, a dog’s tail and a tiger’s skin. (………...…) #Explain the effect of extinction of a species of living organisms on: (1) Simple ecosystem.…………………………………………………………………… (2) Complicated ecosystem.……………………………………………………………… #Mention what characterize each of the following: (1)Ras Mohamed protectorate. (2)Wadi Hetan area. #Exclude the unsuitable word and mention what the rest has in common: (1)Dodo / Quagga / Bald eagle / Tasmanian cat. ……………………………………………………...........................………………… (2)Panda / Rhinoceros / Golden frog / Bald eagle ………………………………………………………….......……….......................... #Give reasons for: (1)Removing trees of tropical forests is one of the most important factors ofextinction. ………………………………………………………………………………..............… (2)The desert ecosystem is significantly affected by the absence of one of its species. ………………………………………………………………………..............………… | Page45 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages First Term Review 1-Choose the correct answer between brackets : 1-.......... form positively charged ions when they enter in the chemical reactions. ( Inert gases - Nonmetal - Halogens - Alkali metals ) 2-The elements of group (17) are called.......... ( alkali metals - halogens - inert gases - alkaline Earth metals ) 3-Meteors are formed in.......... ( exosphere – thermosphere – mesosphere – stratosphere ) 4-…....... is one of the most important causes of the recent extinction age. ( Volcanic eruption – Falling of icebergs – Falling of meteorites – Overhunting and environmental pollution ) 2-Write the chemical equations representing the following : 1- Dissolving of magnessium oxide in water........................................................................................................................................ 2-The reaction between chlorine gas and potassium bromide........................................................................................................................................ 3-The electrolysis of water........................................................................................................................................ 3-Mention one difference between each of : 1- Flourine molecule and helium molecule........................................................................................................................................ 2-Natural and industrial water pollutants........................................................................................................................................ 3-Troposphere and stratosphere. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… …………. 4-Simple and complicated ecosystems. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……….. 4-Give reasons : 1-Water molecule is from the polar molecules........................................................................................................................................ 2-Sodium is kept in kerosene. 3-The lower part of stratosphere is suitable for plane flying........................................................................................................................................ | Page46 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages 4-The bald eagle is one of the endangered species. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5-To who are these works/achievements attributed ? 1- The discovery that the nucleus of the atom contains positively charged protons........................................................................................................................................ 2-The discovery of the existence of two magnetic belts around planet Earth........................................................................................................................................ | Page47 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page48 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page49 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page51 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page51 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page52 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page53 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page54 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page55 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page56 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page57 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page58 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page59 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page61 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page61 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page62 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page63 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page64 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page65 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page66 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page67 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page68 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page69 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page71 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page71 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page72 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page73 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page74 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page75 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page76 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages | Page77 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim  Egyptian Pioneer Schools Languages END | Page78 Preparatory 2 Science Booklet First Term Mrs: Asmaa Kasim