SPOT Junior - Space Science Booklet 2024-2025 PDF

STUDENT BOOKLET JUNIOR – 2024 - 25 1 Dear Student, SPOT Assessment is purely based on the science aptitude of the learner. The textual portion, the learner studies in the respective class need to be reaffirmed. You can do careful reading of any materials in science which c...

STUDENT BOOKLET JUNIOR – 2024 - 25 1 Dear Student, SPOT Assessment is purely based on the science aptitude of the learner. The textual portion, the learner studies in the respective class need to be reaffirmed. You can do careful reading of any materials in science which can improve your knowledge horizons. This booklet will help you to identify the other topics that are broadly covered for this year’s SPOT PRELIMS & SPOT 100’S 2  INDEX Sr. No Contents Page No 1. BRANCHES OF SCIENCE 4 2. SCEINCE IN ANCIENT INDIA 12 3. GREAT SCIENTISTS 17 4. INDIA IN SPACE 31 5. AMAZING FACTS ABOUT SCIENCE 42 6. FACTS ABOUT ROCKET 45 7. WORLD SPACE WEEK 48 8. OZONE LAYER 51 3  BRANCHES OF SCIENCE SCIENCE is a concerted Human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and or through experimentation that tries to stimulate natural processes under controlled conditions. The Major Branches of Science Science is a systematic study of the nature and manners of an object and the natural universe that is established around measurement, experiment, observation and formulation of laws. There are four major branches of science; each branch is categorized in differenttype of subjects that covers different areas of studies such us chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy etc. The four major branches of science are Mathematics and logic, natural science, physical science and social science. Physical Science is classified into three: Physics - A natural science that involves the study ofmatter, motion, energy, force, objects, etc. related touniverse and its function Chemistry – The study and analysis of various elements, composition, structure, chemical process, etc. Astronomy – The study of objects beyond theatmosphere of the earth Earth Science is a branch of Physical science Classified into five: Ecology - The study of environment, relation ofl living organisms in the environment and ecosystem Oceanology –Otherwise known as Marine Science and various other topics related to oceans. Geology – The study about various aspects of earth, an interesting branch that deals with digging the past. Meteorology – The study about climate, rainfall, wind,speed, density, etc. 4 related to the Atmosphere. Paleontology – Similar to Geology, which deals withthe study of various objects that existed in the prehistoric period Life Science or Biological science Biology – Natural science and in-depth study of livingorganisms, from evolution to destruction. Botany – A known branch of science, studying about plantkingdom Zoology – The twin branch of botany, study of animal kingdom Human Biology– The study about human beings, nutrition,diseases, medicine, etc. Genetic Science – The study about genes, genetic facts,diseases of genes, etc. Medicine – The study, diagnosis, research, etc. of variousdiseases and treatments SOCIAL SCIENCE A branch of science that deals with the society and human behaviorin it, including anthropology, communication studies, criminology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology. Applications of some important branches of science and the scope of learning PHYSICS Physics is the study of energy and matter with respect to space andtime. Physics is used heavily in engineering. For example, statics, asubfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures. The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and construction of better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations. With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do notchange with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty. For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth’s mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one 5 to extrapolate forward orbackward in time and so predict future or prior events. It also allows for simulations in engineering which drasticallyspeeds up the development of new technologies. BOTANY The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and foodthat provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convertwater and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used inthe structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required bynearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilize soil, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucialto the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen,medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preservingsoil. ZOOLOGY Study of Zoology is great importance to man. It has helped man to recognize the living things and to adapt himself according to the environment. The students of Zoology can learn about animals and Zoological principles which may help them for proper maintenance oflife. Zoologist acquires the power to evaluate the nature which is notpossible by the other means. The scope of applied Zoology is innumerable. It provides the knowledge of medicine, dentistry, Veterinary medicine, medical technology, nursing, Museum Work, zoological teaching, zoological research, agriculture, environmental science, and conservation. Genetics is another branch of zoology. Itsknowledge has brought revolution in plant and animal breeding. There is every possibility that our non-renewable natural resources will be exhausted in near future. The conservation of these natural resources may be possible through zoological knowledge. 6 ASTRONOMY Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena. Amateur astronomers have made and contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, such as finding new comets. ECOLOGY The scope of ecology contains a wide array of interacting levels of organization spanning micro-level (e.g., cells) to a planetary scale (e.g., biosphere) phenomena. Ecosystems, for example, contain abiotic resources and interacting life forms (i.e., individual organisms that aggregate into populations which aggregate into distinct ecological communities). Ecosystems are dynamic, they do not always follow a linear successional path, but they are always changing, sometimes rapidly and sometimes so slowly that it can takethousands of years for ecological processes to bring about certain successional stages of a forest. An ecosystem’s area can vary greatly,from tiny to vast. A single tree is of little consequence to the classification of a forest ecosystem, but critically relevant to organisms living in and on it. GEOLOGY Geology (in Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science) is a branch of science dealing with the study of the Earth. It is also knownas earth science. Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials, their structure and properties. The knowledge of Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD) by surface water helps in soil conservation, river control, coastal and harbor works. CHEMISTRY Chemistry is more specialized, being concerned by the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well asthe changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical Science which studies various substances, atoms,molecules and matter Biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical 7 concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system. LIFE SCIENCE Life science comprises the branches of science that involve the scientific study of living organisms, like plants, animals, and human beings. However, the study of behavior of organisms, such aspracticed in ethology and psychology, is only included in as much asit involves in a clearly biological aspect. While biology remains the centerpiece of life science, technological advances in molecularbiology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and new, often interdisciplinary, fields. HUMAN BIOLOGY Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. Some branches of biology include microbiology, anatomy, neurology and neuroscience, immunology, genetics, physiology, pathology, biophysics, and ophthalmology. 8  BRANCHES OF SCIENCE AND ITS DEFINITION Aerodynamics : the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created Anatomy : the study of the structure and organization of living things Anthropology : the study of human cultures both past and present Archaeology : the study of the material remains of cultures Astronomy : the study of celestial objects in the universe Astrophysics : the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry : the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics : the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology : the science that studies living organisms Botany : the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry : the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself Climatology : the study of climates and 9  investigations of its phenomena and causes. Ecology : the study of how organisms interact with each other and to their environment Electronics : science and technology of electronic phenomena Entomology : the study of insects Environmental Science : the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Genetics : the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology : the science of the Earth, its structure, and history Marine Biology : the study of animal and plant life within Saltwater ecosystems Medicine : the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease Meteorology : study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting Microbiology : the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes Mineralogy : the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals Molecular Biology : the study of biology at molecular level Nuclear Physics : the branch of physics which deals with the structure of atomic nucleus and the nuclear radiation. 10 Neurology : the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders Oceanography : study of the earth’s oceans, their Inter linked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes Ornithology : the study of birds Paleontology : the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods Physics : the study of the behavior and properties of matter Physiology : the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms Radiology : the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy in imaging technology, which includes x- rays and radioisotopes Seismology : A branch of geophysics which deals with the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves within the Earth Taxonomy : the science of classification of animals and plants Thermodynamics : the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes Zoology : the study of animals 11  SCIENCE IN ANCIENT INDIA Ancient India has contributed many eminent learning to the field of Mathematics and Science, including Medical Science, Ayurveda, Yoga, Astronomy, Astrology, etc. Aryabhata - Mathematician and Astronomer Aryabhata was a fifth century mathematician, astronomer, astrologerand physicist. He was a pioneer in the field of mathematics. At the age of 23, he wrote Aryabhata, which is a summary of mathematicsof his time. Aryabhata showed that zero was not a numeral only butalso a symbol and a concept. Discovery of zero enabled Aryabhata to find out the exact distance between the earth and the moon. MEDICAL SCIENCE IN ANCIENT INDIA (AYURVEDA & YOGA) Ayurveda is the indigenous system of medicine that was developed in Ancient India. The word Ayurveda literally means the science of good health and longevity of life. This ancient Indian system of medicine not only helps in treatment of diseases but also in finding the causes and symptoms of diseases. Acharya Charaka is called thefather of ayurvedic medicine and Sushruta the father of surgery. SCIENTISTS OF MODERN INDIA The development of scientific thought in modern India is due to the contributions made by many scientists. Sir C.V. Raman brought about an unprecedented change in Indian scientific thought, Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, known as the father of our Nuclear Physics, predicted the future of Indian science. Dr. J.C. Bose, in the field of plant physiology, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, in the field of atomic energy and industrialization and Dr. Abdul Kalam, in the field of defense technology, brought about revolutionary changes to reawaken the glory of Modern India. 12 Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan, one of India’s greatest mathematical genius, was born at Erode in Tamil Nadu on 22 December, 1887. His love of mathematics was unusual. Numbers seemed to draw him by a strange magnetism. In school itself at the age of thirteen, he came across a book called Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematic by G. S. Carr which introduced him to the world of mathematics. He started working and developing his own ideas and became world famous for his findings. Sir C. V. Raman (1888-1970) Chandrasekhara V. Raman, popularly known as C.V. Raman, was a great scientist won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.He was the first Asian to receive this award. C.V. Raman was born on 7 November 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, in Tamil Nadu. His father was a professor of Physics and Mathematics. Even in his childhood, he waspopular as a child genius. On his journey to England, he was greatly attracted by the blue colourof the sea. He was curious to know why it remained blue even whenbig waves rolled up. Then he got the intuitive flash that it was due to the breaking up of sun’s light by water molecules and called it Raman Effect. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937) J.C. Bose another great scientist of modern India brought glory and respect for the country. He was born on 30 November,1858 at Mymensingh, now in Bangladesh. He made an apparatus to study the properties of electric waves. Dr. Bose is famous all over the world asthe inventor of Crescograph that can record even the millionth part of a millimeter of plant growth and movement. Dr. Bose proved through graphs taken by the Crescograph that plants have a circulatory system too. He was the first to invent a wireless coherer (radio signal detector) and an instrument for indicating the refractionof 13 electric waves. Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966) Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha was a great scientist. He led India into atomic age. He is called the father of Indian Nuclear Science. He was born on 30 October,1909 in a famous Parsi family. In 1939, Dr. Bhabha joined the Indian Institute of Sciences at Bangalore as a Reader at the request of Dr. C.V. Raman. Soon he became a Professor of Physics. It was here that he got the idea of building a research institute for some of the new areas of Physics. He took a very bold decision and wrote a letter to Sir Dorab Ji Tata suggesting that an institution should be established which wouldlay the foundation of India as a world nuclear power. This institute would produce its own experts and the country would not have to depend on outside sources. As a result, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was started in 1945, at Dr. Bhabha’s ancestral home. India’s first atomic research center now called Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) was established at Trombay. India’s First atomic reactor, Apsara was also established under his expert guidance. Bhabha became the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission set up in 1948. His studies in the field of atomicenergy are considered of great importance in international circles. He servedas the chairman of international conference on peaceful uses of atomic energy, supported by the United Nations. The Government ofIndiahonored him with Padma Bhushan. Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1971) Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai is the great genius of modern India. Heis known as the Father of India’s Space Programs. He was the main personality behind the launching of India’s first satellite Aryabhata. He received his primary education at a school run by his parents. Hestudied cosmic rays under the guidance of Dr. C.V. Raman and received his Ph.D. degree from Cambridge University. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai established many institutes which are of international repute. Most notable among them are Indian 14 Institutesof Management (IIMS) which are considered world class for their management studies. He was the Chairman of the Indian National Commission for SpaceResearch (INCOSPAR) and of the Atomic Energy Commission. He directedthe setting up of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). Healso made plans to take education to the villages through Satellite communication. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1966 and the Padma Vibhushan after his death. DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM (1931 - 2015) Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of India was born on15 October, 1931, in the island town of Rameswaram, in Tamil Nadu. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour in 1997 for his contributions in the field of science and engineering. Dr. APJ Kalam served in Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) from 1963 to 1982. At Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, hedeveloped the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV 3), which put the satellite Rohini into orbit. In 1982, as Director, Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO), he was given the responsibility of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). He developed five projects for defence services - Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag and Agni. Heled India into an era of self-dependence. Agni, which is a surface-to- surface missile, is a unique achievement. Its successful launch made India, a member of the club of highly developed countries. 15 NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS OF INDIA The Nobel Prize is one of the most important awards in the world. Nobel Prizes are given each year in six subject areas. The areas are physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. Theprizes honor people anywhere in the world who have done outstanding work in one of these areas. The Nobel prizes are named after Sir Alfred Nobel, a Swedish scientist. He invented the explosive called dynamite. The invention made him rich. He decided to use the money to honor people who helped humankind in some way. The first Nobel prizes were handed out on December 10, 1901, exactly five years after Alfred Nobel’s death. At first there were onlyfive prizes. The prize for economics was added to the list in 1969. Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden and Peace Price isawarded in Oslo, Norway. Year Laureates Subject Origin 1913 Rabindranath Literature Citizen of India Tagore 1930 C.V. Raman Physics Citizen of India 1998 Amartya Sen Economic Sciences Citizen of India 1979 Mother Teresa Peace Foreign born citizen of India 1983 Subrahmanyan Physics Indian-born American Chandrasekhar citizen 1968 Har Gobind Medicine Foreign citizen of Khorana Indian origin 2001 V. S. Naipaul Literature Indian descendant UK citizen 2009 Venkatraman Indian born American Ramakrishnan Chemistry Citizen 2014 Kailash Satyarthi Peace Citizen of India 16  GREAT SCIENTISTS GALIELO GALIELI Galileo Galilei was a groundbreaking Italian astronomer, physicist, mathematician, philosopher and inventor. He opened the eyes of the world to new way of thinking abouthow the solar system work. For many years, scientists had believed that the solar system revolved around the Earth, and that the earth was the center of the Universe. Galileo was the first scientist to prove that this wasn’t correct. He stated that in fact, the solar system revolved around the Sun. He also invented and improved telescope and so that he could gaze far into space. Hewas the first to see Jupiter’s moons, and the first to realise that our Moon was covered with craters. Besides Scopes, he also invented thecompass and the thermometer. Galileo has played a major role in the scientific revolution of the 17 th Century. BLAISE PASCAL Blaise pascal was a 17th century French philosopher and scientist who made important contributions to math, science, and philosophy. While he was still a teenager, Pascal became oneof only two people who had developed and constructed a working mechanical calculator. As a mathematician, Pascal developed two separate fields of math-projective geometry,and probability theory. This Probability theory was born out Pascal’s study of gambling problems and had an important development of the impact on the modern-day economics. In projective geometry, he developed that became known as Pascal’s triangles, in which the sums of successive numbers built on themselves to form the numbers built on themselves to form the numerical row beneath. Pascal ‘s scientific theories were important to understanding the properties and volume of solids using cycloids. pascal was also an expert in various languages, and a well – versed religious philosopher 17 JOHANNES KEPLER Johannes Kepler was a leading astronomer ofthe scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is the term used to describe the emergence of modern science that took placethroughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Before the scientific Revolution, astronomy was closely tied to astrology, which is the belief that the movement of the stars and planets can be interpreted to predict the future. As the scientific Revolution progressed, astrology increasingly came to be replaced by astronomy as a modern, legitimate science.Johannes Kepler is best known for his discovery that the orbits in which the Earth and the other planets of the solar system travel around the sun are elliptical or oval in shape. He was also the first to explain correctly how human beings are ableto see and demonstrated what happens to light when it enters a telescope. In addition, he designed an instrument that serves as the basis of the modern refractive telescope. Since he was such a prominent figure in the field of astronomy, a lot of spots on distant planets havebeen named after him such as” Kepler’s Crater on Mars” and ‘The Kepler Crater’ on the Moon. SIR ISSAC NEWTON Sir Issac Newton, an Englishman who lived in the 17th century, is a scientific legend. He came up with numerous theories and contributed ideas to many different fields includingphysics, mathematics, and philosophy. In 1687, Newton published his book philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. In it, he describes universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion. It is widely regarded to be one of the mostimportant books in the history of science. It is well 18 known that his work on formulating a theory of gravitation was inspired by watchingan apple falling from a tree. During his lifetime, Newton developed a new type of mathematics called calculus, and made breakthroughs in the area of optics such as the reflecting telescope. He also discovered that white light is made up of wide range of different colors. Newton was a deep thinker with an insatiable curiosity to know everything about everything he saw. His contributions are so numerous, that he changed forever the way in which we look at the world. EDMOND HALLEY Edmond Halley was an English Scientist who became very interested in a comet that he sawin 1682. After being told that similar comet had appeared in 1531 and 1607, he suspectedthat it was the same comet that he had seen.By using the laws of gravity discovered by hisfriend Sir Issac Newton, Halley realized that he could predict when it would return. Halleyworked out that the comet would appear in our skies every 75 to 76 years. He was correct in his prediction, but sadly when the comet did reappear, he was no more, and he could not witness the confirmationhe had waited for so eagerly. In his honors , the comet was named after him. Though he is remembered foremost as an astronomer, Halley also made significant discoveries in the fields of geography, mathematics,meteorology, and Physics. Halley was very close to Newton. STEPHEN HAWKING Stephen Hawking, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, is remarkable in many ways. Despite challenging physical impairments, he has contributed hugely to the world of science. Hawking suffers from a type of motor neuron disease that has left him almost completely paralyzed. This did not stop him from workingon the subject of black holes and providing theories 19 for their behavior, including the idea that they emit radiation. Hawking believed black holes to be celestial death traps that swallowed up all energy. However, he determined there was room for this phenomenon, through the merging of quantum theory, general relatively and thermodynamics, distilling it all into one path in 1974. Hawking wanted to write a book about the mysteries of the universethat would connect with the public. This task seemed impossible afterhe lost the abilities to write and speak. But Hawking did not give up,and his vision was finally realized when his ‘A Brief History of Time’ became a best seller. EDWIN HUBBLE Willam Edwin Hubble, an American Astronomer, made a huge impact on astronomy, and science in general, by demonstrating that other galaxies, besides our own Milky Way existed. Less than a century ago, many scientists believed there was just one galaxy the Milky Way. On December 30th, 1924 Edwin Hubble announced he had evidence that the Milky Way galaxy was just oneof the galaxies in the universe. Discovering that our galaxy wasn’t alone just the beginning for Hubble. He continued measuring distances and velocities in deep space. His findings published in 1929, led to the widely accepted notion thatthe Universe is expanding. The well-known Hubble Space Telescopeis named after Edwin Hubble. The Hubble Space Telescope has provided valuable research data and images since it was carried into orbit in 1990, leading to many breakthroughs in the field of astrophysics. Despite his accomplishments, Hubble never won the Nobel Prize in physics, since at that time astronomers were not eligible for the award. However, Edwin Hubble has received other accolades, however, bothan asteroid and a Moon crater bear his name. 20 JEAN LAMARCK Jean Lamarck was one of the pioneers in the field of biology. In fact, the very name ‘Biology’was coined by this French naturalist. He is best remembered for his theory of evolution. According to this theory, the characteristics an organism develops during itslifetime in response to its environment are inherited by or passed on to its offspring. Lamarck was the first to use the term invertebrate to describe animals without backbones. He began collecting fossils and studying all sorts of simple species. As a result of these studies, he was able to revise the classificationof lower animals that had been unfinished by the Swedish biologistLinnaeus. Lamarck’s study of invertebrates also led to the publication of his major work ’The Natural History of Invertebrate Animals’ in 1815-22. JOHN DALTON John Dalton, a British Scientist, is probably best known for his groundbreaking research and contribution to two completely different fields- atomic theory in chemistry. Theresearch had a great impact on atomic theory. He created a listing of atomic weight for six different elements – hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorous. Dalton’s interpretation of atomic theory maintained that atoms are combined in chemical reactions, but also that they can be separated and rearranged. Without doubt, it was John Dalton’s atomic theory that laid the foundations of modern chemistry. 21 ANDREW MARIE AMPERE Andrew Marie Ampere was a French Physicist and mathematician, who made the revolutionary discovery that a wire carrying electric current can attract or repelanother wire next to it , which also carries electric current. The attraction with a magnet is necessary for the effect to be seen. Ampere went on to formulate Ampere’s Law of electromagnetismand produced the best definition of electriccurrent of his time. He also proposed the existence of a particle we now reorganize as the electron, discovered the chemical element fluorine, and grouped elements by their properties. In recognition of Ampere’s contribution to modern electrical science, the ‘ampere’ was established as a standard unit of electrical measurement ,in 1881,forty-five years after his death. MICHAEL FARADAY Michael faraday was a 19th century British chemistand Physicist. He is often called the father of electricity with good reason His work on electrochemistry and electromagnetism laid the foundation for many areas of science. It was in 1831 that Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, the principle behind the electric transformer and generator. This discovery was crucial in allowing electricity to be transformed froma curiosity, into a powerful new technology. He was partly responsible for coining many familiar words including ‘electrode’, ‘cathode’ and ‘ion’. Faraday laid the basis of the electromagnetic field concept in physics, discovered the laws of electrolysis, and invented electromagnetic rotary device that were vital in the creation of electric motors. Faraday has thus played a key role in the development of electricity for use in modern technology 22 CHARLES DARWIN Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who is best known for his ideas on evolution.In 1831, Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle ,a naval survey ship. Darwin’s job was to collect plant and animal specimens from thecountries the ship visited. The voyage took five years. For Charles Darwin, the most important part of the journey was the timeto spent in the Galapagos islands which are the home to plants and animals that can’t be found anywhere else in the world. On his return to England, Darwin started to piece together his theory of natural selection which explained how populations evolved. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his book ‘On The Orgin Of Spices’. According to this theory all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors. Charles Darwin changed the way humans viewed themselves. JAMES PRESCOT JOULE FRS James Prescott Joule FRS (24 December 1818 – 11 October 1889) was an English physicist and brewer,born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the natureof heat and discovered its relationship to mechanicalwork (see energy). This led to the law of conservation ofenergy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after James Joule. He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale of temperaturethe Kelvin. Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and he found the relationship between the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated, which is now called Joule’s first law. In his early years, Joule proved that heat produced in a small electromagnet built by him was from electrical energy, which was in turn, generated by mechanical energy which powered the dynamo. The 23 principle of conservation of energy became the first law of thermodynamics, a field of physics that Joule is referred to as the chief founder. Joule was the first person to calculate the speed of a molecule of gas, about 457 meters a second for oxygen at average temperatures which laid the foundations for the kinetic theory of gases in the future. Joule recognized the need for standard units of electricity. In fact, the units of energy is named ‘Joule’ in recognition of his contribution. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL Gregor Johann Mendel was a German-speaking Moravian-Silesian scientist and Augustinian friar andabbot of St. Thomas’ Abbey in Brno who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel’s pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance. Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. With seed color, he showed that when a yellow pea and a green pea werebred together their offspring plant was always yellow. However, in the next generation of plants, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1:3. Toexplain this phenomenon, Mendel coined the terms “recessive” and “dominant” in reference to certain traits. (In the preceding example, green peas are recessive and yellow peas are dominant.) He published hiswork in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible “factors”—now called genes— in providing for visible traits in predictable ways. The profound significance of Mendel’s work was not recognized until the turn of the20thcentury (more than three decades later) with the independent rediscoveryof these laws. Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and William Jasper Spillman independently verified several of Mendel’s experimental findings, ushering in the modern age of genetics. 24 ALEXANDERF FLEMING Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, made history with the discovery of penicillin, the world’s first antibiotic substance in 1928. Fleming was studying deadly bacteria when hemade his awesome discovery, quite byaccident. He had unintentionally left open thecover of bacteria culture plate with which he was working when he went away on a holiday. When he returned, he noticed that a mould had formed on the exposed culture. What interested him wasthe fact that in the area surrounding the mould, the bacteria had disappeared. He kept a strain of the mold alive and began testing it on laboratory animals. With further experimentation, Fleming established that this mould, that he named penicillin, could destroy many types of bacteria, suchas the ones responsible for scarlet fever,meningitis, and diphtheria. Fleming published his research on penicillin, with two other scientists. However, Florey and Ernst Boris Chain discovered how to isolate the penicillin and increase its potential. These findings were used to mass-produce penicillin in order to treat wounded soldiers during World War II, thus saving millions of lives. THOMAS EDISON Thomas Edison’s story is truly an inspiring one. Hestruggled at school but loved reading andconducting experiments. The American inventor began sending and receiving messages via Morse code- electronically conveyed alphabet using different clicks for each letter at the age of 15. Later, he invented a version of the telegraph thatcould send four messages at once In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph. The phonograph was a machine that recorded and played back sounds. He perfected the phonograph by recording ‘Mary had a Little lamb’ on a piece of foil In 1878 Edison invented the light bulb, as well as the power grid system which could generate electricity, and deliver it to homes through a network of wires. 25 Edison registered 1093 patents in the US as he continues to invent products. He made significant contributions to storage batteries and motion pictures. His inventions changed the world forever, and Edison remains a colossus in the field of science to day. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Alexander Graham Bell was an influential scientist, engineer, and inventor who is considered to be the inventor of the first practical telephone. Bell’s mother and wife were both deaf, and this motivatedhis research on hearing and speech. Bell experimented with sound, working with devices such as ‘harmonic telegraph’, that is used to send multiple messages over a single wire. While trying to discover the secret to transmitting multiple messages on a single wire. Bell heard the sound of plucked string alongsome of the electrical wire. This was caused because one of Bell’s assistants. Thomas A Watson was trying to reactivate a transmitter. It made Bell believe he could send the sound of a human voice over the wire. After receiving a patent on March 7th , 1876, for transmitting sound alonga single wire, he successfully transmitted human speech on March 10. Bells’ first words with the working telephone were spoken to his assistant Watson. They were “Mr. Watson come here I want to see you”. Bell also had a strong interest in other scientific fields, conducting medical research, searching for alternative fuel sources, developing hydrofoil watercraft and much more. 26 ALBERT EINSTEIN Albert Einstein was an intellectual giant whose scientific achievements influenced the philosophy of science forever. Born in Germany, he made some contributionsto the field of theoretical physics, and 1921, won a Nobel Prize for his work in this field. In 1905 he began publishing the componentsof his Special Theory of Relativity, in which he demonstrated that time was relative to the speed at which the observer was travelling. The essence of Einstein’s Special Theory of relativity was that if matter is converted into energy, then energy released can be shownin the simple formula E= MC2 where C represents the velocity of light,Ethe energy and M the mass. In 1915 Einstein rocked the world with his General Theory ofRelativity. It explained a lot of how time and distance may change due to the ‘relative’ or different speed of the objects and the observer. Einstein became famous overnight, and all of a sudden, hewas showered with honors from all over the world! Einstein’s vision and his theories of relativity and quantum physics are with our doubt, the hallmarks of a scientific genius. JJ THOMPSON JJ Thomson, an English physicist, took science to new heights with his 1897 discovery of the electron, the subatomic particle. When Thomson began his research career, it was thought that atoms were the smallest particles. Nobody had a clear picture of how atoms might look. It was already known that atoms were associated in some way with electric charges. In 1897 aged 40, Thomson carried out a now famous experiment with a cathode ray tube. His experiment proved the existence of a new fundamental particle that was much smaller than the atom. It was named the electron. 27 In discovering the electron, Thomson also moved towards theinvention of an immensely important tool for chemical analysis the mass spectrometer. Then in 1912 Thomson discovered that stable elements could exists as isotopes are different forms of the same element that exist with different atomic masses. J J Thomson was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics in 1906. MARIE CURIE She was the first woman to win the Nobel prize twice. Marie’s research was the field of radioactivity. With the help of her husband Pierre Curie, she made numerous scientific discoveries; including one showing that radiation did indeed comefrom the atom itself. The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Marie and Pierre aswell as Henri Becquerel for their work in radiation. In 1911, Marie Curie was awarded another Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, for her discovery of radium and polonium, and subsequent research. Marie curie became internationally famous, and scientists came from around the world to study radioactivity with her. The Curie institute in Paris founded by Marie in 1921 is still a major cancer research facility to this day. 28  ASTRONAUTS OF INDIAN ORIGIN WING COMMANDER RAKESH SHARMA The AC, Hero of the Soviet Union, (born 13 January 1949) is a former Indian Air Force test pilot who flew aboard Soyuz T-11 as part of the Inter cosmos program. Sharma was the first Indian to travel in space. Sharma joined the Indian Air Force in 1970 as apilot officer after joining the NDA as an IAF cadet in 1966. He spent eight days in space on board the Salyut 7 space station. He joined 2 other Soviet cosmonauts aboard the Soyuz T-11spacecraft which blasted off on 2 April 1984. In 1984 he became the first citizen of India to go into space when he flew aboard the Soviet rocket Soyuz T-11. He was conferred with thehonour of Hero of Soviet Union upon his return from space. The Government of India conferred its highest gallantry award (during peace time), the Ashoka Chakra on him and the other two Soviet members of his mission. He retired with the rank of Wing Commander. He joined the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 1987 and served as Chief Test Pilotin the HAL Nashik Division until 1992, before moving on to Bangaloreto work as the Chief Test Pilot of HAL. He retired from test flying in 2013.. KALPANA CHAWLA Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was born in Karnal, India. She was the first Indian American astronaut and first Indian woman in space. Kalpana Chawla completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Baal Niketan Sr. Sec.School, Karnal. As a small child, when teachers asked pupils to draw a picture, Kalpana would draw stars and spaceships while other children drew flowers or trees. Kalpana, as a student of Tagore Baal Niketan, was interested in flying. She was 29 fascinated by airplanes and preferred to make them in the crafts-class. Kalpana’s favorite topic in drawing class was airplanes. Once she prepared a project on environment in which she made huge, colorfulcharts and models depicting the sky and stars. Signs of her interest in space were present in this project as well as in others. After completing her higher education, she joined the NASA and firstflew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. Chawla was the first Indian-born woman and the second Indian person to fly in space. Chawla died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster which occurred on February 1, 2003, Kalpana Chawla lived her dream, she will always be remembered for inspiring millions of youths across the globe. SUNITA WILLIAMS Sunita Williams Pandya (born September 19, 1965). She holds the records for longest single space flight by a woman (195 days), total spacewalks by awoman (seven), and most spacewalk time for a woman (50 hours, 40 minutes). She was assigned as a backup crew member for Expedition 30 to the International Space Station, was a crew member of Expedition 32, which launched in July 2012, and thenbecame the Commander of Expedition 33, which began in September 2012. 30  INDIA IN SPACE The dream and realisation of spaceflight - For thousands of years, humans have curiously gazed at the night sky and dreamt oftravelling to space and explore the distant heavenly bodies there. But, that long cherished dream became a reality only after they developed large rockets capable of carrying satellites and humans tospace. After reaching space, those rockets were powerful enough tomake satellites, robotic spacecraft or spacecraft carrying humans to either to circle the earth or proceed towards other worlds of our solarsystem. The uniqueness of the Indian space programme - India is one of the few countries that have taken up the challenge of exploring space and utilising space for the benefits of common man. For this, the country has developed various technologies which few other countries have done. India’s achievements in space today are the result of the foresightedness of Dr Vikram Sarabhai, one of the greatest sons of India. Sarabhai was a great dreamer and showed the path to realise those dreams. He had firm belief in the power of space technology to bring about rapid and overall development of India. Prof Satish Dhawan, who succeeded Dr Sarabhai as the head of the Indian space programme, made immense contributions to Indian space programme by assigning great importance to developing and mastering space technologies through indigenous efforts. He also laidemphasis on the involvement of the Indian industry to meet the needs of the country’s space programme. Prof U R Rao, Dr K Kasturirangan, Dr. G Madhavan Nair and Dr K Radhakrishnan, who succeeded Prof Dhawan, have made their own unique contributions to the Indian space programme. The beginning - Though India today is considered as one of the prominent countries conducting many space activities, the Indian space programme began in a modest way with the formation of the Indian National Committee on Space Research by the Government ofIndia in 1962. The programme formally began on November 21, 1963with the launch of a 28 feet long American ‘Nike-Apache’ Sounding Rocket from Thumba, near Thiruvananthapuram. It carried a small French payload (scientific instrument) to study the winds in the upperatmosphere. Sounding rockets are small research rockets that carry instruments to study upper atmosphere and space. They cannot launch satellites. 31 India’s space capabilities- Indian space research organisation, which is widely known as ‘ISRO’, is the agency which implements the country’s space programme on behalf of the India’s Department of Space. ISRO came into existence in 1969, the same year humans set foot on the moon for the first time. Various centres of ISRO are now spread all over India. They includeVikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), situated in Thiruvananthapuram, which designs huge rockets capable of launching large satellites. In the same city is the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) that develops liquid rocket engines and the more efficient and highly complex cryogenic rocket engines. Bangalore can be called as the space city of India. It has got many space related facilities including the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), which builds Indian satellites are launched into space with a firm purpose like relaying the telephone calls, telecasting TV programs, taking weather pictures of the Earth or observing distant heavenly bodies. Instruments in a satellite which perform these useful tasks are called payloads. ISRO’s Space Applications Centre at Ahmedabad develops such payloads for satellites. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is another important centre of ISRO. It is situated in Hyderabad and performs the important task of receiving the pictures sent by India’s remote sensing satellites in the form of radio waves. NRSC also processes those pictures to make them accurate and show details clearly. The centre also systematically stores those pictures and distributes themin India. The island of Sriharikota in the Bay of Bengal has ISRO’s Satish Dhawan Space Centre and it is the spaceport of India. Sriharikota liesabout 80 km to the North of Chennai and lies in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh state. This is the place from where 38 Indian built rockets have lifted off (as on April 2013) and have travelled towards space. Some of them have launched not one but many satellites during a single launch. Sriharikota has vast facilities to manufacture large solid propellant (fuel-oxidiser combination) rockets as well as to test them. It also has facilities to assemble huge satellite launch vehicles as well as tolaunch and track them. Into the satellite era - In the 1970s, India took a giant leap into space with the launch of its first satellite Aryabhata, named afterthe famous ancient Indian astronomer, the satellite weighed 360 kgat the time of its launch. 32 Before learning more about Aryabhata satellite, let us learn about the specialty of space, the place where Aryabhata revolved round the earth and thousands of artificial satellites still do. In the late 1970s and early 80s, ISRO scientists also built Rohini series of satellites and gained additional experience in building satellites. Rohini satellites were launched by India’s first indigenous launch vehicle SLV-3. Satellite as a catalyst of development - In the early 1980s, the power of the artificial earth satellites to bring a about phenomenal growth in India’s television broadcasting and telecommunication sectors was glaringly demonstrated by a satellite called Indian National Satellite -1B (INSAT-1B). It was the second satellite in the INSAT-1 series. Because of the failure of its predecessor INSAT-1A, Indian space scientists were very much concerned, but INSAT-1B brought in a major revolution in India’s telecommunications, television broadcasting and weather forecasting sectors in a very short and unthinkable time. Eyes in the sky - So, what are these remote sensing satellites? Whatdo they do? How are they useful to the society? Satellites carrying very sensitive cameras or radars and circling the earth in space hundreds of kilometers high are known as remote sensing satellites. Quenching the thirst for knowledge - Communication satellites, weather satellites and remote sensing satellites are those that makeour life easy, interesting and safe. In addition to this, ISRO scientistshave built scientific satellites that quench the human thirst for knowledge, especially to understand our universe. Giant leap to Moon - Chandrayaan-1 was launched on October 22, 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR in Sriharikota by India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C11). On that day at 6:22am in the morning, the 15-story high PSLV majestically rose into thesky on a bright pillar of flame and quickly disappeared into the cloudysky. With this success, India became the only fifth individual country to put a spacecraft into an orbit around the moon after the United States, Soviet ussia, Japan and China. Having succeeded in making Chandrayaan- 1 an artificial satellite of the moon, ISRO scientistschanged its orbit many times. Ultimately, Chandrayaan-1 startedorbiting the moon over its polar regions at a height of about 100 kmfrom the lunar surface. Coming back to India’s first indigenously built satellite launch vehicleSLV-3, it had four stages assembled on top of one another. All thosefour stages 33 were solid rockets. The man who led the team of scientists and engineers that built SLV-3 was A P J Abdul Kalam, who became the president of India and has inspired millions of students of our country. SLV-3’s first launch took place on August 10, 1979, but it was not a success. But, instead of getting disheartened, ISRO scientists worked hard, found out the problem responsible for that, solved it and readied that launch vehicle within a year. On July 18, 1980, SLV-3 rose from Sriharikota Island and sped towards the sky with a roar. About 11 minutes later, it placed the Rohini RS-1 satellite into an orbit aroundthe earth. As that satellite started circling the earth, India became the seventh country to launch its own satellite after Soviet Union, United States, France, Japan, China and Britain. After this, SLV-3 puttwo more Rohini satellites into orbit. In the 1980s, ISRO built a more capable launch vehicle known as Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV). But, ASLV was successful for the first time only during its third flight in 1992 and launched SROSS-C satellite into an orbit around the earth. Another SROSS satellite was launched by ASLV in 1994. Into the future - Today, the main purpose of building launch vehiclesis to carry satellites, unmanned spacecraft and humans to space. ISRO is now building heavier and more complex communication, weather and remote sensing satellites capable of offering more services. Besides, it is developing an independent navigation satellite system called Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. It will be capable of providing highly accurate position, speed, direction, and time information to vehicles travelling on land, sea and in the air. Such information can make their journey safer and more fuel efficient. ISRO Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft that will orbit the moon and send small a rover (robotic car) to the lunar surface in a Lander that will smoothly land there. Also, to study the distant heavenly bodies in detail, ISRO is developing a satellite called ASTROSAT and to study the Sun, it is building Aditya satellite. Along with these, ISRO has conducted studies on sending humans to space, the Gaganyaan missions. 34  LUNAR Start End Mission Name Details date date Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization on 22 October 2008,and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and 22 28 an impactor. The mission was a major Chandrayaan-1 Oct August boost to India's space program, as 2008 2009 India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. Chand rayan Progra Orbiter Chandrayaan-2 was launchedfrom m functiona the second launch pad at Satish l; the Dhawan Space lander Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM crashed IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moonby a onto Geosynchronous Satellite Launch 22 Moon's Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). The Chandrayaan-2 July surface planned orbit has a perigee of 169.7 2019 due to km and an apogee of 45475 km. It loss of consists of a lunar orbiter, lander and control rover, all developed in India. The during main scientific objective is to mapthe the final location and abundance of lunar phase of water. descent. 35 INTER PLANNERY Mission End Start date Detail Name date s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan, is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is Mars Orbiter 5 India's first interplanetary mission and Mission November Ongoing ISRO has become the fourth space 2013 agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. India is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt. ASTRONOMY Mission Start End Details Name date date ASTROSAT is the first dedicated Indian Astronomy satellite mission launched by ISRO on 28 September 2015, which enabled multi- wavelength observations of thecelestial bodies and cosmic sources in X-ray and UVspectral 28 bands simultaneously. The scientific ASTROSAT September Ongoing payloads cover the Visible (3500– 6000 2015 Å...), UV (1300–op Å...), soft and hard X-ray regimes (0.5–8 keV; 3– 80 keV). The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lies in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible, UV, soft and hard X-ray regions. 36 These are the scientific movements across the globe to develop self- sustainability in the economies of advancement through science. 1. White Revolution: Refers to the improving the productionof Milk and Dairy products 2. Blue Revolution: Refers to the improving the productionof Fishing and marine products 3. Yellow revolution: Refers to the improving the production ofOil seeds/edible oil especially mustard, sunflower etc. 4. Pink Revolution: Refers to the improving production of Prawns, onion 5. Rainbow Revolution: Refers to the improving the productionof Fruits/breeding of ornamental fish 6. Brown Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency of Cocoa/Leather 7. Black Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency ofPetroleum 8. Grey Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency ofFertilizer 9. Red Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency ofMeat, tomato 10. Round Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency ofPotato 11. Golden Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency ofHoney, Horticulture 12. Golden fibre Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency of Jute 13. Silver Revolution: Refers to improve the self-sufficiency of Eggs (Poultry) 14. Green Revolution: Refers to improve the production of crops 37 INDIAN NOBEL LAUREATES The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was created in 1968. The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics. The various prizes are awarded yearly. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation. A prize may not be shared among more than three people. Year Laureates Subject Origin 1902 Ronald Ross Medicine for his work Foreign citizen in Malaria born in India 1907 Rudyard Kipling Literature Foreign citizen born in India 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Literature for his song Citizen of India Offerings called Gitanjali 1930 C.V. Raman Physics for Raman Effect Citizen of India 1968 Har Gobind Khorana For Physiology - Medicine “interpretation of the Genetic code and itsfunction Foreign citizen in protein synthesis” of Indian origin 1979 Mother Teresa Peace for her work in Foreign born helping the suffering – citizen of India The missionaries of Charity 1979 Abdus Salam Physics Indian-born Pakistani citizen 1983 Subrahmanyan Physics, for his theoretical Indian-born Chandrasekhar studies of the physical American citizen processes of importance to the structure and evolution 38  of the stars.” 1998 Amartya Sen Economic Sciences , “for Citizen of India his contributions to welfare economics. 2001 V. S. Naipaul Literature Indian descendant UK citizen 2006 Muhammad Yunus Peace Indian-born Bangladeshi citizen 2009 Venkatraman Chemistry, for studies of Indian born Ramakrishnan the structure and function American Citizen of the ribosome” 2014 Kailash Satyarthi For Peace – For his Citizen of India contribution towards child welfare and education Space Exploration -Abbreviations and Definitions Abbreviations Definitions NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration AIIMS All India Institute of Medical SciencesAEC Atomic Energy Commission ARIES Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre CDRI Central Drug Research Institute CMRI Central Mining Research InstituteCNG Compressed Natural Gas CSIR Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchDAE Department of Atomic Energy 39 DCM Digital Cartographic Model DIT Department of Information Technology DRDO Defense Research & Development Organisation DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research DSM Defense Series Maps ESA European Space Agency IARI Indian Agricultural Research InstituteIAS Indian Academy of Sciences IISC Indian Institute of Science ISRO Indian Space Research OrganisationLPG Liquified Petroleum Gas NGRI National Geophysical Research InstituteNIC National Informatics Centre NIO National Institute of OceanographyNIT National Institute of Technology NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ONGC Oil & Natural Gas Corporation RRI Raman Research InstituteSAIL Steel Authority of India 40 TIFR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Center 41  AMAZING FACTS ABOUT SCIENCE Science - Experiments are carried out for providing the ideas formed through observations. So, Science helps in forming ideas about the world. Observations does not mean, that you only see the objects; itis done by using all your senses. Science has made our life very easyand comfortable. Science has given us automatic machines that have reduced our workload. There are different branches of science such as Biology, Astronomy, Medicine, Geology and Chemistry. The person who studies any branch of science in detail, and specializes in any field ofscience, is called a Scientist. Materials and Structure - We see different things in our daily life. These things are made from different materials. A chair made up of wood, and a plastic bucket, have their own shape and structure. Different materials have different physical appearance. All metals have their own properties. Some metals are strong and some are soft. Some metals can stand up to heat. Often metals are hard, shinymaterials. Things are strong or soft according to the way they are put together. This is called structure. All materials are found in three states- liquid, solid and gas. A liquid does not have its own shape. It takes the shape of container that holds it. A solid can be either hard or soft. A solid keeps its shape. Aliquid material runs, if it is poured down. A gaseous material escapeseasily even if in a container and spreads out all over the room. Somematerials can change their shape from one form to another. Water isliquid when taken from tap.When you boil the steam cool, steam again and again, like wax. Then we heat wax, it melts. When we coolit, it turns solid. But when we bake somematerial to prepare cake, we cannot convert cake back to its liquid solution.Change of one material from its one state to another depends on its temperature and pressure. Light –Colour - Sun is the major source of energy. All the energy we need, comes from the Sun. Sun produces heat and energy. Thereare many other sources of light such as light bulbs. Sunlight seems to be colourless or white. But in reality, there are many colours mixedtogether in it. There are not visible directly, but these colours can be seen in a rainbow. When sunlight passes through raindrops, it splits up into Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigoand Violet colours. All things absorb some of the colours, and let theother colors to bounce off. This makes them different in colour. 42 Shadow- Reflection - A shadow is made where the light does notreach. On a sunny day, you can observe your shadow at midday andlate in the afternoon. The length of the shadow depends on the angleat which the light is hitting you. Light waves travel in straight lines. They cannot bend around things. If something gets in the way of a light wave, it blocks the light and casts a shadow. The Earth spins asit goes around the sun. This makes outdoor shadows pint in different directions and changelength at different times of the day. Your shadow is always longer inthe early morning and late afternoon. At midday, or noon, the Sun ishigh in the sky, and your shadow is very short. There are many shinysurfaces that reflect light. You can see your reflection in any empty saucepan. Sound - Sound is another form of energy. All sounds happen because something is vibrating or moving backwards and forwards very quickly. Sound travels in waves. We hear a humming sound because the pattern of molecules moving through the air hits our eardrum and makes it vibrate too. These vibrations produce tiny vibrations of electricity that travel alongnerves to the brain. Now the brain understands these pulses as sound. Sound waves travel much faster through solids and liquids than it does through air. Sound waves need to have something to move through. Sound travels through air at a speed of about 1224 kilometers an hour. Sound waves cannot be seen, but we can see their effects. Electricity - Television, radio, hi-fi music systems, computers, videogames and electric light, have become a major part of our life. Without electricity, all these things would not have worked. There are two types of electricity. Static electricity can be sometimes seenin darkness, as tiny flashes of electricity, which comes when nylon rubs against another material. There are two unlike charges of static electricity- Positive andNegative. Storm clouds are charged with static electricity. These e ectric charges can also flow through your body. If you sit on a chair, rub your rubber soled shoes on the carpet, and then touch something metal, you may feel a tiny electric shock. This is becauseof the electric charges flowing through your body. Current electricity is generated or made at a power station. This electricity can travel from a battery or a power station, to where it isneeded. Cables that are used to carry current electricity, are either carried overhead on pylons, or buried under the ground. 43 Magnet – A magnet attracts, or pulls, some materials towards it. This is called magnetism and the materials are magnetic. Only the metals iron, nickel, and cobalt can be magnetized on their own. So, everything cannot be magnetic. Materials like paper pin, hair pin, ironclutch, an iron key etc., are attracted towards a magnet, when it is put near them. Backward -Forward - When we push or pull something, the thingmoves. Pushing and pulling are forces. It is because of these forces,that a thing can be made to start to move, speed up, slow down, change direction or stop moving. Every force has another force thatpushes in the opposite direction. Gravity and Weight - Gravity is a force of the Earth that pulls everything towards its centre. It is the reason why things always falldown and not up. The moon circles around the Earth, keeping the same distance from it, and travelling at the same speed. As there isno friction in the space, once a thing is going at a certain speed, it will continue moving at the same speed, forever. It is the strong gravitational pull of the Earth that keeps it at the same distance fromthe Earth. Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on you, and is measured in Newtons, because it is a force. To convert your mass into your weight, you multiply it by the pull of the Earth and give your answer in Newtons. If your mass is 50kg, then your weight is about500 Newtons. Energy - Energy takes various forms such as light, heat, electricity and sound. The major source of energy is the Sun. This energy provides heat and light for plants to grow, to keep you warm, and let you see. All living things get their energy from the Sun. Plants use thesun’s energy to grow. Grass uses sunlight to make food. Cows use energy from the grass to make milk. We drink milk that gives us energy. 44  FACTS ABOUT ROCKETS What is a Rocket? Rocket is a tall, thin, round vehicle with engines which is used to transport, satellites and things to space. They think of a rocket thatlaunches into space. “Rocket” can mean a type of engine. How Does a Rocket Engine Work? Like most engines, rockets burn fuel. Most rocket engines turn the fuel into hot gas. The engine pushes the gas out its back. The gas makes the rocket move forward. Our Rockets are also Fairly Big India has designed and flown Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).GSLV has put our communication satellite INSAT- 4CRinto orbit. India’s star Performing Rocket The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV for short, is the starperformer in ISRO rocket family. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. The Launch Pads Launch pad is from where a rocket takes off. In India the first launchpad was a very small one built in Thumba in 1963 to launch the firstrocket from India. This is a historic monument of Indian Space Programme. India’s Launch Pad is at Sriharikota, in Andhra Pradeshon the banks of Bay of Bengal. Satellites In astronomy, satellite is a body that orbits a planet. There are natural satellites such as the moons and artificial (man-made) satellites such as communication satellites and space stations. Thereare approximately3000 satellites currently in earth’s orbits. Some of them are very small; some are dead, some are discarded. The largestone now is the International Space Station. Space Stations Space Stations are large floating laboratories in orbit. A space station 45 contains accommodation for the crew, laboratory space for doing work and a place for visiting spacecraft to dock when they receive astronauts or supplies. World’s first space station is Salyut – 1, which was launched by the USSR in 1971. The largest of spacestations is the international Space Station, ISS, where men and women astronauts carry out research in various disciplines. Major Space Exploring Agencies NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) –USA Russian Federal Space Agency – Russia EuropeanSpace Agency(ESA) ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) The various scientific Movements across the globe that has resultedin the self-sufficiency of nations and life of the individuals GREEN REVOLUTION: The term Green Revolution refers to the renovation of agricultural practices beginning in Mexico in the 1940s M.S. Swaminathan is known as the “Father of the Green Revolution in India”. The methodsadopted included the use of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds. 46 WHITE REVOLUTION: ‘Operation flood’ a program started by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1970 made India the largest producer of the milk in the world. It is popularly known as ‘The White Revolution’. The main architect of this successful project was Dr. Verghese Kurien, BLUE REVOLUTION: Blue Revolution primarily refers to the management of water resources that can steer humanity to achieve drinking water and irrigation security. The aim of Blue Revolution is to rapidly increase fish production in small ponds and water bodies YELLOW REVOLUTION: Refers to Self-sufficiency in oilseeds would have a great impact on agriculture and the economy. 47  WORLD SPACE WEEK (WSW) The United Nations General Assembly declared in 1999 that World Space Week (WSW) will be held each year from October 4-10. WorldSpace Week is an international celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition. Thedates were in recognition of the October 4, 1957 launch of the first human-made Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, thus opening the way for space exploration and the October 10, 1967 signing of the Treaty onPrinciples Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other CelestialBodies. World Space Week is an international celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition. World Space Week aims to:  Provide unique leverage in space outreach and education.  Educate people around the world about the benefitsthat they receive from space.  Encourage greater use of space for sustainable economic development.  Demonstrate public support for space programs.  Excite young people about science, technology,engineering, and math.  Foster international cooperation in space outreach andeducation. WHERE AND HOW IS WORLD SPACE WEEK CELEBRATED? During World Space Week space education and outreach events are organized by space agencies, aerospace companies, schools, planetaria, museums, and astronomy clubs around the world. WORLD SPACE WEEK 2016 This year, the World Space Week Association have selected “Remote Sensing: Enabling our Future” as a theme for WSW. These dates commemorate two events:  October 4, 1957: Launch of the first human- made Earth satellite,Sputnik 1, thus opening the way for space exploration 48  October 10, 1967 : The signing of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and PeacefulUses of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. SPUTNIK- :The first artificial satellite The Sputnik 1 spacecraft was the first artificial satellite successfully placed in orbit around the Earth and was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam (370 km southwest of the small town of Baikonur) in Kazakhstan, then part of the former Soviet Union. The Russian word ”Sputnik” means ”companion” (“satellite” in the astronomical sense). In 1885 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky first described in his book, Dreams ofEarth and Sky, how such a satellite could be launched into a low altitude orbit. It was the first of a series of four satellites as part of the Sputnik program of the former Soviet Union and was planned as a contribution to the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958). Three of these satellites (Sputnik 1, 2, and 3) reached Earth orbit. The Sputnik 1 satellite was a 58.0 cm-diameter aluminum sphere thatcarried four whip-like antennas that were 2.4-2.9 m long. The antennas looked like long “whiskers” pointing to one side. The spacecraft obtained data pertaining to the density of the upper layersof the atmosphere and the propagation of radio signals in the ionosphere. The instruments and electric power sources were housed in a sealed capsule and included transmitters operated at 20.005 and 40.002 MHz (about 15 and 7.5 m in wavelength), the emissions taking place in alternating groups of 0.3 s in duration. The down link telemetry included data on temperatures inside and on thesurface of the sphere. Since the sphere was filled with nitrogen underpressure, Sputnik 1provided the first opportunity for meteoroid detection (no such events werereported), since losses in internal pressure due to meteoroid penetration of the outer surface would have been evident in the temperature data. The satellite transmittersoperated for three weeks, until the on-board chemicalbatteries failed. What is satellite remote sensing? In satellite remote sensing of the earth, the sensors are looking through a layer of atmosphere separating the sensors from the Earth’s surface being observed. Hence, it is essential to understand the effects of atmosphere on the electromagnetic radiation travelling from theEarth to the sensor 49 through the atmosphere. We perceive the surrounding world through our five senses. Some senses (touch and taste) require contact of our sensing organs withthe objects. However, we acquire much information about oursurrounding through the senses of sight and hearing which do not require close contact between the sensing organs and the external objects. In another word, we are performing Remote Sensing all thetime. Uses of Remote Sensing  Determining soil moisture content using active and passivesensors from space.  Mapping with laser precision using Light Detection andRanging technology.  Spinning the globe with mapping services like Google Earth,Bing Maps and Open Street Maps.  Snapping aerial photos for military surveillance usingmessenger pigeons in World War II.  Doing the detective work for fraudulent crop insurance claims.  Searching for aircrafts and saving lives after fatal crashes.  Detecting oil spills for marine life and environmentalpreservation.  Identifying forest stands and tallying their area toestimate forest supplies.  Navigating ships safely with the most optimal route.  Measuring wind speed and direction for wind farms,weather forecasting and surfers.  Spying on enemies with reconnaissance satellites.  Delineating and assessing the health of riparian zones toconserve lakes and rivers.  Estimating surface elevation with the Shuttle RadarTopography Mission.  Extracting mineral deposits with hyperspectral remote sensing.  Watching algae growth as an indicator ofenvironmental health.  Forecasting weather to warn about natural disasters. 50  Detecting land cover/use types for decision making.  Mapping soil types for agriculture planning.  Preventing the spread of forest disease types. OZONE LAYER The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. All about Ozone: Like other environmental problems, Ozone Depletion is one that is very troubling, and rightly so, considered as a major environmental issue by all nations on the earth. What is Ozone? Ozone is a natural gas composed of three atoms of oxygen. Its chemical 51 symbol is O3. It is blue in color and has a strong odor. Normal oxygen (O2), which we breathe, has two oxygen atoms andis colorless and odorless. Environmental scientists have classified O3into two: Good Ozone and Bad Ozone. Good Ozone Good ozone (also called Stratospheric Ozone) occurs naturally in the upper Stratosphere. The stratosphere is the layer of space 6 to 30 miles above the earth’s surface. The good Ozone come from The air is full of gases reacting with each other, even though our eyes do not see. When UV light strikes (Oxygen) O2 molecules, theyare split into two individual O atoms — O and O. When one of the Oatoms combine with O2 molecule, ozone (O3) is created. Bad Ozone Bad Ozone is also known as Tropospheric Ozone, or ground level ozone. This gas is found in the troposphere, the layer that forms the immediate atmosphere. Bad Ozone does not exist naturally. Human actions cause chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). The bad ozone comes from? Each time there is a reaction of chemicals such as those found in cars, power plants and factory emissions, in the presence of sunlight (UV light), Bad Ozone is created. Bad ozone contaminates (dirties) the airand contributes to what we typically experience as “smog” or haze. Ozone Depletion Ozone layer depletion is simply the wearing out (reduction) of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution, which has many types and causes, Ozone depletion has been pinned down to one major human activity. Industries that manufacture things like insulating foams, solvents, soaps, cooling things like Air Conditioners, Refrigerators and ‘Take- Away’ containers use something called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These substances are heavier than air, but over time, (2-5years) theyare carried high into the stratosphere by wind action. 52 How Ozone Depletion Affects UV Levels? Depletion of the ozone layer has consequences on humans, animalsand plants. This typically results from higher UV levels reaching us on earth. Humans Research confirms that high levels of UV Rays cause non- melanoma skin cancer. Additionally, it plays a major role in malignantmelanoma development. UV is also linked to cataracts (a disease ofthe eye which clouds the eye’s lens). Plants The damage that extreme UV levels have on plants is one that our eyes do not see much, but humans can feel the impact. Plant growth,as well as its physiological and developmental processes are all affected negatively. These include the way plants form, timing of development and growth, distribution of plant nutrients and metabolism, etc. These changes can have important implications for plant competitive balance, animals that feed on these plants, plant diseases, and biogeochemical cycles. Marine (or water) Ecosystems Phytoplankton form the foundation of aquatic food webs. These usually grow closer to the surface of water, where there is enough sunlight. Changes in UV levels is known to affect the development and growth of phytoplankton, and naturally, the fish that feed on them. UV radiationis also known to have effect on the developmentstages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals. When this happens, animals in the upper food chain that feed on these tinyfishes are all affected. Effects on Biogeochemical Cycles The power of higher UL levels affects the natural balance of gases (and greenhouse gases) in the biosphere e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2),carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and ozone. Changes in UV levels can cause biosphere-atmosphere feedback resulting from the 53 atmospheric buildup of these gases. How to conserve Ozone Layer? Ozone is a natural gas and is naturally replenished over time. This means if we can do something to balance the natural production withits depletion, then it should not be a problem. Unfortunately, it doesnot work like that. People ask if we cannot produce our own ozone gas to replenish what is lost in the stratosphere. That’s a good question. The sun naturally produces ozone with immense energy and over time. To do the same, we will be looking at using immense energy too, about twice the energy used in the USA. That is just not practical. The only way to do that is to remove the excess chlorine and bromine from the stratosphere. And the only way to do that is to stop making CFCs and several other chemicals. This is why in the 1990s a meetingof the worlds big nations met and agreed to reduce the usage of CFCsand also encouraged other nations to do the same. That was decidedin the Montreal Protocol. This is not enough, but at least it was a good starting point. It is always best to talk and discuss problems than to do nothing at all. This is why learning about Ozone depletion, like you are doing, is themost important step towards a safe environment in future. 54 55