Sap Exam Notes PDF

Intro to SAP ​ What’s Sociology? ➔​ The study of human society, social behavior, and how people interact in groups. ​ What’s Psychology? ➔​ The study of the human mind, emotions, and behaviors on an individual level. ​ What’s Anthropology? ➔​ The study of hum...

Intro to SAP ​ What’s Sociology? ➔​ The study of human society, social behavior, and how people interact in groups. ​ What’s Psychology? ➔​ The study of the human mind, emotions, and behaviors on an individual level. ​ What’s Anthropology? ➔​ The study of humans across time, exploring cultures, traditions, and biological evolution. ​ How Do They Differ in Research Methods? ​ Sociology: Surveys, observations, and analyzing large groups. ​ Psychology: Experiments, case studies, and brain imaging. ​ Anthropology: Fieldwork, ethnography, and artifact analysis. ​ What Is Similar Between Sociology, Psychology, and Anthropology? All study human behavior and aim to understand individuals and societies better. ​ Ethics Definition: Principles that guide research to ensure fairness, safety, and respect for participants. ​ Ethical Codes: ➔​ Informed Consent: Participants agree to take part after understanding the research. ➔​ Benefit vs Risk: Ensure the benefits outweigh any risks. ➔​ Safety: Protect participants from harm. ➔​ Misleading/Deceitful: Avoid intentionally deceiving participants. ➔​ Protecting Mental/Physical Health: Ensure no harm to participants’ well-being. ➔​ Fair Compensation: Provide appropriate rewards for participation. ➔​ Honest Results: Present findings truthfully without fabrication. ​ Video: The Milgram Experiment: A psychology experiment demonstrating obedience to authority, even when actions conflict with personal ethics. ​ The Social Dilemma Movie: ➔​ Main Arguments: Explores the dangers of social media, like addiction, mental health issues, and misinformation. ➔​ Key Terms: Algorithm, echo chamber, dopamine hit, surveillance capitalism. ➔​ Recommendations: Use social media mindfully, set limits, and regulate tech companies.  ​ Determine Which Social Scientist Would Ask Each Question: ★​ Example: "Why do some Mediterranean families let their teens drink wine with dinner even if they are underage?" ○​ Sociologist: Studies cultural norms influencing family traditions. ○​ Psychologist: Examines individual behavior and decision-making in teens. ○​ Anthropologist: Explores historical and cultural significance of wine in Mediterranean societies. ​ Distinguish Which Ethical Codes Are Being Violated: ➔​ Example: Researcher lies about the purpose of a study → Violation of Informed Consent and Misleading/Deceitful Practices. ➔​ Example: A participant is harmed physically during an experiment → Violation of Safety and Protecting Physical Health. SOCIOLOGY ​ Social Identity Wheel: Visualizes aspects of identity like race, gender, and class to understand how they shape experiences. ​ Wheel of Privilege & Power (Canada): Explains societal advantages based on race, gender, ability, etc., and their impact in Canada. ​ Intersectionality/Kimberlé Crenshaw: Examines overlapping systems of discrimination (e.g., race, gender, class). ​ Marginalization: Social exclusion of certain groups from opportunities, resources, or rights. ​ Oppression: Systematic and prolonged unjust treatment of individuals or groups. ​ Equity vs. Equality: Equity gives people what they need to succeed; equality treats everyone the same. ​ Socialization & Agents of Socialization: Process of learning norms/values; agents include family, school, peers, media. ​ Social Norms: Unwritten rules of behavior that maintain order in society. ​ Social Stratification: Ranking of people in society based on factors like wealth, power, and status. ​ Racial Wage Gap: Disparity in income between racial groups due to systemic inequality. ​ Whose Vote Counts: Examines barriers and inequalities in voting systems.  ​ Why Women Are Paid Less: Historical gender roles and systemic bias contribute to wage disparities. ​ Home Episode: Chicago South Side: Highlights art as a form of resistance and cultural expression in marginalized communities. ​ Social Dilemma Movie: Explores how social media manipulates behavior and impacts mental health. PSYCHOLOGY ​ Gratitude: Feeling and expressing thankfulness; examples include thanking a friend or journaling. Benefits: improves mood, relationships, and physical health. ​ Mindfulness vs. Self-Regulation: Mindfulness is present-moment awareness; self-regulation is controlling emotions and actions. It originates from Buddhist meditation practices; adapted for therapeutic use in modern psychology. ​ Meditation: It is a mental practice focusing on relaxation, awareness, and concentration, often to achieve mental clarity and emotional calm. ​ Neuroplasticity: Brain’s ability to change and adapt; pruning removes unused connections, and "serve and return" builds strong connections in children. The Brain development continues through early adulthood, with peak plasticity in childhood and adolescence. ➔​ Pruning and Turning: ➔​ Serve and Return: ​ Adverse Childhood Effects (ACEs): Negative experiences like abuse or neglect that impact health long-term. ➔​ More Likely to Have ACE?: Common among children in low-income households, minority groups, or those experiencing instability. ​ Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs): Supportive relationships and safe environments promote resilience. ​ Learning Styles: Different ways individuals process information, e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic. ​ Memory: Involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information; includes short-term, long-term, and working memory. ​ Motivation: Intrinsic (self-driven) vs. extrinsic (external rewards like money).  ​ Emotions: Feelings that influence behavior; emotional intelligence helps manage emotions. Inside Out movies show joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. ​ Psychological Theories: ○​ Psychodynamic: Unconscious drives (Freud). ○​ Behaviorism: Learning through reinforcement (Skinner). ○​ Cognitive: Focuses on thoughts and perceptions. ○​ Humanistic: Emphasizes personal growth (Maslow). ○​ Feminist Psychology: Studies gender inequality and its psychological impacts. ANTHROPOLOGY ​ What is It: The study of humans, their cultures, societies, and evolutionary development, both past and present. ​ Field of Study: ➔​ Cultural Anthropology: Explores how humans live and organize socially. ➔​ Physical Anthropology: Studies human evolution and biological diversity. ➔​ Linguistic Anthropology: Examines language and its role in culture. ➔​ Archaeology: Investigates past civilizations through material remains. ​ Ethnocentrism: Belief that one’s culture is superior to others. Judging other cultures based on one’s own cultural standards (ex., eating habits). ​ Cultural Relativism: Viewing cultures without bias or judgment. Just like understanding arranged marriages as part of cultural practices instead of labelling them outdated. ​ Schools of Thought: Functionalism, structuralism, cultural materialism, etc. ➔​ Functionalism: Every part of society serves a purpose. ➔​ Structuralism: Focuses on universal human patterns in thought. ➔​ Cultural Materialism: Economic and environmental factors shape culture. ​ Gender Binary & Approaches: ➔​ Gender Binary: Classifying gender strictly as male or female. ➔​ Non-Binary Genders Examples: ​ Samoa (Fa’afafine): Recognized as a third gender with specific social roles. ​ Albania (Burneshas): Women adopt male roles for economic/social reasons. ​ India (Hijiras): Often fulfill religious and ceremonial roles. Revered yet marginalised. ​ North America (Two-Spirit): Indigenous recognition of gender diversity. Blending male/female roles. ​ Gingerbread Person: Visual model explaining gender identity, expression, sex, and attraction. ​ Ethnology & Participant Observation: Study and compare cultures by immersing in them to collect data. Cultures via immersion; Babies documentary shows cultural parenting styles. Pros: deep insights. Cons: bias, difficulty in objectivity. ​ Kinship & Marriage Types: ○​ Arranged Marriages: Negotiated by families for cultural reasons. ○​ Polygyny: One man with multiple wives, often for economic/political reasons. ○​ Matriarchal Societies: Women hold leadership roles (e.g., Mosuo of China). ○​ Fraternal Polyandry: Brothers sharing a wife, e.g., in Tibet. ​ Rites of Passage: Mark life transitions; stages include: ➔​ Separation, Transition, and Reintegration. Examples: ​ Crocodile scars in Papua New Guinea, ​ FGM Controversial practices tied to coming-of-age in some cultures. ​ Famous Anthropologists: ○​ Margaret Mead: Studied adolescence and culture in Samoa. ○​ Franz Boas: Advocated cultural relativism. ○​ Zora Neale Hurston: Explored Black folklore. ○​ Jane Goodall: Revolutionized understanding of chimpanzee behavior. ​ Beauty Practices: Displays of status, identity, or group belonging. Examples: ➔​ Foot binding in China to signify beauty and status. ➔​ Scarification in some African cultures as markers of adulthood or bravery.