Railway Safety Review PDF

Introduction to Railway Safety Objectives 2 Recognize the importance of safety in workers well being Understand Railway Safety Concepts and Principles Identify the rules and regulations of Philippine railway operato...

Introduction to Railway Safety Objectives 2 Recognize the importance of safety in workers well being Understand Railway Safety Concepts and Principles Identify the rules and regulations of Philippine railway operators on railway safety Philippine Safety and Health Legislation 3 Every Filipino railway worker has the right to a SAFE and HEALTHFUL workplace! Railway Safety 4 (International Railway Safety Council, 2021; Railway Safety Newsroom, 2016) Railway Safety 5 🠜refers to the protection of passengers and of the public against potential hazards and risks in the railway system. (International Railway Safety Council, N.D) Railway Safety 6 ► Railway Safety Themes 🠜Safety of Passenger 🠜Public Safety (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Safety of Passenger 7 ► Safety of Passenger 🠜Safety Risk to Train Passenger 🠜Railway Infrastructure 🠜Rolling Stock 🠜Emergency Response and Crisis Control (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Safety of Passenger 8 Safety Risk to Train Passenger 🠜involves protecting our passengers from any possible harm within the vicinity of the railway environment from stairs, elevators, walkways, platform, movements during boarding and alighting of trains and safe travel free from train collision, derailment and other accidents that could harm the passengers. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 9 Safety Risk to Train Passenger 2018 MRT-3 Accident Statistics on Station Platforms (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 10 Safety Risk to Train Passenger 2018 MRT-3 Accident Statistics on Station Platforms (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 11 Railway Infrastructure 🠜assurance of the integrity of railway infrastructures which involves power supply and distribution, signaling and communication systems, tracks and guideways, buildings, and facilities. bridges, viaducts, and tunnels. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 12 Railway Infrastructure 🠜Every railway maintenance shall ensure that all of these infrastructures are properly maintained and monitored to ensure safe train operations and will not contribute or pose additional hazards. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 13 Rolling Stock 🠜Ensures that the system components of rolling stock are reliable and safe for commercial purposes. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 14 Rolling Stock 🠜Safety assurance of the rolling stock is vital in ensuring safety of the passengers, its technical factors, the planning of maintenance (process factor) and use of the rolling stock (train operation) are also important. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Safety of Passenger 15 Emergency Response and Crisis Control 🠜Response scenarios have been drawn up for all possible accidents. 🠜All the relevant parties are involved in the preparation of these scenarios. (DOTr-MRT3; MTA, 2019) Railway Safety 16 ► Public Safety 🠜 involves ensuring the safety of the public against the hazards of train operation which involves level crossers, residents within the vicinity of railway tracks, motorists along the path of viaducts, suicide attempts and safety from intruders and trespassers. (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 17 ► Public Safety 🠜Level Crossing Safety 🠜Prevention of unauthorized persons on railway premises 🠜Prevention of railway suicide (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 18 ► Level Crossing Safety 🠜Usually, they have one authorized person who is operating the level crossing manually whenever a train is crossing. (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 19 ► Prevention of Unauthorized Persons on Railway Premises 🠜Measures should be implemented to prevent unauthorized access to the railway premises whenever possible because of the hazards that will be encountered like electrocution, collision with the train etc. (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 20 ► Prevention of Railway Suicide 🠜This can be done by impeding access at a number of hot spots, a pilot trial with motion sensor lighting, provision of platform screen door in the station platform, emergency measures and equipment in the event of sudden jump in the tracks. (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 21 ► Philippine Railway Operators Rules and Regulations on Railway Safety 🠜Safety Management System 🠜Safety Codes (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 22 ► Safety Management System 🠜Safety Management System also called the SMS, is the organization and arrangements established by railway operators to ensure the safe management of its operations and maintenance. 🠜a systematic approach to managing safety risks, (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) Public Safety 23 ► Safety Codes 🠜Internal Rules and Regulations Manual which codifies written rules in the safe operation and maintenance of railways within the organization 🠜These codes are promulgated in the interest of safety of its employees and commuters to protect them from the hazards and risks that may arise from their operation (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) ► Concerned Philippine Agencies Department of Labor and ENFORCEMENT Employment (DOLE) PREVENTION UPDATING OF STANDARDS/ COMPENSATION AND POLICIES REHABILITATION Occupational Safety Bureau of Working Employees and Health Center Condition (BWC) Compensation (OSHC) Commission (ECC) 24 (Department of Labor and Employment, n.d.) ► Republic Act No. 11058 🠜“An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof” 🠜Covers utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation 🠜Covers contractors and subcontractors, including those engaged by government agencies 🠜Covers government agencies under CSC- DOH-DOLE Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1, s. 2020 25 (Department of Labor and Employment, n.d.) ► Types of Workplace LOW RISK Low level of danger or exposure to safety and ESTABLISHMENT health hazards MEDIUM RISK Moderate level of danger or exposure to safety ESTABLISHMENT and health hazards HIGH RISK High exposure to safety and health hazards or ESTABLISHMENT probability of accident, harm or illness 26 (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) ► Worker’s Rights 🠜Refusal to do unsafe work 🠜Training and information on all hazards at work in a language/dialect he/she understands 🠜Regular safety and health re-orientation in high risk establishments 🠜Use of personal protective equipment for free 🠜Workplace with adequate safety signage and devices 🠜Reporting of accidents, dangerous 27 o c cu rrence s , and hazards to concerned ( D e p a r t m e n t o f La bor and Employment, 2 0 1 9 ) ► Safe Use of Equipment 🠜Contractors and subcontractors must always comply with OSH standards on safety and use of equipment, including transport to and from workplace or project site 🠜Workers must have the required training and certification from the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) or other authorized government agencies 28 (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019) ► Safety Officers: Duties and Responsibilities 29 (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019; OSHC, 2019) ► Safety Officers: Classification and Requirements Example: MRT-3 Maintenance: SUMITOMO-MHIENG/TESP Classification: High Risk No. of Employees : 291 Minimum Required Safety Officer: One (1) SO2 Two (2) – SO3 30 (Department of Labor and Employment, 2019; OSHC, 2019) Summary of Learning ▶ The difference OSH and Railway Safety is that OSH pertains to the protection of railway workforce from risks and hazards that could adversely affect their health and well-being in their respective workplaces while Railway Safety pertains to the protection of passengers and of the public against potential hazards and risk on the railway system operation. Summary of Learning ▶ Occupational Safety occurs through direct contact arising from accident that causes injury/death caused by single accident while Occupational Health occurs through prolonged exposure that leads to disease/illness caused by health hazards Summary of Learning ▶ OSH is a right as a worker and not a privilege, governed by laws that employers and employees shall follow with the aid of OSH Standard. The enforcement varies from the type of employment, for private sector DOLE rules shall be followed, for public sector or government institution CSC rules shall be followed Summary of Learning ▶ There are two themes in Railway Safety these are passenger safety and public safety. Passenger safety refers to the assurance of the riding public safety through assessment of risk, ensuring the integrity of the rolling stock and related infrastructure, and emergency response and crisis control. On the other hand Public Safety refers to the safety of the people outside and within the railway system these are level crossing safety, prevention of unauthorized persons in the railway premises, and prevention of railway suicides. Summary of Learning ▶ Working in the railway sector requires absolute obedience to the existing rules set forth by the railway operators these are Safety Management System and Safety Codes. These must be made known to every railway personnel and should be abided to ensure safety of workers and the riding public. Summary of Learning ▶ Working in the railway sector requires absolute obedience to the existing rules set forth by the railway operators these are Safety Management System and Safety Codes. These must be made known to every railway personnel and should be abided to ensure safety of workers and the riding public. Accident Causation Objectives Describe the different accident theories and model; Identify the types of human failure; and Enumerate ways to prevent human failure Introduction Accident is a negative event that is not planned, unforeseen and not expected at all which affects the activities of the person who is involved. Property/ Injury Death environmental damage 39 (safeopedia, n.d.) Introduction Examples of accidents in railway transportation Train derailment Collision 40 (Francisco, 2015) (Ong & Cabrera, 2019) Introduction Examples of accidents in railway transportation Fire accident 41 (Ramirez, 2018) Introduction Incident is also an unexpected and negative event but does not result to an injury/ illness Example: A railway personnel who was almost hit by a running train 42 (Robson, 2016) Introduction Disabling injury is an injury resulting to death, permanent or temporary loss of functionality in any body part due to an accident Example: Paralysis of both legs after a fall accident 43 (MONTGOMERY LAW, 2018) Introduction Medical treatment injury is an injury which does not result in a disabling injury but which requires first aid and medical treatment Example: Minor lacerated wound 44 (Z., 2016) Introduction Hazard is any source of potential injury, damage, harm or adverse health effect. slippery/ wet floor unkempt wire sharp moving parts 45 (Fit for Work team, 2017) (Safety in Numbers, 2020) Introduction Risk is the likelihood that a person may be harmed, injured or suffer adverse health effects if exposed to a hazard. 46 (Shrestha,2018) Introduction Hazard control makes up all the interventions that are needed to eliminate or lessen the worker’s exposure to the identified hazards. In this way, risks are minimized. 47 Introduction Example: Hazard control: Hazard: Toxic fume Ventilation Risk: Respiratory illness 48 (Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2019) Misconceptions on Safety Dati ko pa ‘yan Kasama talaga We do not have many ‘yan sa trabaho… incidents/accidents. ginagawa. Oras niya na talaga. Safety is not a value- Tanga adding activity. kasi. Malas Safety is expensive. niya! We have insurance. Accidents cannot be prevented. These are not real causes, only EXCUSES! 4 (OSHC, n.d.) Immediate Causes of accidents 🠜 Unsafe/unhealth acts 🠜 Unsafe/ unhealthy conditions 50 Immediate Causes of accidents Unsafe/unhealthy acts 🠜 any human condition that violates commonly accepted safe work procedure or standard operating procedure, rules or policy. 51 (Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2019) Immediate Causes of accidents Unsafe/unhealthy acts Improper use of mobile lift Use of mobile phone during critical work Improper wearing of PPE 52 (Redwire Singapore, 2016) Cause of Accidents Can you identify the unsafe acts? 53 Immediate Causes of accidents Unsafe/unhealthy conditions 🠜 refers to the physical or chemical property of a material, machine or the environment which could possibly cause injury to people, damage to property, disrupt operations or other forms of losses. 54 (Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2019) Immediate Causes of accidents Unsafe/unhealthy conditions Wide platform gap Dusty workplace 55 Immediate Causes of accidents Can you identify the unsafe conditions? 56 (OSHC, n.d.) Immediate Causes of accidents Unsafe Acts and Conditions 1. Reporting to work under the influence of UNSAFE ACT alcohol or drugs 2. Poor housekeeping in maintenance areas UNSAFE CONDITION 3. Cracked rails UNSAFE CONDITION 4. Safety devices that have been tampered with UNSAFE CONDITION 5. Operating train/equipment with tampered UNSAFE ACT safety devices 6. Failure to secure work permit before going to UNSAFE ACT the revenue line 57  Can accidents be prevented? But only IF both unsafe acts and unsafe conditions of accident causation are addressed. 58 Accident Theories Why do accidents happen? 59 Accident Theories and Model 1. Heinrich Domino Theory 2. Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory 3. Petersen’s Accident/ Incident Theory 4. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model 60 Accident Theories and Model 1. Heinrich Domino Theory Herbert William Heinrich 61 (peoplepill,n.d.) Accident Theories and Model Heinrich Law 62 (A depiction of Heinrich’s original ratios, 2012) Accident Theories and Model Heinrich Domino Theory - uses the analogy of dominos creating a chain of events 63 (Disaster Management Institute, 2020) Accident Theories and Model Heinrich Domino Theory Social environment and ancestry Fault of the person Unsafe act/ condition Accident Injury 64 Accident Theories and Model Heinrich Domino Theory 65 Accident Theories and Model Heinrich Domino Theory Social Environment and Mr. Mike… Ancestry gets things done Fault of the person wants everything to be on time gets impatient and reckless Unsafe act/condition To speed things up, Mr. Mike did not follow the safety precaution when using the ladder. Accident Mr. Mike fell from the ladder Injury Mr. Mike injured his right arm 66 Accident Theories and Model 2. Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory 🠜 Dr. Russell Ferrell is the proponent of this theory 🠜 Dr. Ferrell identifies three (3) general causes of accidents: Overload Incompatibility Improper activities 67 (Whitney DeCamp, 2015) Accident Theories and Model 2. Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory Overload: emotional state, capacity, load of the individual Incompatibility: negative response to a work situation Improper activities: lacking of knowledge / skills resulting to an accident 68 (Whitney DeCamp, 2015) Accident Theories and Model 2. Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory 69 Accident Theories and Model 2. Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory Overload Became demotivated because of rendering overtime Incompatibility Felt tired and sore because of the vibrations inside the driver’s cab Improper Decided to overspeed in his last Activity stations 70 Accident Theories and Model 3. Petersen’s Accident/ Incident Theory 🠜 Dan Petersen is its proponent 🠜 He expanded the Ferrell’s Human Factor Theory 🠜 He conceptualized the environmental aspect as “ergonomic traps” 71 (Whitney DeCamp, 2015) (The Culture of Safety, 2007) 7 Petersen’s Accident/ Incident Theory Sample Case Accident: A suspended load gave way from a crane resulting to severely damaged equipment System failure Decision to Err Ergonomic trap Mr. J is allowed to operate He is convinced he knows Expecting Mr. J to do the the overhead crane even the basic steps through task safely and correctly without formal training observation without training Human Error failed to check the rope; does not know it is safety protocol 7 Accident Theories and Models 4. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Professor Emeritus James Reason 74 (Aerossurance,n.d.) Accident Theories and Models 4. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Every step in a process has the potential for failure 75 Accident Theories and Models 4. Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model Active Failures Latent Failures Unsafe acts that Conditions that directly may lay contribute to an dormant for a accident period time until they lead to an accident 76 Petersen’s Accident/ Incident Theory Sample Case Accident: Mr. A was electrocuted while doing an inspection. 7 Human Failure Human Failure is a deviation from a behavior which is considered as correct, or as a negative divergence from a targeted goal 2 Types: Human Error Violation PHILIPPINE RAILWAYS INSTITUTE 78 (Mellert, n.d.) Human Failure Human Error: Human action against expectation that resulted in something different from the target goal Violation: deliberate deviation from an operating procedure, standard or rule PHILIPPINE RAILWAYS INSTITUTE 79 (Human Error, n.d.) Human Failure HUMAN FAILURE Unintentional Deliberate HUMAN VIOLATION ERROR ERROR ERROR IN IN ROUTINE SITUATIONAL EXCEPTIONAL PLANNING ACTION Rule- Based SLIP LAPSE 80 MISTAKE  K n o w l e d g e - B a s e d M I S PHILIPPINE RAILWAYS INSTITUTE T A K E