Key Terms in Research, Theory, and Practice - PDF

1. **KEY TERMS IN 3'Is** 2. 3. **Plagiarism- r**efers to unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgement. 4. **Sampling Design-** The last part of the research design, in...

1. **KEY TERMS IN 3'Is** 2. 3. **Plagiarism- r**efers to unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgement. 4. **Sampling Design-** The last part of the research design, in quantitative research, the researcher gets a representative sample or a small collection of units or cases from a larger population to study the smaller group and infer generalizations about the larger group. 5. 6. 7. **Interest in the subject matter-** Being interested in a topic is usually due to the richness of your 8. stock knowledge about it or because of its familiarity to you 9. **Richness of available sources or supporting evidences-** One of the things that you should do is to collect a lot of information on your topic of interest. This enables you to find evidences that would support your topic. 10. **Literature review** is a process of studying what has already been written on a particular topic. 11. **Timeless and Relevance of the topic-** Your topic should be relevant and timely. A topic is relevant if it serves as an instrument in improving the society or if it answers or solves current issues which are some of the reasons why research is conducted. 12. **Scholarly Journals-** Peer-reviewed or abstracted refereed journals containing research results of social scientists and other researchers (e.g. Malay, Asian Studies, Philippine Studies, American Sociological Review, Philippine Social Science Review). article or book reviews that contain literature review essays that provide journal article or book commentary and evaluations. 13. 14. **Descriptive Research-** Conducted to provide picture of the concepts or ideas about a topic or problem. The researcher describes the nature of variables used in the study. 15. 16. **Theoretical Framework**- The application of a theory or theories in explaining the existence of a phenomenon and the interrelationship of various factors which led to the existence of the phenomenon. 17. 18. 19. **Research Problem**- It is an issue that leads to the need for a study. It is the central idea of the study. It also serves as the main reason why research is being undertaken. 20. 21. **Population**-It can be a person, a group of people, an organization, a document, a message, or an action that can be measured. 22. 23. 24. **Government Documents**- Published by the national government, local government units, government agencies, and international agencies. 25. **Linkag**e -Forming of connections between the prior and the existing body of knowledge 26. **Non-probability sampling**- Used in qualitative research, the researcher gradually chooses the cases based on their specific content. 27. **Dissertation and Thesis**- Written by graduate students some are published while others are unpublished and can be accessed in the university libraries. 28. 29. 30. **Charts**- Used to describe the relationship between parts of a group or object or sequence of operations in a process. 31. 32. 33. **Hypothesi**s-A verifiable proposition or a tentative statement that clearly explains the relationship between two variables about how the social world operates. 34. 35. 36. **Experimental Research** 37. The researcher does something to one group and none to another group, and then examines the differences between the outcomes. This form of research methodology is usually employed in the natural sciences and related fields like agriculture, engineering, and medicine, and in the social sciences like psychology, education, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social work, and sociology. 38. **Graphs**- Utilized to show relationships in a set of data. 39. 40. 41. **Conceptual Framework**- Uses concepts from theories. The researcher finds a variable in the study that corresponds to the concept as it was used in the theory from which it was taken. 42. 43. 44. **Abstract**- The executive summary of research, a short summary or synopsis of the content of the research paper. It provides the reader with a quick preview or survey of the contents of the research paper. 45. 46. 47. **Periodicals-** Newspapers, popular social science magazines, professional publications (e.g. National Geographic and Psychology Today), Internet news summaries, opinion magazines, editorials, and mass market publications (e.g., Time, Newsweek, The Economist). 48. 49. 50. **Frequency Distribution-**This is done by computing the percentage frequency distribution of the variable with the total number of respondents. 51. 52. **Statistical Analysis**-This is used to examine numerical data, which they manipulate and summarize to produce a meaningful analysis particularly in quantitative research. It can be single variable (univariate), two variables (bivariate), or three or more variables (multivariate). 53. 54. 55. **Conclusion**s- Abstractions of the summary of findings into what are most important in relation to the objectives of the study. They help readers understand the significance of the study. This synthesizes the main points of the research and answers the research questions. 56. 57. 58. **Government Document**s- Published by government and private research institutes and policy centers. Professional organizations that hold annual conferences have scholarly papers presented in them. 59. 60. 61. **Synthesis**- Putting together materials from different sources into an integrated whole 62. **A conceptual framework-** serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can follow in doing your research. It is presented in a flow chart, map, diagram or narrative form. 63. **Definition of Terms**-Giving clear definitions so that readers may understand and avoid misinterpretation. 64. 65. 66. **Charts-** Used to augment the text. 67. 68. **Data Coding-** Researcher reorganizes the data into a format that can easily be processed by computers (e.g., SPSS Program, Nvivo). They develop rules to assign numbers to variable attributes. 69. 70. 71. **Historical-Archival Research-** This refers to reconstruction and recreation of the past through the use of primary and secondary sources. 72. 73. **APA Guide-** The American Psychological Association (APA) style uses the in-text citation. This contains the surname of the author, the publication year of the source, and the specific pages where the information can be found. It is written at the end of the sentence. Example: According to a study, 60% of the people in the community smoke (Sean, 2014, p.60). Example 2: According to Sean (2014), 60% of the people in the community smoke. 74. 75. 76. **Books-** Original research results or a compilation of research articles published by university presses such as University of the Philippines Press, Ateneo de Manila University Press, De La Salle University Publishing House, and University of Santo Tomas Publishing House). 77. 78. 79. **Exploratory Research-** Aims to explain the reasons and causes of a problem or issue. It explains the causes, reasons, and sources of different social behavior, beliefs, situations, and events. 80. 81. 82. **Research-** A systematic inquiry conducted to understand a phenomenon which involves accurate gathering and recording, critical analyses, and interpretation of facts about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends. 83. 84. 85. **Drwaings-** Images that can be shown from several views. They must be illustrated by a professional artist. 86. 87. **Appendicies-** Contain various information in relation to the research, though it may not be necessary to include them in the main body of the research. They can be survey questions, interview guides, transcriptions of interviews, and photos. They can also contain data results that are not included in the main results in the body. 88. 89. 90. **Bibliography-** Contains all the published references used in the research study. 91. 92. 93. **Applied Research**- Focuses on addressing a specific concern or usually offers a solution to a social problem. It is a small-scale study that introduces practical results that can be used in the short term. Usually done by practitioners in the business sector, government, health care sector, social service organizations, political organizations, and educational institutions. 94. 95. 96. **Exploratory Research-** Conducted to know more about the problem. 97. 98. 99. **RRL-** A written summary of published research studies and relevant works about a particular subject matter that is related to the researcher\'s main topic. 100. 101. 102. **Survey Research-** Quantitative research that provides numerical description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample population. This strategy requires the use of questionnaires or structured interviews for collecting data, and it can be employed in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. 103. **Citation-** This is the process by which a researcher will tell to her target that a certain material in his work came from another source. 104. **Modern Language Association-** citation style is commonly used in the field of Humanities 105. **American Psychological Association-**What style of citation is widely used in the field of education, businesses, and communication? 106. **Content Analysis**- A technique for gathering and analyzing the content of a text. Text refers to anything written, or in visual or oral form that serves as a medium of communication. It includes books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, speeches, official documents, films, musical lyrics, photographs, symbols, artworks, etc. The content of a text refers to the words, meanings, pictures, symbols, ideas, and messages that are communicated by the text. 107. 108. **Background of the Study-** is an explanation of the context of study which involves the current data or status of the problem, existing studies about it and its history that paved way to the development of the research 109. problem. 110. **Data Analysis and Interpretation**- The data collected are processed to determine for possible patterns and trends, discover similarities and differences, and find out possible relationships that exist in the data. The results will be able to address the research problem. 111. 112. 113. **An operational definition-** refers to a specific definition of concept in a research study. This is necessary because it will clarify the purpose and direction of the study 114. **Basic Research-** Focuses on the advancement and production of new knowledge. This form of research is used by academicians and scientists, and the primary consumers. 115. 116. 117. **Conceptual Framework-** These are perspectives, points of views, models, or frames of references usually made up of assumptions, theories, and concepts that are used by the researcher in the organization of observation, reasoning, analysis, and interpretation of research data. 118. 119. 120. **Citing Resources-** Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in research writing. Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper. 121. **Oral presentation**- Time allotted to communicate and share the results of your research to the public. 122. 123. **Definition of Terms-** lists down and defines the key terms as used in the 124. study in alphabetical order. 125. **Accuracy-** The reliability and correctness of information 126. **Bibliography-** Contains all the published references used in the research study; a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, it should include: the authors\' names, the titles of the works, the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources. 127. 128. **Field Research-** It is also called ethnography or participant-observation research, a qualitative research method wherein the researcher directly interacts and observes in a small-scale social setting in the present time and in the researcher\'s own culture. Data is collected through participant observation and interviews. 129. 130. 131. **Relevance-** The degree to which the information is useful or related to another 132. **Significance of the Study** -Explains its relevance and contribution to the field. It must be explained as clearly as possible so that readers will understand the necessity to pursue the research. It must explicitly state the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge about the subject matter. 133. 134. **Case Studies-** The researcher conducts an up-close or in-depth study of an individual, an organization, a behavioral condition, an event, or a contemporary phenomenon in its social context. 135. 136. **Recommendations**- Suggestions for future studies based on the experiences and major findings of the researcher. 137. 138. 139. **Scope and Limitations of the Study-** It defines the extent and focus of the research. It refers to the specific topics or coverage of the research.