Animal Biology: Vertebrate Classification (PDF)

Here is the text from the images, converted into a more structured markdown format: **Page 1** * All vertebrates are chordates, but all chordates are not vertebrates because some are protochordate. * **Vertebrate:** Notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. * Respiration: Gills or...

Here is the text from the images, converted into a more structured markdown format: **Page 1** * All vertebrates are chordates, but all chordates are not vertebrates because some are protochordate. * **Vertebrate:** Notochord is replaced by the vertebral column. * Respiration: Gills or Lungs * Circulation: Muscular heart with 2, 3, or 4 chambers. * Excretion: Kidneys * Usually unisexual * Gonads: Ovary, testes * **Vertebrate Classification** * Agnathostoma (Absent jaw mouth) * Absent jaws mouth * Mouth not bounded by jaws (Jawless) * Gnathostome (Jaw mouth) * Jaws mouth * Jawed Vertebrate **Page 2** * **Agnatha** * Class Cyclostomata: all aquatic, more * Circular suctorial mouth with no jaws. * Paired appendages absent, scales absent. * All living members are ectoparasites. * 6-15 pair gill slits. * Cranium and vertebral column: cartilaginous. * Closed circulatory system * They are Marine, but for spawning(to lay egg & sperm) They migrate to Fresh water. After that, Adults will die & After Metamorphosis of harva, They Return Back to Manne H2O * Ex: Petromyzon (Lampray), Myxine (Hagfish) **Page 3** * **Gnathaostome** * **Pisces** * All Aquatic. * Scales Present. * Paired and unpaired fins. * 2-chambered heart. * Gills-Respiration. * Poikilotherm/cold blooded. * Unisexual | Feature | Chondrichthyes | Osteichthyes | | :----------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Marine H2O | | Marine + Fresh H2O | | Endoskeleton | Cartilaginous Endoskeleton | Bony Endoskeleton | | Scales | Placoid Scales Modified to form backwardly directed teeth | Cycloid, Ctenoid Scale | | Swim bladder | Swim bladder/Air bladder. Constantly swim to avoid sinking. | Swim bladder/Air bladder Provide buoyancy | | Operculum (Gill) | Absent operculum | Operculum present | | Predation | Predaceous in nature. Electric organs or poisonous sting organs. | X | | Fertilization | Internal Fertilization | External Fertilization | **Page 4** * Viviparous Usually * Notochord Persistent throughout life. * "Claspers" are used as a copulatory structure associated with Pelvic fin (Reproductive organs) * Ex: * Carcharodon (Great White Shark) * Trygon (Sting Ray) * Torpedo (Electric Ray) * Pristis (Saw Fish) * Scoliodon (Dog Fish) | Characteristics | Oviparous (egg-laying) | | :---------------- | :----------------------------------------------------- | | | Notochord replaced by vertebral column | | Habitat | Marine H2O Exocoetus (Flying fish) | | | Hippocampus (Sea Horse) | | | Broad pouch | | | Fresh H2O Labeo (Rohu), Channa (Magur) | | | Caha (Kaha) | | Pet | Beta fighting fish, Pterophyllum (Angelfish) | | Scales | | | Endoskeleton | | | Scales type | Gill cover | | Air Bladder | Fertilization | | Claspers | Notochord | | Fin | Air Bladder | | | Fin 4 pairs gills | | | Fin | | | Air bladder |