Module 3 RZL 251: The Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal PDF

 **MODULE 3**: C. DISCUSSION: Jose Rizal learned about it either from his uncle or from his \"best friend.\" Somereferences state that Rizal as a child heard from his uncle, José Alberto, about thisancient history of the Philippines written by a Spaniard named Antonio de Morg...

 **MODULE 3**: C. DISCUSSION: Jose Rizal learned about it either from his uncle or from his \"best friend.\" Somereferences state that Rizal as a child heard from his uncle, José Alberto, about thisancient history of the Philippines written by a Spaniard named Antonio de Morga.Some other sources claim that Morga\'s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in thePhilippine Islands) was suggested by Austrian scholar Ferdinand Blumentritț (1853-1913) for Rizal\'s research on pre-Spanish Philippines. **Dr. Morga and his \'Sucesos\'** Antonio de Morga (1559 -1636) was a Spanish historian and lawyer and a notable colonial official for 43 years in the Philippines,New Spain, and Peru. He stayed in the  Philippines, then a colony of Spain, from 1594 to 1604. As Deputy Governo rin the Philippines, he reestablished the audencia and took over the function of judge(\"oidor\"). When reassigned to Mexico, he published one of the most significant works on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. The history is said to cover the years from 1493 to 1603. Discussions deal with the political, social, and economic phases of life of both the natives and their colonizers. Morga\'s official position as a colonial officer allowed him access to many government documents. Probably the best account of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines written during that period, Morga\'s work is based on documentary research, the author\'s keen observation,and his personal involvement and knowledge. The history was published in two volumes, both in 1609, by Casa de GeronymoBalli, in Mexico City. The first English translation was published in 1868 in LondonOn the dedication page. Morga'S writes: \"\_this small book \_is a faithful narrative.devoid ,of any artifice and ornament regarding the discovery, conquest and conversion of the Philippine Islands, together with the various events in which they have taken part\_specifically describing their original condition.\" **Rizal\'s Annotation of the Book** Patriotic as he was, Jose Rizal had an ardent longing to know the true condition of the Philippines,when the Spanish conquerors came ashore to the islands. He had been working on the sensible presupposition that the native populations in the archipelago were economically self-sufficient and thriving and culturally lively and colorful. He did not believe the colonizers\' claim that they sociologically improved the islands; instead, Rizal supposed that the Spanish colonization somewhat resulted in the deterioration of the Philippine\'s rich culture and tradition. To back his theory up. Rizal had to look for a reliable account of the Philippines Before and at the onset of Spanish colonization. Hence, his friend Dr. FerdinandBlumentritt, a knowledgeable Filipinologist, recommended Dr. Antonio Morga\'sSucesos\' de las Islas Filipinas. Even then, this history of the Philippines had the impression among many scholars of having an honest description of the Philippine Situation as regards the era covered. In 1888-1889, Rizal largely spent his many months of stay in London at the British Museum researching from its Filipiniana Collection, looking for Morga\'s book, and then copying and annotating this rare book available in the library. Having no high-tech copying technology at that time, he had to painstakingly hand-copy the whole 351 pages of Morga\'s work. Leaving London for Paris in March 1889, Rizal Frequented the Bibliotheque Nationale to continue working on his annotation of the Sucesos. It was thus in Paris that he finished and published his annotation of the Sucesos In 1890. Rizal meticulously annotated every chapter of theSucesos,commenting even on Morga\'s typographical errors. He provided enlightenment on every statement which he believed misrepresenting the locals\' cultural practices. For instance,Morga describes on page 248 the culinary of the ancient Philippine natives by recording: \"They prefer to eat salt fish which begin to decompose and smell.\"Rizal\'s annotative footnote explains: \"This is another preoccupation of the Spaniardswho, like any other nation in the matter of food, loathe that to which they are not accustomed or is unknown to them.. The fish that Morga mentions does not taste better when it is beginning to rot; all on the contrary: it is bagoong, and all those who have eaten it and tasted it know that it is not or ought not to be rotten.\" **The Preface** With \"José Rizal, Europe, 1889\" as a signature, Rizal had the following as hisPreface to his work (as translated in English): To the Filipinos: In Noli Me Tangere (\"The Social Cancer\") I started to sketch the present state of our native land. But the effect which my effort produced made me realize that, before attempting to unroll before your eyes the other pictures which were to follow, it was necessary first to post you in the past. So only can you fairly judge the present and estimate how much progress has been made during the three centuries (of Spanish rule). Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in ignorance of our country\'s past and so, without knowledge or authority to speak of what Ineither sow nor have studied, I deem it necessary to quote the testimony of an illustrious Spaniard who in the beginning of the new era controlled the destinies of the Philippines and had personal knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days. It is then the shade of our ancestor\'s civilization which the author will call before you. If the work serves to awaken in your consciousness of our past, and to blot from your memory or to rectify what has been falsified or is calumny, then I shall not have labored in vain. Withthis preparation, slight though it may be, we can all pass to the study of the future\" (\"Annotations to Dr.Antonio Morga\'s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,\" n.d.) **Some Important Annotations** Austin Craig (1872-1949), an early biographer óf Rizal,translated into English some of the more important ofRizal\'s annotations in the Sucesos. The following are some of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards, Raja Soliman wascalled Rahang mura, or young king, in distinction from the old king, Rahang matandaHistorians have confused these personages. The native fort at the mouth of the Pasig river, which Morga speaks of as equipped with brass latakas and artillery of larger caliber, had its ramparts reinforced with thick hardwood posts such as the Tagalogs used for their houses and called harigues, or haligui. Morgan has evidently confused the pacific coming of Legazpi with the attack ofGoiti and Salcedo, as to date. According to other historians it was in 1570 that Manilawas burned, and with it a great plant for manufacturing artillery. Goiti did not take possession of the city but withdrew to Cavite and afterwards to Panay, which makes one suspicious of his alleged victory. As to the day of the date, the Spaniardsthen, having come following the course of the sun, were some sixteen hours later than Europe. This condition continued until the end of the year 1844, when the 31st of December was by special arrangement among the authorities dropped from the calendar for that year. Accordingly Legaspi did not arrive in Manila on the19th but on the 20th of May and consequently it was not on the festival of SantaPotenciana but on San Baudelio\'s day. The same mistake was made with reference to the other early events still wrongly commemorated, like Saint Andrew\'s day for the repulse of the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong. Though not mentioned by Morga, the Cebuanos aided the Spaniards in their expedition against Manila, for which reason they were long exempted from tribute. The southern islands, the Bisayas, were also called "The land of the PaintedPeople (or Pintados, in Spanish)\" because. The natives had their bodies decorated with tracings made with fire, somewhat like tattooing. The Spaniards retained the native name for the new capital of the archipelago,a little changed, however, for the Tagalogs had called their city "Maynila.\" When Morga says that the lands were \"entrusted\" (given as encomiendas) to those who had \"pacified\" them, he means \"divided up among.\" The word \"entrust\"like \"pacify:\" later came to have a sort of ironic significance. To entrust a province was then as if it were said that it was turned over to sack, abandoned to the cruelty and covetousness of the encomendero, to judge from the way these gentry misbehaved. Legaspi\'s grandson, Salcedo, called the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines,was the \"conqueror\'s\" intelligent right arm and the hero of the "conquest.\" Hishonesty and fine qualities, talent and personal bravery, all won the admiration of the Filipinos. Because of him they yielded to their enemies, making peace and friendship with the Spaniards. It was him who saved Manila from Li Ma-hong.Hedied at the early age of twenty-seven and is the only encomendero recorded to have left the great part of his possessions to the Indians of his encomienda. Vigan was his encomienda and the Illokanos were his heirs. The expedition which followed the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong, after his unsuccessful attack upon Manila, to Pangasinan province, with the Spaniards of whom Morgan tells, had in it 1,500 friendly Indians from Cebu, Bohol, Leyte\' andPanay, besides the many others serving as laborers and crews of the ships. FormerRaja Lakandola, of Tondo, with his sons and his kinsmen went too, with 200 moreBisayans and they were joined by other Filipinos in Pangasinan. If discovery and occupation justify annexation, then Borneo ought to belong to Spain. In the Spanish expedition to replace on its throne a Sirela or Malacca, as he is variously called, who had been driven out by his brother, more than fifteen hundred Filipino bowmen from the provinces of Pangasinan, Kagayan and the Visayas participated. It is notable how strictly the early Spanish governors were held to account.Some stayed in Manila as prisoners, one, Governor Corcuera, spent five years with Fort Santiago as his prison. In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the Molucca group, which was abandoned because of the prevalence of beriberi among the troops, there went 1,500 Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally Kagayans Land Pampangans. The \"pacification\" of Kagayan was accomplished by taking advantage of the jealousies among its people, particularly the rivalry between two brothers who were chiefs. An early historian asserts that without this fortunate circumstance,for the Spaniards, it would have been impossible to subjugate them. Captain Gabriel de Rivera, a Spanish commander who had gained fame in a raid on Borneo and the Malacca coast, was the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with the King of Spain the needs of the archipelago. The early conspiracy of the Manila and Pampangan former chiefs was revealed to the Spaniards by a Filipina, the wife of a soldier, and many concerned.lost their lives. The artillery cast for the new stone fort in Manila, says Morga, was by the hand of an ancient Filipino. That is, he knew how to cast cannon even before the coming of the Spaniards, hence he was distinguished as \"ancient.\" In this difficult art of ironworking, as in so many others, the modern or present-day Filipinos are not so far advanced as were their ancestors. When the English freebooter Cavandish captured the Mexican galleon SantaAna, with 122,000 gold pesos, a great quantity of rich textiles - silks, statins and damask, musk perfume, and stores of provisions, he took 150 prisoners. All these because of their brave defense were put ashore with ample supplies, except two Japanese lads, three Filipinos, a Portuguese and a skilled Spanish pilot whom he kept as guides in his further voyaging. From the earliest Spanish days ships were built in the islands, which might be considered evidence of native culture. Nowadays this industry is reduced to small craft, scows and coasters. The Jesuit,Father Alonso Sanchez, who visited the papal court at Rome and theSpanish King at Madrid, had a mission much like that of deputies now, but of even greater importance since he came to be a sort of counselor or representative to the absolute monarch of that epoch. One wonders why the Philippines could have a representative then but may not have one now. In the time of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, Manila was guarded against further damage such as was suffered from Li Ma-hong by the construction of a massive stone wall around it. This was accomplished \"without expense to the royal treasury\" The same governor, in like manner, also fortified the point at the entrance to the river where had been the ancient native fort of wood, and he gave it the name Fort Santiago. The early cathedral of wood which was burned through carelessness at thẹtime of the funeral of Governor Dasmariñaș\' predecessor, Governor Ronquillo, was made, according to the Jesuit historian Chirino, with hardwood pillars around which two men could not reach, and in harmony with this massiveness was all the woodwork above and below. It may be surmised from this how hard workers were the Filipinos of that time. A stone house for the bishop was built before starting on the governor-general\'s residence. This precedent is interesting for those who uphold civil power. Morga\'s mention of the scant output of large artillery from the Manila cannon works because of lack of master foundry workers shows that after the death of theFilipino Panday Pira there were not Spaniards skilled enough to take his place, nor were his sons as expert as he. It is worthy of note that China, Japan and Cambodia at this time maintained relations with the Philippines. But nowadays it has been more than a century since the natives of the latter two countries have come here. The causes which ended the relationship may be found in the interference by the religious orders with the institutions of those lands. For Governor Dasmariñas\' expedition to conquer Ternate, in the Moluccas Group, two Jesuits there gave secret information. In his 200 ships, besides 900Spaniards, there must have been Filipinos for one chronicler speaks of Indians, as the Spaniards called the natives of the Philippines, who lost their lives and others who were made captives when the Chinese rowers mutinied. It was the custom then always to have a thousand or more native bowmen and besides the crew were almost all Filipinos, for the most part Bisayans. The historian, Argensola, in telling of four special galleys for Dasmariñas\'expedition, says that they were manned by an expedient which was generally considered rather harsh. It was ordered that there be bought enough of theIndians who were slaves of the former Indian chiefs, or principals, to form thesecrews, and the price, that which had been customary in pre-Spanish times, was to be advanced by the encomenderos who later would be reimbursed from the royal treasury. In spite of this promised compensation, the measures still seem severe since thosé Filipinos were not correct in calling their dependents slaves.The masters treated them, and loved them, like sons rather, for they seated them at their own tables and gave them their own daughters in marriage. Morgan says that the 250 Chinese oarsmen who manned Governor Dasmariñas\'swift galley were under pay and had the special favor of not being chained to their benches. According to him it was the covetousness of the wealth aboard that led them to revolt and kill the governor. But the historian Gaspar de San Agustin States that the reason for the revolt was the governor\'s abusive language and his threatening the rowers. Both these authors\' allegations may have contributed, but more important was the fact that there was no law to compel these Chinamen to town in the galleys. They had come to Manila to engage in commerce or to working trades or to follow professions. Still the incident contradicts the reputation for enduring everything which they have had. The Filipinos have been much more.long-suffering than the Chinese since, in spite of having been obliged to row on more than one occasion, they never mutinied. It is difficult to excuse the missionaries\' disregard of the laws of nations and the usages of honorable politics in their interference in Cambodia on the ground that it was to spread the Faith. Religion had a broad field awaiting them in the Philippines Where more than nine-tenths of the natives were infidels. That even now there are to be found here so many tribes and settlements of non-Christians takes away much of the prestige of that religious zeal which in the easy life in towns of wealth.liberal and fond of display, grows lethargic. Truth is that the ancient activity was scarcely for the Faith alone, because the missionaries had to go to islands rich in spices and gold though there were at hand Mohammedans and Jews in Spain andAfrica, Indians by the million in the Americas, and more millions of protestants,schismatics and heretics peopled, and still people, over six-sevenths of Europe. All Of these doubtless would have accepted the Light and the true religion if the friars,under pretext of preaching to them, had not abused their hospitality and if behind the name Religion had not lurked the unnamed Domination. In the attempt made by Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao according to his contract with the King of Spain, there was fighting along the Rio Grande with the people called the Buhahayenes. Their general, according to Argensóla, was the celebrated Silonga, later distinguished for many deeds in raids on the Bisayas and adjacent islands. Chirino relates an anecdote of his coolness under fire once during a truce for a marriage among Mindanao principalia. Young Spaniards out of bravado fired at his feet but he passed on as if unconscious of the bullets. Argensola has preserved the name of the Filipino who killed Rodriguez deFigueroa. It was Ubal. Two days previously he had given a banquet, slaying for ita beef animal of his own, and then made the promise which he kept, to do away with the leader of the Spanish invaders. A Jesuit writer calls him a traitor though the justification for that term of reproach is not apparent. The Buhahayen people were in their own country, and had neither offended nor declared war upon the Spaniards. They had to defend their homes against a powerful invader, with superior forces, many of whom were, by reason of their armor, invulnerable so far as rude Indians were concerned. Yet these same Indians were defenseless against the balls from their muskets. By the Jesuit\'s line of reasoning, the heroic Spanish Peasantry in their war for independence would have been a people even more treacherous. It was not Ubal\'s fault that he was not seen and, as it was wartime.it would have been the height of folly, in view of the immense disparity of arms,to have first called out to this preoccupied opponent, and then been killed himself. The muskets used by the Buhayens were probably some that had belonged toFigueroa\'s soldiers who had died in battle. Though the Philippines had latakas and other artillery, muskets were unknown until the Spaniards came. That the Spaniards used the word "discover" very carelessly may be seenfrom an admiral\'s turning in a report of his \"discovery\" of the Solomon islands though he noted that the islands had been discovered before. Death has always been the first sign of European civilization on its introduction in the Pacific Ocean. God grant that it may not be the last, though to judge by statistics the civilized islands are losing their populations at a terrible rate.Magellan himself inaugurated his arrival in the Marianes islands by burning more than forty houses, many small crafts and seven people because one of his ships had been stolen. Yet to the simple savages the act had nothing wrong in it but was done with the same naturalness that civilized people hunt, fish, and subjugate people that are weak or ill-armed. While Japan was preparing to invade the Philippines, these islands wersending expeditions to Tonquin and Cambodia, leaving the homeland helpless,even against the undisciplined hordes from the South, so obsessed were the Spaniardwith the idea of making conquests. In the alleged victory of Morga over the Dutch ships, the latter found upon the bodies of five Spaniards, who lost their lives in that combat, little silver boxes filled with prayers and invocations to the saints. Here would seem to be the origin of the anting-anting of the modern tulisanes, which are also of a religious character. In Morga\'s time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan whence now comes the best quality of that merchandise. Morga\'s views upon the failure of Governor \'Pedro de Acuña\'s ambitious expedition against the Moros unhappily still apply for the same conditions exist. For fear of uprisings and loss of Spain\'s sovereignty over the islands, the inhabitants were disarmed, leaving them exposed to the harassing of a powerful and dreaded enemy. Even now, though the use of steam vessels has put an end to piracy from outside, the same fatal system still is followed. The peaceful country folk are deprived of arms and thus made unable to defend themselves against the bandits, or tulisanes,which the government cannot restrain. It is an encouragement to banditry thus to make easy its getting booty. Hernando de los Rios blames these Moluccan wars for the fact that at first thePhilippines were a source of expense to Spain instead of profitable in spite of the tremendous sacrifices of the Filipinos,their practically gratuitous labor in building and equipping the galleons, and despite, too, the tribute, tariffs and other imposts and monopolies. These wars to gain the Moluccas, which soon were lost forever with the little that had been so laboriously obtained, were a heavy drain upon thePhilippines.They depopulated the country and bankrupted the treasury, with not the slightest compensating benefit. True also is it that it was to gain the Moluccasthat Spain kept the Philippines, the desire for the rich spice islands being one of the most powerful arguments when, because of their expense to him, the King thought of withdrawing and abandoning them. Among the Filipinos who aided the government when the Manila Chinese Revolted, Argensola says there were 4,000 Pampangans \`\`armed after the way of their Land, with bows and arrows, short lances, shields, and broad and long daggers.\" Some Spanish writers say that the Japanese volunteers and the Filipinosshowed themselves cruel in slaughtering the Chinese refugees. This may very well have been so, considering the hatred and rancor then existing, but those in command set the example. The loss of two Mexican galleons in 1603 called forth no comment from the religious chroniclers who were accustomed to see the avenging hand of God in the misfortunes and accidents of their enemies. Yet there were repeated shipwrecks of the vessels that carried from the Philippines wealth which encomenderos had extorted from the Filipinos, using force, or making their own laws, and when not using these open means, cheating by the weights and measures. The Filipino chiefs who at their own expense went with the Spanish expedition against Ternate, in the Moluccas, in 1605, were Don Guillermo Palaot, Maestro deCampo, and Captains Francisco Palaot, Juan Lit, Luis Lont, and Agustin Lont.Theyhad with them 400 Tagalogs and Pampangans. The leaders bore themselves bravely for Argensola writes that in the assault on Ternate, \"No officer, Spaniardor Indian, went unscathed!\" The Cebuanos drew a pattern on the skin before starting in to tattoo. The Bisayan usage then was the same procedure that the Japanese today follow. Ancient traditions ascribe the origin of the MalayFilipinos to the island of Samatra. These traditions were almost completely lost as well as the mythology and the genealogies of which the early historians tell, thanks to the zeal of the missionaries in eradicating all national remembrances as heathen or idolatrous. The study of ethnology is restoring this somewhat. The chiefs used to wear upper garments, usually of Indian fine gauze according to Colin, of red color, a shade for which they had the same fondness that theRomans had. The barbarous tribes in Mindanao still have the same taste. The Pintados-tattooed indigenous Cebuano Visayanpeople-as depicted on a page of Boxer Codex,a manuscript written in 1590 containing illustrations of ethnic groups in the Philippines at the time of their initial contact with theSpaniards.(wikipedia.org) The \"easy virtue\" of the native women that historians note is not solely to the simplicity with which they obeyed their natural instincts but much more due to a religious belief of which Father Chirino tells. It was that in the journey after death to \"Kalualhatiran,\" the abode of the spirit, there was a dangerous river to cross that had no bridge other than a very narrow strip of wood over which a woman could not pass unless she had a husband or lover to extend a hand to assist her. Furthermore, the religious annals of the early missions are filled with countless instances where native maidens chose death rather than sacrifice their chastity to the threats and violence of encomenderos and Spanishsoldiers. As to the mercenary social evil, that is worldwide and there is no nation that can \"throw the first stone\" at the other. For the rest, today the Philippines has no reason to blush in comparing its womankind with the women of the most chastenation in the world. Morga\'s remark that the Filipinos like fish better when it is commencing to turn bad is another of those prejudices which Spaniards, like all other nations,have. In matters of food, each is nauseated with what he is unaccustomed to ordoesn\'t know is edible. The English, for example, find their gorge rising when they see a Spaniard eating snails, while in turn the Spanish find roast beef English-style repugnant and can\'t understand the relish of other Europeans for beef steak a la Tartar which to them is simply raw meat. The Chinamen, who likes shark\'s meat, cannot bear Roquefort cheese, and these examples might be indefinitely extended. The Filipinos favorite fish dish is the *"bagong"* and whoever has tried to eat it knows that it is not considered improved when tainted. It neither is, nor ought to be,decayed. Colin says the ancient Filipinos had minstrels who had memorized songs telling their genealogies and of the deeds ascribed to their deities. These were chanted on voyages in cadence with the rowing, or at festivals, or funerals, or wherever there happened to be any considerable gatherings. It is regrettable that these changes have not been preserved as from them it would have been possible to learn much of the Filipinos\' past and possibly of the history of neighboring islands. The cannon foundry mentioned by Morga as in the walled city was probably on the site of the Tagalog one which was destroyed by fire on the first coming of the Spaniards. That established in 1584 in Lamayan, that is, Santa Ana Now, and was transferred to the old site in 1590. It continued to work until 1805.According to Gaspar San Augustin, the cannon which the pre-Spanish Filipinos castwere \"as great as those of Malaga,\" Spain\'s foundry. The Filipino plant was burned with all that was in it save a dozen large cannons and some smaller pieces which the Spanish invaders took back with them to Panay. The rest of their artillery equipment had been thrown by the Manilans, then Moros, into the sea when they recognize their defeat. Malate,better Maalat, was where the Tagalog aristocracy lived after they were dispossessed by the Spaniards of their old homes in what is now the walled city of Manila. Among the Malate residents were the families of Raja Matanda andRaja Soliman. The men had various positions in Manila and some were employed in government work nearby. "They were very courteous and well-mannered,\"says San Agustin. "The women were very expert in lace-making, so much so that they were not at all behind the women of Flanders.\" Morga\'s statement that there was not a province or town of the Filipinos that resisted conversion or did not want it may have been true of the civilized natives.But the contrary was the fact among the mountain tribes. We have the testimony of several Dominican and Augustinian missionaries that it was impossible togo anywhere to make conversions without other Filipinos along and a guard of soldiers. \"Otherwise,\" says Gaspan de San Agustin, \"there would have been no fruit of the Evangelical Doctrine gathered, for the infidels wanted to kill the Friars who came to preach to them.\" An example of this method of conversion given by the same writer was a trip to the mountains by two Friars who had a numerous escort of Pampangans. The escort\'s leader was Don Agustin Sonson who had a reputation for daring and carried fire and sword into the country, killing many.including the chief,Kabadi. \"The Spaniards,\" says Morga. \"were accustomed to hold as slaves such natives as they bought and others that they took in the forays in the conquest of pacification of the islands.\" Consequently in this respect the \"pacifiers\' \' introduced no moral improvement.We even do not know if in their wars the Filipinos used to make slaves of each other, though that would not have been strange, for the chroniclers tell of captives returned to their own people. The practice of the Southern pirates, almost provésthis, although in these piratical wars the Spaniards were the first aggressors and gave them their character. **The Value of Rizal\'s Annotation** The value of Rizal\'s annotation of Sucesos is immense as through the work, he provided especially the Filipino readers with rich annotative footnotes concerningPhilippine culture and society, coupled with complete scholarly reference resources and full citations. Most especially, through this work, Rizal had proved and showed that the Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to the Spanish Conquest. The significance of Rizal\'s noble purpose in working on Morga\'s book is prophetically encapsulated in some of his statements in his Preface:\"If the book(Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas) succeeds to awaken your consciousňess of our past,already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the future.\" D. ASSESSMENT: **Activity 1: Film viewing** **Option 1: Jose Rizal,** GMA Films, directed by Marilou Diaz Abaya **Option 2: Rizal Sa Dapitan,** directed by Tikoy Aguiluz Question: What is your own reflection based on the film and your understanding