Rizal's Life & Education (PDF)

 **MODULE 2:** **C. DISCUSSION** **RIZAL\'S LIFE:RIZAL\'S FAMILY,CHILDHOOD,AND EARLY EDUCATION** ***José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda***  was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna. The seventh of eleven children born to a relatively well-...

 **MODULE 2:** **C. DISCUSSION** **RIZAL\'S LIFE:RIZAL\'S FAMILY,CHILDHOOD,AND EARLY EDUCATION** ***José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda***  was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna. The seventh of eleven children born to a relatively well-off family in a Dominican-owned tenant land in Calamba, Laguna, Jose Rizal lived and died during the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines. In his early childhood, Jose had mastered the alphabet and learned to write and read. His early readings included the Spanish version of the Vulgate Bible.At a young age, he already showed inclinations to the arts. He amazed his family by his pencil drawings, sketches, and moldings of clay. Later in his childhood, he showed special talent in painting and sculpture, wrote a Tagalog play, which was presented at a town fiestà (and later penned a short play in Spanish, which was presented in school). **Don Francisco Mercado** **Francisco Engracio Rizal** Jose\'s father, Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado, was a productive farmer from Biñan, Laguna. He was an independent-minded, taciturn, but dynamic gentleman from whom Jose inherited his \"free soul.\" Don Franciscobecame teniente gobernador cillo (lieutenant governor) inCalamba and was thus nicknamed Tiniente Kiko. (Somestudents\' comical conjecture that the fictional characterKikong Matsing of Batibot was named after Don Franciscois, of course, unfounded.) Don Francisco was born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. When he was eight years old, he lost his father. He was nonetheless educated as he took Latin andPhilosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila, where he met and fell in love withTeodora Alonso, a student in the College of Santa Rosa. Married on June 28, 1848,they settled down in Calamba where they were granted lease of a rice farm in the Dominican-owned haciendas. (For an article that focuses on Francisco Mercado\'s Life and deep relation with his son Jose, read Appendix D: \"Francisco Mercado.Tiniente Kiko of Calamba. **Doña Teodora Alonso** Jose\'s mother, Teodora Alonzo (also spelled\"Alonso\'\'), was an educated and highly cultured woman from Sta. Cruz, Manila. Common biographies state that Doña Teodora Alonso Quintos Realonda,also known as "Lolay\" was born on November 8,1826 in Santa Cruz, Manila and baptized at the SantaCruz Church.Strangely however, the volume in the church books that supposedly contained Teodora\'sbaptismal records was the only one missing from the otherwise complete records down to the eighteenth century (Ocampo, 2012, p. 39). Asuncion Rizal-Lopez Bantug, the granddaughter of Jose\'ș sister Narcisa, contrarily claims that Lola Lolayand all her siblings were born in Calamba, but (just) lived in Manila (Bantug & Ventura, 1997,p.18). Doña Lolay was educated at the College of Santa Rosa, an esteemed school for girls in Manila. She was usually described as a diligent business-minded woman.very graceful but courageous, well-mannered, religious, and well-read. Very dignified, she disliked gossip and vulgar conversation. Possessing refined culture and literary talents, she influenced her children to love the arts, literature, and music. Herself an educated woman, Lolay sent her children to colleges in Manila. To Help in the economy of the family, she ran sugar and flour mills and a small store in their house, selling home-made ham, sausages, jams, jellies, and many others. (Looking back, her business, in a way, predated the meat-processing commerce of the Pampangueños today and the ube jam production of some nuns in Baguío.) It is believed that Doña Teodora\'s family descended from Lakandula, the last native king of Tondo. (For young Filipino generations, Lakandula has to be distinguished from the unofficial Hari ng Tondo, Asiong Salonga, the Manila kingpin who was immortalized in the movie incidentally by Laguna\'s own governor E. R.Ejercito.) Through the Claveria decree of 1849 which changed the Filipino native surnames, the Alonsos adopted the surname Realonda. Rizal\'s mother thus becameTeodora Alonzo Quintos Realonda. (For a lecture that concentrates on Teodora Alonzo\'s life and her love for Jose, read Appendix C: \"Teodora Alonzo: Lola Lolay ofBahay na Bato.\") **Jose\'s Siblings** **Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913**) is the eldest child of DonFrancisco and Teodora Alonso. She and her mother provided little Jose with a good basic education by the age of three. Pepe (Jose\'s nickname) already knew his alphabet. **Paciano Rizal,** Jose\'s only brother, was born onMarch 7,1851 in Calamba, Laguna. He was fondly addressed by his siblings as Ñor Paciano, short for\"Señor Paciano\" The 10-year older brother of Josestudied at San Jose College in Manila, becamePaciano Rizal:Jose Rizal\'s brother a farmer, and later a general of the Philippine(ourhappyschool.com)Revolution. (A detailed discussion on Paciano\'s life and his influence on Jose is available in Appendix E: "Paciano Rizal: Pinoy Hero\'s Big Brother\') After Jose\'s execution in December 1896, Paciano joined the Katipuneros in Cavite under General Emilio Aguinaldo. As Katipunero, Paciano was commissioned as general of the revolutionary forces and elected as secretary of finance in the Department Government of Central Luzon. (For Jose and Paciano collaboration and connection to Emilio Aguinaldo, read the Appendix N: "Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo.\") **Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)** or simply \'Sisa\'\' was the third child in the family. Later in history, Narcisa (like Sturnina) would help in financing Rizal\'s studies in Euroþe,even pawning her jewelry and peddling her clothes if needed. It was said she could recite from memory almost all of the poems of our national hero. (Discussions On Jose\'s known poems are available in Appendix ): \"Jose Rizal\'s Poems.\"). **Olympia Rizal (1855-1887)** was the fourth child in the Rizal family. Jose loved to tease her, sometimes good-humoredly describing her as his stout sister. Jose\'s first love, Segunda Katigbak, was Olympia\'s schoolmate at the La Concordia College. Rizalconfided to Olympia (also spelled \"Olimpia\") about Segunda, and the sister willingly served as the mediator between the two teenage lovers. (For Jose Rizal-and-Segunda Katigbak\'s love story, read Appendix P: \"Jose Rizal\'s Filipino Girlfriends:\') **Lucia Rizal(1857-1919)** was the fifth child in the family. She married MarianoHerbosa of Calamba, Laguna. Charged with inciting the Calamba townsfolk not to pay land rent and causing unrest, the couple was once ordered to be deported along with some Rizal family members. (Lucia\'s husband died during the cholera epidemic in May 1889 and was refused a Catholic burial for not going to confession since his marriage to Lucia. In Jose\'s article in La Solidaridad titled Una profanación(A Profanation), he scornfully attacked the friars for declining to bury in \"sacred ground\" a \"good Christian\" simply because he was the \"brother-in-law of Rizal.\"\') **Maria Rizal (1859-1945)** was the sixth child in the family. It was to her whomJose talked about wanting to marry Josephine Bracken when the majority of theRizal family was apparently not amenable to the idea. In his letter dated December 12,1891, Jose had also brought up to Maria his plan of establishing a Filipino colony in North British Borneo. In his letter dated December 28, 1891, Jose wrote to Maria,"I\'m told that your children are very pretty.\" Today, we have a historical proof thatMaria\'s progenies were indeed nice-looking (lahing maganda). Maria and Danielhad five children: Mauricio, Petrona, Prudencio, Paz, and Encarnacion. Their sonMauricio married Conception Arguelles and the couple had a son named IsmaelArguelles Cruz. Ismael was the father of Gemma Cruz Araneta, the first Filipina to win the Miss International title, also the first Southeast Asian to win an international beauty-pageant title. (For more interesting discussions about Saturnina, Narcisa,Olympia. Lucia, and Maria Rizal, read Appendix F: \"Jose Rizal\'s Older Sisters.\") Also called "Concha \'\' by her siblings, Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865) was the eighth child of the Rizal family. She died at the age of three. Of his sisters, it was said that the young Pepe loved most little Concha who was a year younger than he.Jose played games and shared children stories with her, and from her he felt the beauty of sisterly love at a young age. **Josefa Rizal\'s nickname is "Panggoy\'\' (1865-1945)**. She was the ninth child in the family. Panggoy died a spinster. Among Jose\'s letters to Josefa, the one datedOctober 26, 1893 was perhaps the most fascinating. Written in English, the letter addressed Josefa as \"Miss Josephine Rizal \'\' (After Jose\'s martyrdom, the epilepticJosefa joined the Katipunan and was even supposed to have been elected the president of its women section. She was one of the original 29 women admitted to the Katipunan along with Gregoria de Jesus, wife of Andres Bonifacio. They Safeguarded the secret papers and documents of the society and danced and sang during sessions so that civil guards would think that the meetings were just harmless social gatherings.) **Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951) or \"Training\"** was the tenth child. Historically, shebecame the custodian of Rizal\'s last and greatest poem. Right before Jose\'s execution,Trinidad and their mother visited him in the Fort Santiago prison cell. As they were leaving, Jose handed over to Training an alcohol cooking stove, a gift from the Pardo de Taveras, whispering to her in a language, which the guards could not understand, \"There is something in it.\" That \"something\" was Rizaľ\'s elegy now known as \"Mi Ultimo Adios.\" Like Josefa, Paciano, and two nieces, Trinidad joined theKatipunan after Jose\'s death. **Also called \"Choleng\" Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)** was the youngest child of theRizal family. Being a teacher, she was arguably the best-educated among Rizal\'s Sisters. In his long and meaty letter to Choleng dated June 6, 1890 (\"Jose Rizal onFacebook Courtship,\" 2013), Jose told her sister that he was proud of her for becoming a teacher. He thus counseled her to be a model of virtues and good qualities \"for the one who should teach should be better than the persons who need her learning.\"Rizal nonetheless used the topic as leverage in somewhat rebuking her sister forgetting married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba without their parents\' consent.\`\`Because of you,\" he wrote, \"the peace of our family has been disturbed.\" Choleng\'s union with Pantaleon, nonetheless, resulted in the Rizal family becoming connected by affinity to Miguel Malvar (the hero who could have been listed as the second Philippine President for taking over the revolutionary government after Emilio Aguinaldo\'s arrest in 1901). Soledad and Pantaleon had five children: Trinitario, Amelia, Luisa, Serafin, and Felix. Their daughter Amelia Married Bernabe Malvar, son of Gen. Miguel Malvar. (For more fascinating discussions about Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, and Soledad Rizal, read Appendix G:\"Jose Rizal\'s Younger Sisters.\") ***The Surname Rizal*** Had their forefathers not adopted other names, Jose and Paciano could have been known as \"Lamco\" (and nót Rizal) brothers. Their paternal great-great grandfather, Chinese merchant Domingo Lamco,adopted the name \"Mercado,\" which means \"market.\" But Jose\"s father, Francisco,who eventually became primarily a farmer, adopted the surname \"Rizal\" (originally \"Ricial\'\", which means \"the green of young growth\" or \"green fields\"). The name was suggested by a provincial governor who was a friend of the family. The new name,however, caused confusion in the commercial affairs of the family. Don Franciscothus settled on the name \"Rizal Mercado\'\' as a compromise, and often just used hismore known surname \"Mercado.\" When Paciano was a student at the College of San Jose, he used \"Mercado\" as his last name. But because he had gained notoriety with his links to Father Burgos of the \"Gomburzà,\" he suggested that Jose use the surname \"Rizal\" for Jose\"s own safety. Commenting on using the name \"Rizal\" at Ateneo, Jose once wrote: "My family never paid much attention \[to our second surname Rizal\], but now I had to use it,thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!\" (as cited in Arriza, 2012,para.8) But this very name suggested by Paciano to be used by his brother had become so well known by 1891, the year Jose finished his El Filibusterismo. As Jose wrote to a friend, \"All my family now carry the name Rizal insteàd of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name..\" (as cited in Arriza, 2012, para.8). ***Rizal\'s Birth*** Doña Teodora was said to have suffered the greatest pain during the delivery of her seventh child, Jose. Her daughter Narcisa recalled: \"I was nine years of age when my mother gave birth to Jose. I recall it vividly because my mother suffered great pain. She labored for a long time. Her pain was later attributed to the fact that Jose\'s head was bigger than normal\" (as cited in \"Lola Lolay\" 2013, para. 8). Jose Rizal was born in. Calamba. In 1848, his parents decided to build a home in this town in Laguna, southèrn Luzon. The name Calamba was derived from kalan-banga, which means \"clay stove\" (kalan) and \"water jar\" (banga). Jose\'s adoration of its scenic beauty-punctuated by the sights of the Laguna De Bay, Mount Makiling, palm-covered mountains, curvy hills, and green fields-was recorded in the poem he would later write at Ateneo de Manila in 1876, UnRecuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town). (If Rizal\'s poem were written today.he might mention the three-floor \'SM mall, shopping ċenters, and the South LuzonExpressway \[SLEX\] terminus in the place. A city sịnce 2001, Calamba is said to have earned the nickname \"Resort Capital of the Philippines\" for its more than 600 resorts in the place today.) The first massive stone house (or bahay na bato) in Calamba was the very birthplace of our national hero. It was a rectangular two-storey building, built **BIOGRAPHY,WRITINOS,AND LEGACIES OF OUR BAYANI** Adobe stones and solid wood, with sliding capiz windows. Its ground floor was made of lime and stone, the second floor of hardwood, except for the roof,which was of red tiles. There was an azotea and a water reservoir at the back. Its Architectural style and proximity to the church implied Rizal family\'s wealth and political influence. **The Childhood of a Phenom** A phenom is someone who is exceptionally talented or admired, especially anup-and-comer. Rizal, especially during his childhood, was none less than a phenom. Jose Rizal\'s first memory, in his infancy, was his happy days in their family garden when he was three years old. Their courtyard contained tropical fruit trees, a poultry yard, a carriage house, and a stable for the ponies. Because the young Pepe was weak, sickly, and undersized, he was given the fondest care by his parents, so his father built a nipà cottage for Pepe to play in the daytime. Memory of his infancy included the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon. Jose also recalled the \"aya\" (nursemaid) relating to theRizal children some fabulous stories, like those about the fairies, tales of buried treasure,and trees blooming with diamonds. Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer in their home. Rizal Recorded in his memoir that by nightfall, his mother would gather all the children in their home to pray to the Angelus. At the early age of three, he started to take apart in the family prayers. When Conçha died of sickness in 1865, Jose mournfully wept at losing her. Helater wrote in his memoir, \"When I was four years old, I lost my little sister Concha,and then for the first time I shed tears caused by love and grief\" (\"Memoirs of aStudent in Manila,\" n.d.). At the age of five, the young Pepe learned to read the Spanish family Bible.which he would refer to later in his writings. Rizal himself remarked that perhaps the education he received since hís earliest infancy was what had shaped his habits (\'Memoirs of a Student,\" n.d.,para) As a child, Rizal loved to go to the chapel, pray, participate in novenas, and join religious processions. In Calamba, one of the men he esteemed and respected was the scholarly Catholic priest Leoncio Lopez, the town priest. He used to visit him and listen to his inspiring opinions on current events and thorough life views. Also at the age of five, Pepe started to make pencil sketches and mold in clay and wax objects, which attracted his fancy. When he was about six years old, his sisters once laughed át him for spending much time making clay and wax images.Initially keeping silent, he then prophetically told them \"All right laugh at me now!Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me.\" When Jose was seven years old,his father provided him the exciting experience of riding a \'caseo\' (a flat-bottomed boat with a roof) on their way to a pilgrimage inAntipolo. The pilgrimage was to fulfill the vow made by Jose\'s mother to take him to the Shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her child survive the ordeal of delivery, which nearly caused her life. From Antipolo, Jose and his father proceeded to Manila to visit his sister Saturnina who was at the time studying at the La Concordia College in Sta. Ana. As a gift, the child Jose received a pony named \"Alipato \'\' from his father(Bantug & Ventura, 1997, p. 23). As a child, he loved to ride this pony or take long walks in the meadows and lakeshore with his black dog named\"Usman.\" ***The Rizal Ancestral House,now called Rizal Shrine*** The mother also induced Jose tó to love the arts, literature, and the classics. Before he was eight years old.he had written a drama (some sources say \"a Tagalog comedy:\') which was performed at a local festival and for which the municipal captain rewarded him with two pesos. (Some references specify that it was staged in a Calamba festival and that it was a gobernadorcillo from Paete who purchased the manuscript for two pesos.) Contrary to the \"former \'\' common knowledge however, Rizal did not write the Filipino poem \"Sa Aking Mga Kababata/Kabata \'\' (To My Fellow Children). The poem was previously believed to be Rizal\"s first written poem at the àge of eight and was said to have been published posthumously many years after Rizal\'\'s deathHowever, Jose had a preserved correspondence (letters) with his brother Paciano Admitting that he (Jose had only encountered the word \"kalayaan\" when he was already 21 years old. The term (\"kalayaan\") was used not just once in the poem\"Sa Aking Mga Kababata/Kabata.\" (For more details concerning this matter, read the article, "Did Jose Rizal Wrote the Poem \"Sa Aking Mga Kabata\'\'?\" in The young Rizal was also interested in magic. He read many books on magic.He learned different tricks, such as making a coin disappear and making a handkerchief vanish in thin air. Some other influences of Rizal\'s childhood involved his three uncles: his TioJose Alberto who inspired him to cultivate his artistic ability; his Tio Manuel who encouraged him to fortify his frail body through physical exercises; and his TioGregorio who intensified Rizal\'s avidness to read good books. ***The Story of The Moth*** To impart essential life lessons, Lolay held regular storytelling sessions with the young Rizal. Doña Teodora loved to read to Pepe stories from the book Amigo delos Niños (The Children\'s Friend). One day, she scolded his son for drawing on the pages of the story book. To teach the value of obedience to one\'s parents, she afterward read him a story in it. Lolay chose the story about a daughter moth who was warned by her mother against going too near a lamp flame. Though the young moth promised to comply.she later succumbed to the pull of the light\'s mysterious charm, believing that nothing bad would happen if she approached it with caution. The moth then flew close to the flame. Feeling comforting warmth at first, she drew closer and closer.bit by bit, until she flew too close enough to the flame and perished. Incidentally. Pepe was watching a similar incident while he was listening to the storytelling. Like a live enactment, a moth was fluttering too near to the flame of the oil lamp on their table. Not merely acting out, it did fall dead as a consequence.Both moths in the two tales paid the price of getting near the fatal light. Many years later, Rizal himself felt that the moths\' tale could serve as an allegory of his own destiny. (A good summary of Rizal\'s life is presented in AppendixB: Jose Rizal: A Biographical Outline.) About himself, he wrote: Years have passed since then. The child has become a man\_ Steamships Have taken him across seas and oceans. He has received from experience better lessons, much more bitter than the sweet lessons that his mother gavehim. Nevertheless, he has preserved the heart of a child. He still thinks that light is the most beautiful thing in creation, and that it is worthwhile for a man to sacrifice his life for it." (as cited in \"My First Reminiscence,\" ***Education in Calamba*** The familiar statement.that Doña Teodora was Rizal\'s first teacher is not just a sort of \"venerating\" his mother who sacrificed a lot for our hero. It was actually a technical truth. In his memoirs, Rizal wrote, \'My mother taught me how to read and to say haltingly the humble prayers which I raised fervently to God.\' In Rizal\'s time, seldom would one see a highly educated woman of fine culture.like Doña Teodora who had the capacity to teach Spanish, reading, poetry, and values through rare story books. Lolay, indeed, was the first teacher of the hero-teaching him Spanish, correcting his composed poems, and coaching him in rhetoric. On her lap, Jose learned the alphabet and Catholic prayers at the age of three, and learned to read and write at age of 5. Aside from his mother, Jose\'s sister Saturnina and three maternal uncles also mentored him. His uncle Jose Alberto taught him painting, sketching, and sculptureUncle Gregorio influenced him to further love reading. Uncle Manuel, for his part,developed Rizal\'s physical skills in martial arts, like wrestling. To further enhance what Rizal had learned, private tutors were hired to give him lessons at home. Thus, Maestro Celestino tutored him, and Maestro Lucas Padualater succeeded Celestino. Afterward, a former classmate of Don Francisco,LeonMonroy, lived at the Rizal home to become the boy\'s tutor in Spanish and Latin Sadly. Monroy died five months later. (Of course, there is no truth to some naughty students\' comical insinuation that Rizal had something to do with his death.) ***Education in Biñan*** Rizal was subsequently sent to a private school in Biñan. In June 1869, his brotherPaciano brought him to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. The school was in the teacher\'s house, a small nipa house near the home of Jose\'s aunt where he stayed. In Rizal\'s own words, his teacher \"knew by the heart the grammars byNebrija and Gainza.\" During Rizal\'s first day at the Biñan school, the teacher asked him: \"Do you know Spanish?\" \"A little, sir\" replied Rizal. \"Do you know Latin?\" \"A little, sir.\" Because of this, his classmates, especially the teacher\'s son Pedro,laughed at the newcomer. So later in that day, Jose challenged the bully Pedro to a fightHaving learned wrestling from his Uncle Manuel, the younger and smaller Josedefeated his tormentor. (Compared to bullying victims today, we can say that Rizaldid not wait for anyone to enact a law against bullying, but rather took matters into his own hands.) In the following days, Jose was said to have some other fights with Biñan boys(If his average was two fights per day, as what happened during his first day. **HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD** Don Francisco sent his son Jose for further education to Manila in June 1872.Paciano found Jose a boarding house in Intramuros though Jose later transferred to a house on Callè Carballo in the Santa Cruz area. In the following year, Josetransferred residence to No. 6 Calle Magallanes. Two years later, he became an intern (boarding student) at Ateneo and stayed there until his graduation from the institution. From 1877 to 1882, Rizal studied at the University Of Santo Tomas, enrolling in the course Philosophy andLetters, but shifted to Medicine a year after. During his first year at UST, he simultaneously took at the Ateneo avocational course leading to being an expert surveyor.He boarded in the house of a certain Concha Leyva inIntramuros, and later in Casa Tomasina, at Calle 6, SantoTomas, Intramuros. In Casa Tomasina, his landlord and uncle Antonio Rivera had a daughter, Leonor,who becameJose\'s sweetheart. (For Jose Rizal\'s love affair with LeonorRivera \[and another Leonor-Leonor Valenzuela\], readAppendix P: \"Jose Rizal\'s Filipino Girlfriends.\") ***Rizal\'s crayon sketch o Leonor Rivera, his true love*** ***Education at the Ateneo*** There is a claim that from the Biñan school, Rizal studied at Colegio de San Juan De Letran. The supposed story stated that after attending his classes for almost three months in Letran. Jose was asked by the Dominican friars to look for another school because of his radical and bold questions. However, standard biographies agree that Rizal just took the entrance examination in that institution, but Don Francisco sent him to enroll instead inAteneo Municipal in June 1872. Run by the Jesuit congregation (Society of Jesus),Ateneo upheld religious instruction, advanced education, rigid discipline, physicalculture, and cultivation of the arts, like music, drawing, and painting. (Ironically,thisschool, which is now the archrival of De La Salle in being exclusively luxurious,among others, was formerly the Escuela Pia (Charity School)-a school for poor boys in Manila established by the city government in 1817.) Paciano found Jose a boarding house in Intramuros but Jose later transferred to the house of a spinster situated on Calle Carballo in the Santa Cruz area. Therehe became acquainted with various mestizos who were said to be begotten by friars. (Jose perhaps had not thought twice to befriend them, believing that they were probably nice people-for after all, they were \"mga anak ng pari\" \[children of priests\]). To encourage healthy competitions, classes at the Ateneo were divided into two groups, which constantly competed against each other, One group, name the Roman Empire, comprised the interns (boarders) while the other one, theCarthaginian Empire, consisted of the externs (non-boarders). Within an empire.members were also in continuous competition as they vied for the top ranks called dignitaries- Emperor, being the highest position, followed by Tribune, Deċurion,Centurion, and Standard-Bearer, respectively. Initially placed at the tail of the class as a newcomer, Jose was soon continually promoted-that just after a month, he had become an Emperor, receiving a religious picture as a prize. When the term ended, he attained the mark of \"exċellent\" in all the subjects and in the examinations. The second year, Jose transferred residence to No. 6 CalleMagallanes. He obtained a medal at the end of that academic term. In the third year, he won prizes in the quarterly examinations. The following year, his parents placed him as an intern (boarding student) in the school and stayed there until his graduation. At the end of the school year, he garnered five medals, with which he said he could somewhat repay his father for his sacrifices. On March 23, 1877, he received the Bachelor of Arts degree, graduating as one of the nine students in his class declared \"sobresaliente\" or outstanding. Some of his priest-professors at the Ateneo were Jose Bech, a man with mood swings and somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor; Francisco de Paula Sanchez, an upright, earnest, and caring teacher whom Rizal considered his best professor; Jose Vilaclara; and a certain Mineves. At the Ateneo,Rizal cultivated his talent in poetry, applied himself regularly to gymnastics, and devoted time to painting and sculpture. Don Augustin Saez, another professor, thoughtfully guided him in drawing and painting. and the Filipino Romualdo de Jesus lovingly instructed him in sculpture. ***Education at the UST*** In 1877, Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course onPhilosophy and Letters. At the same time, however, he took at Ateneo a land-surveyor and assessor\'s degree (expert surveyor), a vocational course. He finished his surveyor\'s training in 1877, passed the licensing examination in May 1878 though the license was granted to him only in 1881 when he reached the age of majority. After a year at UST, Jose changed course and enrolled in Medicine to be able to cure the deteriorating eyesight of his mother. Being tired of the discrimination by the Dominican professors against Filipino students, he nonetheless stopped attending classes at UST in 1882. It is worthwhile to note that another reason forRizal\'s not completing medicine at UST was that the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. (Rizal\'s observation perhaps had served as a challenge forUST to improve its mode of instruction.). If records were accurate, Rizal had taken a total of 19 subjects in UST and finished them with varied grades, ranging from excellent to fair. Notably,he got excellent\' in all his subjects in the Philosophy course. **Education in Europe** On May 3, 1882, Rizal left for Spain and enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy And Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3. On some days of November 1884, Rizal was involved in the chaotic student demonstrations by theCentral University students in which many were wounded, hit by cane, arrested.and imprisoned. The protest rallies started after Dr. Miguel Morayta had been excommunicated by bishops for delivering a liberal speech, proclaiming the freedom of science and the teacher, at the opening ceremony of the academic year.(Incidentally, the street in Manila Named after Morayta \[\'Nicanor Reyes Street Today\] has always been affected by, if not itself the venue of, student demonstrations.) In June of 1884, Rizal received the degree of Licentiate in Medicine at the age of 23. His rating though was just \"fair\* for it was affected by the \"low\" grades he got from UST. In the next school year (1884-1885), he took and completed three additional subjects leading to the Doctor of Medicine degree. He was not awarded the Doctor\'s diploma though for failing to pay the fee and the required thesis. Exactly on his 24th birthday, the Madrid university awarded him the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters with the grade of \"excellent\" (sobresaliente).(One can thus make the argument that Rizal was better as a \"philosopher\" than a physician.) Wanting to cure his mother\'s advancing blindness, Rizal went to Paris. He was said to have attended medical lectures at the University of Paris.From November1885 to February 1886, he worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert. Through This leading French ophthalmologist, Rizal thankfully learned how to perform all the ophthalmological operations. On February 3, 1886, Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany. He attended the lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Professor Wilhelm Kuehne at the University ofHeidelberg. He also worked at the University Eye Hospital under the guidance ofDr. Becker. Under the direction of this renowned German ophthalmologist, Rizal had learned to use the then newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann Von Helmholtz), which he later used to operate on his mother\'s eye. In Heidelberg.the 25-year-old Rizal completed his eye specialization. Afterward, Rizal spent three months in the nearby village, Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tangere. He stayed at the pastoral house of a kind Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer, the whole family of whom became Rizal\'s Good friends. In August 1886, he attended lectures on history and psychology at theUniversity of Leipzig. In November 1886, he reached Berlin, the famous city where he worked as an assistant in Dr. Schweigger\'s clinic and attended lectures at theUniversity of Berlin. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of Berlin\'s \"Ethnological Society:\"\"Anthropological Society\"\"Geographical Society.\" In April 1887, he was invited to deliver an address in Germany before the \"Ethnographic Society\" of Berlin on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. In Germany, Rizal met and befriended the famous academicians and scholars at the time. Among them were Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, a German historian;Dr. Hanz Meyer, a German anthropologist; Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of Travels in the Philippines, which Rizal had read as a student in Manila; Dr. Rudolf Virchow, aGerman anthropologist; and Rudolf\'s son, Dr. Hans Virchow, Descriptive Anatomyprofessor. Especially after the hero\'s martyrdom, these people who were the renowned personalities in the academe not only in Germany but also in Europe were so proud that once in their lives they had known the educated and great Filipino named JoseRizal.(A lecture that concentrates on Jose Rizal\'s education is available in AppendixH:\"Jose Rizal\'s Education.\") ***Life in Europe*** As mentioned, Rizal stopped attending classes at UST in 1882, for he was sick and tired of the discriminatory and oppressive Dominican professors. On May 3 of that year, he thus left for Spain not only to complete his studies but also to widen his political knowledge through exposure to European governments. It is funny that his departure for Spain had gone down to history as a \"secret departure\', although at least ten people-including his three siblings and an uncle-collaborated in his going away, exclusive of the unnamed and unnumbered Jesuit priests and intimate friends who co-conspired in the plan. **In Europe** On his way to Madrid, Rizal had many stopovers. He first disembarked and visited the town of Singapore. Onboard thesteamship \"Djemnah \'\' he passed throughPunta de Gales, Colombo, and Aden. En route to Marseilles, he went across the historic waterway of Suez Canal and visitedtheItalian city of Naples. He left Marseilles,France for Barcelona in an express train. After some months, Rizal left BarcelonaConsuelo Ortiga y Rey:Depicted by for· Madrid. On September 16,1882,RizalOurHappySchool.com as\'Crush ng Bayan\'inmet and befriended Consuelo Ortiga yRizal\'s time (ourhappyschool.com)Rey, the prettiest of the daughters of DonPablo Ortiga y Rey, the Spanish liberal and former mayor of Manila who became vice-president of the Counçil of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies. Consuelo Suggested in her diary entry that on the first day she met Rizal, they talked the whole night and that the young Filipino said many beautiful things about her. (Wecan say thus that as Rizal arrived in Madrid, "May Consuelo agad siya!\" For Rizal-and-Consuelo\'s love story, read Appendix Q: \"Jose Rizal\'s Lovers in the Foreign Lands.\").Rizal enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the UniversidadCentral de Madrid on November 3, 1882. In Rizal\'s letter dated February 13, 1883, he informed Paciano of his meeting with some Filipinos: \"The Tuesday of the Carnivalwe had a Filipino luncheon and dinner in the house of the Paternos, each one contributing one duro. We ate with our hands boiled rice, chicken adobo, fried fish,and roast pig\" (\"Letters between Rizal and Family,n.d.) In 1885, Rizal who had finished his two courses in Madrid went to Paris, France.From November 1885 to February 1886, he worked as an assistant to the celebrated ophthalmologist Dr. Louis de Weckert. In February 3, 1886, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany. He attended lectures and training at the University of Heidelberg where he was said to have completed his eye specialization. Afterward, Rizal settled for three months in the nearby village. Wilhelmsfeld, at the pastoral house of a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer. It was during this time that the correspondence and long-distance friendship between Jose and Ferdinand Blumentritt began. Rizal wrote a letter in Germanand sent it with a bilingual (Spanish and Tagalog) book Aritmetica to Blumentritt Who was interested in studying Jose\'s native language. Jose traveled next to Leipzig and attended some lectures at its university.Having reached Dresden afterward, he met and befriended Dr. Adolph B. Meyer,the Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. Also a Filipinologist.Meyer showed Rizal some interesting things taken from tombs in the Philippines. In November 1886, he went to Berlin and further enhanced his skills and knowledge in ophthalmology. In that famous city, not only did he learn other languages but also became a member of various scientific communities and befriended many famed intellectuals at the time. OnFebruary 21, 1887, he finished his first novel, the Noli,and it came off the press a month later. ***Grand Europe Tour*** With his friend Maximo Viola who loaned him some amount to cover for the printing of the Noli, Rizal traveled to various places in Europe. Through Paciano\'s remittance.Jose had paid Viola and decided to further explore some places in Europe before returning to the Philippines.They went first to see Potsdam, a city southwest of Berlin(which later became the historical site of the PotsdamConference in 1945 in which the leaders of powerful nations deliberated upon the post war administration ofGermany.) Self-portrait of Rizal sent toBlumentritt:The Spanish Inscription translates:"Tomy distinguished friend DonFernando Blumentritt,proof of my affection,José Rizal.\" On May 11,1887,they left Berlin for Dresden and witnessed the regional floral exposition there. Wanting to see Blumentritt they went to Leitmerltz,Bohemia Passing through Teschen (Decin,Czechoslovakia).Professor Blumentritt warmly received them at Leitmeritz railroad station. The professor identified Jose through the pencil sketch,which he (Rizall had previously made of himself and sent to Blumentritt. The professor acted as their tour guide, introducing them to his family and to famous European scientists,like Dr.Carlos Czepelak and Prof.RobertKlutschak On May 16,the two Filipinos left Leitmeritz for Prague where they saw the tomb of the famous astronomer Copernicus (who formulated the heliocentric model of the universe,which placed the Sun,rather than the Earth,at the center).They Stopped at Brunn on their way to Vienna.They met the famed Austrian novelistNorfenfals in Vienna,and Rizal was interviewed To see the sights of the Danube River,they left Vienna in a boat where theysaw passengers using paper napkins.From Lintz,they had a short stay in Salzburg.Reaching Munich,they tasted the local beer advertised as Germany\'s finest.InNuremberg,they saw the infamous torture machines used in the so-called CatholicInquisition.Afterward,they went to Ulm and climbed Germany\'s tallest cathedralthere. They also went to Stuttgart, Baden, and then Rheinfall where they sawEurope\'s most beautiful waterfall. In Switzerland, they toured Schaffhausen, Basel, Bern, and Lausanne before staying in Geneva. Rizal\'s 15-day stay in Geneva was generally enjoyable except when he learned about the exhibition of some Igorots in Madrid, side by side some animals and plants. Not only did the primitive Igorots in bahag become objects of ridicule and laughter, one of them, a woman, also died of pneumonia. On June 19,1887, Rizal treated Viola for it was his (Rizal) 26th birthday. Four days after,they parted ways-Viola went back to Barcelona while Rizal proceeded toItaly. In Italy, Rizal went to see Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence.In Rome,he paid a visit to historical places, like the Amphitheatre and the Roman Forum.On June29,he had seen the famous edifices, like the St.Peter\'s Church,in the Vatican City.Literally and figuratively speaking, Rizal did go places. (As millennials put it, \'Nag-gala talaga ang lolo mo!\") **D. ASSESSMENT:** **RUBRIC:** --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Criteria** 3 2 1 **Use of class time** Used class time well to get the project Used some of the class time to get the project done did not use the class time to get the project done **Relevance of graphics** All graphics are related to the topic, thus making the topic easy to understand Some of the graphics are related to the topic None of the graphics are relate to the topics **Accuracy of content** Atleast 5 accurate facts are displayed on the infographic. At least 3 accurate facts are displayed on the infographic No accurate facts are displayed on the infographic **Attractiveness** The Infographic is attractive in its design, layout, colors used. The infographic is attractive but slightly messy The infographic is incredibly messy and poorly designed **Choice of words and grammar** The choice of words is appropriate and there are no grammatical errors The voice of words is slightly appropriate and there are a few grammatical errors The choice of words is inappropriate and there are many grammatical errors --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------