RT 104 (ayn lecture).pptx

HOLY INFANT COLLEGE OF TACLOBAN CITY, INC. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY RT 104 ETHICS& JURISPRUDENCE PREPARED BY: AYN TINGZON, RRT @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 Grading System & Rules Grading System...

HOLY INFANT COLLEGE OF TACLOBAN CITY, INC. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY RT 104 ETHICS& JURISPRUDENCE PREPARED BY: AYN TINGZON, RRT @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 Grading System & Rules Grading System Rules 5 absences without an excuse letter/ medical certificate is considered dropped. Major exams = 50% You cannot enter the classroom without Quizzes = 25% wearing a proper uniform and hairnet. Proper hygiene is a must! Recitation = 15% No excuse letter is considered absent. Reporting Attendance = If you miss the quiz on the scheduled 10% date, you must complete it within that same week. Otherwise, you will not be permitted +123-456-7890 to take the quiz. www.reallygreatsite.com PROFESSIONAL ETHICS  Ethics and Its Nature Derived from the Greek word “ethos” which means “a characteristic way of acting”. Ancient romans translated the Greek word “ethos" to the Latin word “mos/moris”, from which the English term “morality” is derived. Ethics is the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Ethics serves as a science that guides human actions and @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com decisions, aiming to make a person's actions and, by extension,  Ethics and Its Nature The World Health Organization (WHO) states that ethics is concerned with moral principles, values and standards of conduct. The field of health and health care raises numerous ethical concerns. Example: health care delivery, professional integrity, data handling @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  Ethics and Morality Ethics is often more about the systematic study and application of principles that help distinguish right from wrong. Ethics is concerned with all human actions, especially those that involve moral questions or dilemmas. Morality refer to personal or cultural values regarding what is considered right or wrong behavior. Moral principles are often internalized and personal, ethics involves a broader, more systematic approach to evaluating and @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com guiding human behavior. ETHICS Set of principles that governs one’s course of action MORAL PRINCIPLES Set of standards that established what is right or wrong. BIOETHICS Pertains solely to the ethics in the field of healthcare CODE OF ETHICS Governs professional behavior +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  BASIS OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES UTILITARIANISM It is often called consequentialism Advocates that actions are morally correct or right when the large number of people is benefited by the decision made The morality of an action is judged solely by its outcomes or consequences. If an action leads to positive results for many people, it is considered morally good. @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com Examples: TTRIAGE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS A large accident occurs, and several people are critically injured. The triage team assigns a higher priority to the less injured patients and attends last to those who are since the chance critically of survival is injured, less for the most severe injured. @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com  TTRIAGE Examples: EMERGENCY SITUATIONS In a situation where medical resources are limited, such as during a natural disaster or in an overwhelmed emergency room, healthcare providers might prioritize treatment for patients with the best chance of survival.  BASIS OF ETHICAL DEONTOLOGY PRINCIPLES Comes from the Greek “deon” word meaning “duty” Deontology upholds the philosophy that rules are to be followed consistently by all individuals because they represent moral duties. Deontology is about following moral duties or rules. In healthcare, this means a provider has a duty to “do no harm”. Giving a low priority to the most critical patients would be @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com considered wrong because it violates the duty to help those in the Example: DO NO HARM A physician is bound by the duty to do no harm. For instance, a doctor might refuse to administer a potentially life-saving treatment if it has a high risk of causing significant harm, even if some believe the benefits could outweigh the risks. The duty to avoid harm guides their decision. Example: Imagine a healthcare provider discovers that a patient has a terminal illness. The patient’s family requests that the provider withhold this information from the patient to prevent emotional distress. However, the patient has previously expressed a desire to be fully informed about their health condition, no matter the circumstances. The deontological approach would emphasize the provider's duty to respect the patient’s autonomy and right to know the truth about their health. According to deontological ethics, the provider has a moral obligation to inform the patient about their diagnosis, even if doing so might lead to emotional distress. The provider’s duty to tell the truth and respect the patient's wishes would take precedence over the potential consequences of delivering bad news.  BASIS OF ETHICAL VIRTUE PRINCIPLES Virtue ethics is a branch of ethical philosophy that emphasizes the role of an individual's character and virtues in determining ethical behavior, rather than focusing solely on rules (deontology) or consequences (utilitarianism). Instead of asking "What should I do?" virtue ethics asks, "What kind of person should I be?" @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com Example: Instead of simply following a protocol that prioritizes patients based on the severity of their condition or likelihood of survival, a virtue ethics approach would also consider how the decision affects the patients' families and friends. This means that a patient who may have a significant impact on their family or community will be given higher priority for treatment, not just based on their medical condition but also on the emotional and social consequences @reallygreatsiteof the decision. Example Scenario Scenario: Imagine a hospital emergency room overwhelmed by victims of a natural disaster. Among the patients are an elderly community leader, a young mother with small children, and a homeless person with no known family. All three require immediate care, but the resources are limited, and only one can be treated at a time. @reallygreatsite Example Scenario Virtue Ethics Approach: The healthcare provider, considering virtue ethics, might prioritize: 1. The young mother first, not only because of her condition but also due to the impact on her children if she were to not survive. 2. The elderly community leader might be treated next, recognizing the significant role they play in the community. 3. The homeless person would also be considered with compassion and dignity, but the decisions would factor in the broader social implications and the relationships each patient has with others. @reallygreatsite  NEEDS FOR PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics is a branch of moral science that focuses on the ethical obligations and responsibilities of individuals within a specific profession. Professional ethics embraces the basic principles of right action or norms of conduct which is exemplary and honorable in the practice of a profession. In the field of Radiologic Technology, professional ethics is highly important to provide the physician with high quality radiograph while providing the high-quality health care delivery system to the patient. TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS HABIT Is an acquired mode of behavior involving the tendency to repeat and to reproduce certain actions. An act which has been repeated frequently, it is done almost automatically without much conscious effort. CUSTOM It is as an ordinary or usual manner of doing or acting, or the habitual practice of a community or people. Established practices or behaviors that are widely accepted and followed within a community or society. Custom is the habitual practice of the people so long @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 established that it has the force of law.  IDEALS It pertains to perfection Represent the concept of perfection or the highest standard of excellence that one strives to achieve. Ideals serve as guiding principles or benchmarks, inspiring individuals and communities to strive for betterment and excellence. Influenced by external forces  ETIQUETTE Comes from the French word meaning "ticket" or "label." Historically, it was associated with rules of behavior that were related to following the instructions on a "ticket.” Etiquette encompasses the guidelines for proper and respectful behavior in various social and professional contexts. These rules help maintain order, respect, and consideration among people.  TRADITION The process by which knowledge, beliefs, customs, practices, and values are passed down from one generation to the next. Traditions encompass a wide range of beliefs, practices, and rituals that form the core of a community’s or society’s cultural heritage. These may include religious doctrines, social customs, and everyday practices  ETHICAL & LEGAL ISSUES TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES AUTONOMY Person’s self –reliance, independence, liberty, right, privacy, individual choice, freedom of the will, and the self-contained ability to decide. Right to make rational decision free from external pressure. BENEFICENCE All act must be meant to be beneficial An action done for the benefit of others Charity or act of mercy @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES CODE OF ETHICS Set of guiding principles that helps a company and its employees maintain a high standard of ethical behavior and integrity. Governs professional behavior. CONFIDENTIALITY Belief that health-related information about individual patients should not be revealed to others, it implies privacy. Concept of privacy @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES DOUBLE EFFECT Refers to the fact that some action may produce both good and bad effect The principle helps determine whether it is ethically permissible to perform an action that has both positive and negative consequences. CRITERIA 1. The action itself is good or morally neutral. 2. The intent is good, not evil, although a bad result may be foreseen. 3. The good effect is not achieved by means of evil effects. 4. @reallygreatsite The good effect must be more important +123-456-7890 than the evil www.reallygreatsite.com effect, or at least there is favorable balance between good over bad. TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES FIDELITY Strict observance of promises or duties, loyalty and faithfulness to others. To fulfill one’s commitment and promises. JUSTICE Equitable, fair or just conduct in dealing with others. All person must be treated equally @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES LEGAL RIGHTS Rights that are recognized and protected by the legal system of a country or jurisdiction. Rights of individuals or group that are established and guaranteed by law. NON-MALEFICENCE Ethical principle that places high value on avoiding harm to others. Do @reallygreatsite no harm/ not to cause +123-456-7890 harm www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PATERNALISM Refers to the attitude that sometimes prompts health care workers to make decisions regarding a person’s care without consulting the person affected. While the intention may be to protect or benefit the person, it can conflict with the ethical principle of respecting an individual's autonomy and right to make their own choices. TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES RESPECT TO PROPERTY Refers to keeping the belongings of patients safe and taking care not to intentionally damage or waste equipment or supplies with which one works. RIGHTS Justified claims that an individual can make on individuals, groups of society. Divided into legal rights and moral rights @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES SANCTITY OF LIFE Refers to the belief that life is the highest good and nobody has the right to judge that another person’s quality of life is so poor that his or her life is not of value and should be terminated. TRUTHFULNESS Honesty in all aspect of professional life VERACITY The commitment/duty to telling the truth and providing accurate information. RT’S ETHICS RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST’S ETHICS It is a branch of moral philosophy which deals with the relationship of a Radiologic Technologist with patient and the family of the patient, his associates and fellow workers and the community. The term connotes that conduct or behavior of Radtech practitioners, by reason of public approval or practice of the group, has become customary among practicing RadTech. Radtech ethics has to do with the ideals, customs and habits which the members of the profession, to a certain degree, RT’S ETHICS RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST’S ETHICS It will be to the advantage of the RadTech student or professional if he/she remembers the following: three things to govern = tongue, temper and conduct three things to cultivate = courage, affection and gentleness three things to commend= cruelty, arrogance and ingratitude = health, friends and contentment three things to wish = dignity, gracefulness and intellect three things to admire = aims to the needy, comfort to the sad, three things to give and appreciation to the worth Health ETHICS HEALTH ETHICS Also referred to as medical ethics It is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. It encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology and sociology. Health ethics addresses topics like patient rights, professional conduct, informed consent, confidentiality, end-of-life care, and the equitable distribution of healthcare resources.  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY CREED @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  RIGHTS OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS AND PATIENTS RIGHT A claim to particular privilege RESPONSIBILITY An obligation to answer for an act done An obligation on the person to perform some act for which he becomes accountable RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS 1. To promote health 2. To prevent illness 3. To restore health 4. To alleviate suffering  LEGAL MATTERS RELEVANT TO RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS  CONTRACT An agreement mutually arrived by two or more individuals to do a particular thing in exchange for some consideration Meeting of minds between two or more parties Must have employers and employees relationship TYPES OF CONTRACT Those which cannot be perfected w/o 1.) FORMAL CONTRACT compliance with the special formalities required by the law such as donations & mortages of real property 2.) INFORMAL CONTRACT Result of written document or correspondence which the law does not require special formalities Those contract where the consent of the 3.) EXPRESS CONTRACT parties is given expressly in writing or verbally 4.) IMPLIED CONTRACT Those contracts where the consent of the parties is not given expressly but is deducible from the conduct or acts of the parties such as an implied agency REQUISITES OF CONTRACT Two or more person must participate Consent – freely given Object or subject matter must be specified Cause of obligation is established o In every obligation, there’s always a corresponding right Contracting parties must have the legal capacity in entering a contract o Below 18 y/o, immediate relative will sign the contract Parties must be in sound mind They must not in any way be forced in contract Parties involved must consent to the contract  BREACH OF CONTRACT Where a contract exist and either party violating it terms Prevention of performance Failure to perform because of inconvenience of difficulty Abandonment of duty  LUCID INTERVAL The person is in sound mind During lucid interval, the consent given is valid  NLRC National Labor Relation Commission  CLASSIFICATIONS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACT 1.) VOIDABLE/ANNULLABLE 3.) UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT CONTRACT Those which cannot be enforced in the court Those where the contract of the party is because of the existence of the following reasons: defective either because of incapacity to give o They were entered into the behalf of another consent or where the consent is vitiated by w/o authority or in excess of authority mistake, violence, intimidation, undue o There’s non-compliance with the statue of influence or fraud frauds o Both contracting parties are incapacitated 2.) VOID/INEXISTENCE CONTRACT Void Ab initio 4.) RESCISSIBLE CONTRACT Those which produce no legal effect for Those validity entered into by the contracting they do not exist in the eyes of the law parties, but for having caused economic damage Not subjected to ratification or lesion to one party or to a third party or for It is valid until there is a judicial declaration having been entered into a fraud of creditors or w/o knowledge & approval of the judicial authority  LAW  SOURCE OF THE LAW 1.) CONSTITUTION Rule of conduct pronounced by Presidential decree a controlling authority which Republic Act may be enforced 2.) LEGISLATURE A rule of civil conduct Congress prescribed by the supreme 3.) JUDICIARY power in a state commanding Department of Justice what is right & prohibiting what Supreme court is wrong Court of Appeals 4.) ADMINISTRATIVE Executive power of president  LEGAL ASPECT 1.) CIVIL LAW Civil law deals with behavior that constitutes an injury to an Evidence is needed individual or other private party, such as a corporation. Examples are defamation (including libel and slander), breach of contract, Must pay for the damages negligence resulting in injury or death, and property damage. Preponderance of evidence 2.) CRIMINAL LAW Criminal law deals with behavior that is or can be construed as an Beyond reasonable doubt offense against the public, society, or the state—even if the immediate victim is an individual. Examples are murder, assault, We need to be watchful theft, and drunken driving. Always in favor of the accuse Civilly liable o Should pay for damages Administrative law is a branch of public law that is concerned with the procedures, rules, and regulations of a number of governmental agencies.... An example of administrative law is the 3.) ADMINISTRATIVE LAW regulation and operation of the Social Security Administration, and Ground for revocation of license the administration of benefits to the people.  TERMINOLOGIES 1.) OBLIGATION Act of binding oneself to do something 2.) JURISPRUDENCE Philosophy of science of law 3.) PUBLIC LAW Law in which the government is directly involved Regulate the relationship between individual and government 4.) PRIVATE LAW Regulates the relationship among people Examples: relating contracts, ownership of properties & practice of Radiologic Technology 5.) CONSTITUTIONAL LAW State the principle and provisions for 11.) GOOD SAMARITAN LAW establishment of specific law Law that holds physician and radiologic technologist harmless when rendering aid to a 6.) LEGISLATURE person in emergency situation Responsible for enacting laws Congress body 12.) NARCOTIC LAW Law with its primary purpose to control and suppress the illegal use and distribution of 7.) STATUTORY LAW narcotics Law enacted by this body 13.) WILL 8.) JUDICIARY SYSTEM A legal declaration of a person’s intention upon Responsible for reconciling controversies death and conflicts 14.) TESTATOR One who makes the will 9.) COMMON LAW Body of law and accumulated decision 15.) LAWSUIT Legal action in a control of law 10.) ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Proceeding in court for a purpose Made by the executive law of government o To enforce right o To redress wrong 16.) LITIGATION Process of the lawsuit 21.) MALA PROHIBITA 17.) PLANTIFF There’s a law that prohibits the act Person or government bringing a lawsuit against another 22.) LEGAL RIGHT A claim which can be enforced by legal 18.) DEFENDANT means against a person whose duty is to Person being accused of a tort or crime respect it 19.) EUTHANASIA 23.) CIVIL CASE Mercy killing Complainant or defendant Act of painlessly putting to death of person who is suffering from incurable or 24.) CRIMINAL CASE depressing disease Plaintiff or accused Criminal charge of homicide 25.) DUE PROCESS 20.) MALA IN SE A fair & orderly process which aims to Act is a wrongful from the very beginning protect & enforce a person’s right 26.) TRIAL Facts are presented & determined 31.) PERJURY 27.) SUMMONS The willful telling of a lie under oath A writ commanding an authorized person to notify a party to appear in court to answer a 32.) DYING DECLARATION complaint made against him Considered hearsay unless the dying person is a victim of a crime 28.) SUBPOENA An order that requires a person to attend at 33.) HOLOGRAPHIC WILL a specific time & place to testify as a witness A will which is written, dated and signed by the hand of the testator himself 29.) SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM A subpoena that requires witness to bring 34.) BREACH OF CONTRACT documents/papers in his possession The failure, without legal cause to perform any promise which forms the whole part or 30.) HEARSAY EVIDENCE parts of a contract Rumors not admissible as evidence 35.) CAUSE A ground of legal action 36.) CONSENT Approval, permission or agreement  BILL OF RIGHT 37.) CONSIDERATION The price, motive or matter of inducement of a contract 1.) Freedom of worship Refers to a fee, salary or reward 2.) Freedom of speech 38.) ABORTION The expulsion of the product of 3.) Freedom of vote conception before the fetus is viable  TORTS AND CRIMES 6.) LIBEL 1.) TORTS Untruthful written statement about a person A wrong committed by a person against that subjects him to ridicule another person by his property There must be 2nd person to hear or read the comment 2.) CRIME An offense against persons or property against 7.) INVASION OF PRIVACY the public A wrong that involves the right of person to be let alone 3.) NEGLIGENCE Failure of a professional person to act at all 8.) ASSAULT times within accepted standards of a profession A threat or an attempt to make bodily contact with another person without person’s consent 4.) MALPRACTICE Act of negligence/acting beyond the radiologic 9.) BATTERY technology standards An assault that is carried out 5.) SLANDER 10.) FRAUD Untruthful oral statement about a person that Will and purposeful misconduct that could or subjects him to ridicule has caused loss or harm to person or property Wrong defamation False presentation of some fact and the intention that it will be acted upon by another person  CRIMINAL ACTS 1.) FELONY A crime punishable by imprisonment in a state 2.) MISDEMEANOR Crime with a lesser offense Punishable with fines and imprisonment or both for less than a year 3.) 1st DEGREE MURDER Illegally killing another person with motive 4.) 2nd DEGREE MURDER Killing another person without previous deliberation  LEGAL ASPECT AND THE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST  NEGLIGENCE Refers to the commission or omission of an act pursuant to a duty, that reasonably prudent person in the same or similar circumstances would or would not do and acting or non-acting is the proximate cause of the injury to another person or to his property  FELONIES Acts or omissions punishable by law and they may be committed not only by means of deceit but also by fault  DECEIT The fraudulent withholding or misrepresenting of facts whereby a person is misled to his injury  DECEDENT A person whose property is transmitted through succession, whether or not he left a will  DUE PROCESS OF LAW A fair and orderly legal proceedings which observe fundamental rules and designed for the protection and enforcement of individual rights and liberties  UNDUE INFLUENCE Influence used directly to procure the will and which amounts to a coercion destroying the free action of the testator  CRIMINAL INTENT The intention to commit a crime  CONSIDERATION One element of a contract to make a promise, a binding and to make an agreement which creates an obligations An agreement upon a sufficient consideration, to do or not to do a particular thing  MALPRACTICE Implies the ideas of improper or unskilled care of a patient by a radiologic technologist Denotes a stopping beyond one’s authority with serious consequences  DOCTRINE OF FORCE  DOCTRINE OF RESPONDENT MAJEURE SUPERIOR Act of God Let the master answer An irresistible force, one that is unforeseen or inevitable Master-servant rule Under Civil Code of the Philippines, Let the master answer for the acts of no person shall be responsible for those the subordinate events which could not be foreseen or for which, though foreseen, were The liability is expanded to include inevitable, except in cases expressly the liability from the employee to the specific by law master Examples: flood, earthquake, fire & In many circumstances all employer accident is responsible for the actions of employees performed within the course of their employment  DOCTRINE OF RES IPSA LOQUITUR The thing speaks for itself DURA LEX SED LEX The defendant is presumed to be The law may be harsh, but it is still the negligent where the instrumentality law causing another’s injury was in the defendant’s control and where the LEGAL MAXIM accident was one which ordinarily does Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege not happen in the absence of someone’s No crime, if there’s no law punishing it negligence INCOMPETENCE  IGNORANTIA JURIS NON EXCUSAT / The lack of ability, legal qualification or IGNORANCIA LEGIS NON fitness to discharge the required duty Ignorance of the law excuses no one “ TORTS A legal wrong, committed against a person or property independent of a contract which render the person who commits it liable for damages in a civil action Private or civil wrong/injury, including action for bad faith, breach of contract, for which the court will provide remedy in the form of an action for damages The failure to comply a duty The failure to perform a duty that leads to harm of another person ”  INTENTIONAL TORTS 1.) ASSAULT Imminent threat of harmful/offensive 4.) DEFAMATION bodily contact Character assassination, be in written Intimidation of the patient/threatening the (libel) or spoken (slander) patient Dishonor to the character 2.) BATTERY 5.) INVASION OF PRIVACY An immediate unconsented touching of The right to privacy another person/patient The right to be left alone The right to be unwarran ted and 3.) FALSE IMPRISONMENT/ILLEGAL exposure to public view DETENTION (Private) To live one’s life without having anyone’s Unjustifiable detention of a person w/o name, picture or private affairs made public legal warrant within the boundaries fixed by against one’s will the defendant by an act/violation of duty intended to result in such confinement ARBITRARY DETENTION (Public)  UNINTENTIONAL TORTS 1.) PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE Commission/omission of an act, pursuant to duty that a reasonably prudent in the same or similar circumstance would or would not do & acting on the non-acting of which is proximate cause of injury to another person or his property Examples: o Mistaken identity o Defects in equipment such as stretchers and wheelchairs may lead to falls thus injuring the patient 2.) MALPRACTICE A negligence act committed by a person in professional capacity A form of negligent in which any professional misconduct Unreasonable lack of professional skill 3.) INCOMPETENCE Lack of ability This is ground for revocation/suspension of the certificate of registration  ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE  CAUSES OF NEGLIGENCE 1.) Existence of a duty on the part of the person 1.) CARELESSNESS 2.) Failure to meet the 2.) IGNORANCE standard of due case 3.) LACK OF SKILLS 3.) The foreseeability of harm resulting from failure to meet the standard  FOUR ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE (4 D’s) 1.) DUTY To use due case Case which should be given under circumstances 2.) DERELICTION Failure to use due case Not giving the case which should be given under the circumstances Failure to ask like allergy 3.) DIRECT CAUSATION Failure to use due case causes injury Failure to ask like allergy Previous experience, the drugs and reaction 4.) DAMAGE OF INJURY Actual harm results   DEGREE OF CRIMES  CRIMES 1.) GRAVE 1.) LARCENCY Capital punishment or penalty of above 6 years Involves taking the property of another and one day or fine of more than 6 thousand pesos for his permanent use 2.) LESS GRAVE 2.) ABORTION Penalty of 1 month and 1 day to 6years or fine of Illegal destruction and bringing forth not more than 6 thousand pesos but not less than prematurely of the human fetus before 200 pesos 3.) LIGHT natural time of birth Penalty of 1 day to 30 days or fine more than 200 pesos  STAGES OF CRIMES  CRIME AGAINST HONOR 1.) CONSUMATED All elements executed w/ successful 1.) DEFAMATION result Injury to the honor and reputation of another 2.) FRUSTRATED SLANDER: oral defamation LIBEL: written/printed defamation All elements executed w/o successful SLANDER BY DEED: an act which causes result dishonor to another 3.) ATTEMPTED Not all elements executed, no successful result   CONSPIRACY A joint agreement of two or more persons The act of one is the act of all PERSONS INVOLVED IN A 1.) PRINCIPALS CONSPIRACY Chief actor/mastermind Those persons who actually do or perform the act One who is actually present and aids in the commission of an act Direct participation, induction & indispensable 2.) ACCESSORIES Those persons who assist or participate in the commission of a crime May assist or encourage the principal offender with the intent to have the crime committed 3.) ACCOMPLICES Those persons who not take a direct part in the execution of the act, induce, or cooperate through another act essential to the consumption of the crime One who is guilty of complicity in crime, either by being present/abetting in it Absent in place when it was committed Example: lookout  CRIMES AGAINST PERSONAL LIBERY AND SECURITY  CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC MORALS 1.) KIDNAPPING 1.) ILLEGAL GAMBLING Forcible abduction of another Playing for money 2.) ILLEGAL DETENTION 2.) INDECENT EXPOSURE Detaining a person without a warrant Intentional exposure of one’s private parts in public 3.) TRESPASSING Entering another personal house or 3.) PROSTITUTION property without a warrant A crime committed by a women to engage a sexual intercourse for pay  MISDEMEANOR A general name for a criminal offense which to the grade of a felony  CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH AFFECT CRIMINAL LIABLITIES 1.) JUSTIFYING 2.) EXEMPTING Under which the law justifies a person from Circumstances under which the law exempt criminal liability for the commission of a crime a person from criminal liability for the commission of a crime Examples: Examples: o Self-defense, defense of one’s property & o The offender is insane or imbecile defense of another o The offender is less than 9 y/o (under R.A. Unlawful aggression 9344 Juvenile Justice Act) o Reasonable necessity o The person failed to perform an act required o Lack of sufficient provocation by law due to some lawful causes o Fulfillment of a lawful duty o Performance of a lawful act causes injury by o Obedience of lawful order mere accident o Order must be lawful o Under compulsion of uncontrollable force o Superior acting within the scope of practice o Under impulse of uncontrollable fear 3.) MITIGATING Those which do not constitute a justification 4.) AGGRAVATING or excuse of the offense in question, but which, in fairness and mercy, may be considered as Those attending the commission of a crime extenuating or reducing the degree or normal which increase the criminal liability of the culpability offender or make his guilt more severe Examples: Examples: o The offender had no intention to commit the o The offender look advantage of his public injury office or there was abuse of power o The offender is under 18 y/o or over 70 y/o o The offender committed the crime in o The offender was provoked or threatened by contempt of or with the offended party o Treachery or taking advantage of superior o The offender voluntarily surrendered to strength/position authorities o Price, reward & promise o The offender was suffering from a physical o Use of fire, poison & explosion defect o Calamities o Craft/fraud o Disguise employed o Evident premeditation o Cruelty 5.) ALTERNATING May increase or decrease criminal liability depending in the nature and effects of the crime Relationship o No criminal liability but has civil liability  CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS 1.) MURDER The unlawful killing of a human being with  CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY intent to kill 1.) ROBBERY 2.) HOMICIDE Unlawful taking of another person’s The killing of a human being to another property Crime by a person who kills another person other than his father, mother or child 2.) ARSON Intentional burning of another person’s 3.) PARRICIDE – killing a parent house 4.) PATRICIDE – killing a father 3.) SABOTAGE Intentional damage to the property of the 5.) MATRICIDE – killing a mother employer by the employee 6.) INFANTICIDE Killing of a child less than 3 days of age  CRIMES AGAINST CHASTITY 1.) RAPE  CRIMES AGAINST THE CIVIL STATUS OF Forcible sexual intercourse with a PERSON woman without her consent 1.) SIMULATION OF BIRTH 2.) ADULTERY Crime committed by one who enters in Sexual intercourse of a married a birth certificate, a birth that did not woman with a man other than her occur husband 2.) SUBSTITUTION OF ONE CHILD TO 3.) CONCUBINAGE ANOTHER Cohabitation of a married man with Replacing one child with another a woman other than his wife 3.) BIGAMY Contracting a second marriage when already legally married to another  CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST 1.) FORGERY  CRIMES CONNECTED WITH PUBLIC Altering a written documents for OFFICE deceit 1.) GRAFT 2.) PERJURY Dishonest transaction in public office Telling a lie under oath 2.) BRIBERY Receiving money or gifts in  CRIME connection with the performance of An act committed or omitted in violation official duties of law 3.) CORRUPTION  FELONY Giving money or gifts in connection with A crime punishable under the revised the performance of his duties penal code   CRIMINAL LAW  FELONIES/DELITOS Act or omission punishable by  CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES the Revised Penal Code (Jan 1, ACCORDING TO MEANS BY 1932) WHICH THEY ARE COMMITTED Overt act Omission in action 1.) INTENTIONAL FELONIES Deceit (Dolo/Malice)  R.A. 7431 Acted in 1992 2.) CULPABLE FELONIES Violation on this act is not Fault (Culpa) considered felony Negligence  REQUISITES OF DOLO & CULPA  KINDS OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO 1.) DOLO THE DEGREE AND ATTAINMENT OF Freedom OBJECTIVES Intelligence Intent 1.) ATTEMPTED FELONY The offender commences to do the 2.) CULPA criminal and the criminal objective was Freedom not achieve Intelligence Imprudent, negligence or lack of 2.) FRUSTRATED FELONY foresight or skill The offender has performed all the acts necessary for the commission of the crime but the criminal objective was not achieve 3.) CONSUMMATED FELONY The offender has performed all the acts necessary for the commission of the  PENALTIES FOR CRIMES 1.) ARRESTO MENOR Imprisonment from 1 day to 30 days  CLASSIFICATION OF FELONIES ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF PUNISHMENT ATTACHED 2.) ARRESTO MAYOR TO IT Imprisonment for 1 month and 1 day to 6 months 1.) GRAVE FELONY Punishable by imprisonment ranging from 6 3.) PRISION CORRECTIONAL years and 1 day to life imprisonment Imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 6 A fine exceeding P6,000.00 years 2.) LESS GRAVE FELONY 4.) PRISION MAYOR Punishable by imprisonment ranging from 1 Imprisonment from 6 years and 1 day to 10 month and 1 day to 6 years years A fine of P200.00-P6,000.00 5.) RECLUSION TEMPORAL 3.) LIGHT FELONY Imprisonment for 12 years and 1 day to 20 Punishable by imprisonment ranging from 1 day years to 30 days A fine not exceeding P200.00 6.) RECLUSION PERPETUA Life imprisonment No bail  ARTICLE 4: REVISED PENAL CODE CRIMINAL LIABILITY 1.) By any person committing felony although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended Doctrine: “El que es causa de la causa es causa del mal causado” “He who is the cause of the cause is the cause of the evil cause” 2.) By any person performing an act which would be an offense against persons or property, where it is not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.  ROBBERY There’s a forceful entry  RESPECT FOR OTHERS  THEFT Acknowledge the right of individuals No forcible entry to make decision & love by others  ETHICS  BENEFICENCE A system of moral rules and Act of mercy & charity principles that becomes the standard  FIDELITY  AUTONOMY Being faithful Person’s right to make one’s decision It involves keeping promises & agreements  VERACITY Being honest People should always say the complete truth  NON-MALEFICENCE The belief that a medical  PATIENT CONSENT professional should cause no May be verbal, written or harm implied  JUSTICE Equal rights  VALID PATIENT CONSENT  PATIENT’S RIGHTS 1.) The patient must be of sound Every person/parent must be mind & legal age treated with dignity Patient must be provided 2.) The patient must give consent confidentiality & privacy freely 3.) The patient must be adequately informed about the  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY CODE OF ETHICS  R.A. 7431 May 28, 1993 Atty. Oscar Romero Radiologic Technology Act of 1992 February 27, 1992/April 22, 1992 o Author of Radtech Creed An act regulating the practice of RT in the Philippines, creating the board of RT, ARTICLE 1: Relation with the State & defining its powers & functions & for other Society purposes ARTICLE 2: Relation with the o SECTION 1: Title Patient/Clients o SECTION 2: Statement of Policy o SECTION 3: Definition of Terms ARTICLE 3: Relation with the other Allied o SECTION 4: Practice of X-ray Technology o SECTION 5: Practice of Radiologic Professionals Technology ARTICLE 4: Relation to Agency ARTICLE 5: Relation to oneself o SECTION 6: Creation of the Board of Radiologic Technology 4 members; 1 chairman SECTION 9: Duties & Functions of the Appointed by the President Board Subpoena duces tecum – certain o SECTION 7: Qualification of Board documents Members Subpoena Ad testificandum – ordinary Be a citizen and resident of documents Philippines Be of good moral character SECTION 10: Compensation of the Be at least 30 years of age Board Is neither a member of the faculty SECTION 11: Removal of the Board SECTION 12: Supervision of the Board & o SECTION 8: Term of Office Custody Chairman – 3 years SECTION 13: Rules and Regulation 2 Members – 2 years SECTION 14: Annual Report Other 2 members – 1 year SECTION 15: Requirement for the Wilhelmina Gana – Incumbent Practice of RT & XT Chairman of the Board Certification of Registration from the Board   PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 223 (PD 223) SECTION 16: Exemption from Examination in XT Creates professionals by the PRC SECTION 17: Exemption from Examination in RT SECTION 18: Examination Requirements  CORAZON AQUINO SECTION 19: Qualification for the Examination President Filipino citizen Good moral character  RAMON MITRA Has not been convicted of a crime involving moral Speaker of the House turpitude Holder of baccalaureate degree in RT  NEPTALI GONZALES Senate President SECTION 20: Scope of Examination in XT SECTION 21: Scope of Examination in RT  CATAILO L. SABIO SECTION 22: Report of Ratings Secretary General of House of Representative SECTION 23: Oath Taking SECTION 24: Issuance of Certificate of Registration  ANALECTO D. BADOY JR. SECTION 25: Fees Secretary of the Senate SECTION 26: Penal Provisions SECTION 27: Appropriations  HERMOGENES POBRE SECTION 28: Repealing Clause: Commissioner; Chairman when R.A. 7431 signed into SECTION 29: (Missing) law SECTION 30: Effectivity Clause February 27, 1992/April 22, 1992  NORBERTO PALOMO Father of Radtech Education  GILBERTO PALOMIQUE First President of PART  COMPUTERIZED LICENSURE EXAMINATION December 27, 1993 & releases its results on April 9, 1994 o RESOLUTION #1 May 12, 1993 Adaptation of seal/logo for Board of RT o RESOLUTION #2 May 12, 1993 Registration as RT of 3 members of the Board o RESOLUTION #3 May 12, 1993 Reschedule of XT & RT Licensure Examinations from December 1993 to June 26 & 27 1993 (First Exam) o RESOLUTION #4 May 28, 1993 Promulgation of the Code of Professional Ethics for XT & RT  FIRST BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY Appointed in 1993  PRESENT BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOG Fortunato C. Gabon (001) Vacant. Chairman. o 1st Chairman o Radiologic technologist REYNALDO APOLONIO S. Dexter Rodelas (002) TISADO.OIC/Member. o Radiologic technologist ORESTES P. MONZON. Member. Editha C. Mora (003) BAYANI C. SAN JUAN. Member. o Radiologic Technologist MA. JESETTE B. CANALES. Member. Jose T. Gaffud o Radiologist Eulinia M. Valdezio o Physicist