Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence, and Cultural Sensitivity (Midterm) PDF

COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez ETHICS AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR...

COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez ETHICS AND ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR case, and using values, facts, and logic to decide what the best course MORAL REASONING Moral reasoning is a systematic of action should be. approach to making ethical Some ethical problems are decisions. straightforward, such as determining It is a structured process, an right from wrong. But others can also intellectual means of defending our be more perplexing, such as ethical judgments against the deciding between two "rights"—two criticisms of others. values that are in conflict with each Knowledge of ethical principles is other—or deciding between two important but it’s the application and different value systems, such as the defense of rules of conduct that are patients’ versus the doctor's. core to moral reasoning. Can you provide rational grounds PROFESSIONALISM Litigation has become all too upon which moral decisions have AND ETIQUETTE common in our society today. been made? Hence, health care workers become QUESTION: familiar with the moral, ethical, and Is it okay to kill one person if it would save legal implications of their behaviour five? and their performance. PERSONAL Ethical conflicts may trouble us when BEHAVIOUR the ethics of the group are not THE LAWSUIT STANDARDS compatible with our personal beliefs. A lawsuit is begun when a COMPLAINANT files a complaint (claim or Professionals must not permit issues petition) against the DEFENDANT with the court. Complaints on of personal morality to supersede the technologists can be made when he or she: group moral duty to provide quality patient care. failed to provide treatment; For instance, the conflict between has provided inadequate treatment; religious beliefs and the legal right for has committed misconduct; and an abortion. has caused injury as a result of the action or inaction. ETHICAL Personal Honesty PHASES OF THE PLEADING PHASE IMPERATIVES IN Integrity LAWSUIT Each party in a lawsuit files initial papers, HEALTHCARE Accountability known as "pleadings." The pleadings Competence explain each party's side of the dispute. Compassion The Complaint: The complaint describes what the NATURE OF ETHICS Ethics is generally concerned with defendant did (or failed to do) that caused harm to the standards, rules, or guidelines for the plaintiff and the legal basis for holding the moral or socially approved conduct. defendant responsible for that harm. Ethical standards apply to conduct The Answer: The defendant is given a specific which could have some significant amount of time to file an answer to the complaint. effect on the lives of people The answer provides the defendant's side of the in general. dispute. If a person’s personal standard conflicts with an ethical standard, the DISCOVERY PHASE ethical standard always win. It is usually the longest part of the case. Purpose is to ascertain the truth concerning the incident. ETHICS VALUES Many professional ethicists recommend using Depositions may be conducted in which four basic values, or principles, to decide witnesses are questioned under oath by ethical issues: the parties' attorneys and the witnesses' answers are recorded by a court reporter. Autonomy: Patients basically have It must be conducted with the supervision the right to determine their own of the defense attorney. healthcare. Justice: Distributing the benefits and TRIAL burdens of care across society. At trial, the parties present evidence in Beneficence: Doing good for the support of their claims or defenses to a patient. jury and/or judge. Non-maleficence: Making sure you Each party may call witnesses or are not harming the patient. introduce documents and exhibits in support of its arguments. The lawsuit may be dismissed or settled HEALTH ETHICS Medical ethics involves examining a at any time before or during the trial. specific problem, usually a clinical  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez Negotiators, mediators, and arbitrators client and his family. They should try to are often used to bring objectivity to the perform the examination within negotiations and encourage the parties to reasonable time to avoid the risk of settle the lawsuit. repetition to minimize the radiation exposure to the patient. DECISION It is when the jury has deliberated and reached a decision or verdict. ARTICLE III POST-DECISION APPEAL PROCESS A party dissatisfied with the result may appeal. RELATION WITH Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and During an appeal, a party asks a higher OTHER ALLIED X-Ray Technologists should bear in court to review the trial court proceeding PROFESSION mind that their profession is a public where the decision may be reversed or trust, and that they at all times maintain reviewed. and uphold the dignity and integrity of their profession and protect it from misinterpretation. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FOR RADIOLOGIC Section 2. They should not directly or TECHNOLOGISTS AND X-RAY TECHNOLOGISTS indirectly assist in any unauthorized ARTICLE I practices of the profession. They should report any violations of R.A. 7431, the rules and regulations and this RELATION WITH Section 1. Radiologic technologists and Code of Ethics for registered Radiologic THE STATE AND X-ray technologists should be aware of Technologists and X-Ray Technologists SOCIETY the supreme authority of the state and to the Board of Radiologic Technology. should adhere to the Constitution, R.A. Section 3. They should share No. 7431 and other laws, the rules and information and experiences with regulations promulgated pursuant to their fellow paramedical such laws. professionals, participate, and be Section 2. They should, above all, active members of the accredited consider the welfare and well-being association of Radiologic Technologists of the public and the interest of the and X-Ray Technologists. Schools and state. Colleges with courses on Radiologic Section 3. They are encouraged to Technology and X-Ray Technology involve themselves in civic affairs and should be encouraged to conduct cooperate with other organizations to research to enhance the growth and promote the growth and welfare of advancement of the profession. the community. Section 4. They should observe punctuality and keep appointments, particularly in the discharge of their ARTICLE II duties with patients/clients. Section 5. They should avoid instances where their personal interest and RELATION WITH Section 1. Patients/clients are the financial gains will be in conflict with PATIENTS/ focus in the practice of Radiologic those of their patients/clients, CLIENTS Technology and X-Ray Technology. colleagues or employers. Hence, Radiologic Technologists and X- Section 6. They should at all times Ray Technologists must at all times act perform their tasks with honor and with dignity and sincerity and must dignity and should be fair and impartial express genuine concern in the to all. discharge of their work. Section 7. They should at all times keep Section 2. They should keep in their reputation above reproach and confidence any data or findings conduct themselves with proper obtained in the performance of their decorum to gain public esteem and duty. Disclosure, if warranted, should be respect for the profession. done by the Radiologists concerned. Section 8. They should at all times strive Section 3. They should not to enhance professional growth discriminate against anybody and through continuing education and should attend to all patients/clients subscriptions for professional journals. regardless of creed, race, belief, or Section 9. They should not degrade the political affiliation. reputation, competence, and Section 4. They should provide the capability of a colleague to aggrandize highest level of technical know-how themselves. in the performance of their work, Section 10. They should encourage employing courtesy, empathy, and provide opportunities for compassion, and privacy to the patient/  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez professional development and advancement of their colleague. Section 11. They should adhere to the principles of due process and equality of opportunity in peer relationship and personnel actions. Section 12. They should align personal philosophies and attitudes with those of the institutions they serve. Section 13. They should help to create and maintain conditions under which scholarship can exist, like freedom of inquiry, thoughts and expressions. Section 14. They should be receptive to new ideas, knowledge, and innovations that contribute to the development and growth of the profession. ARTICLE IV RELATION TO Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and AGENCY X-Ray Technologists should assist in the improvement of governmental agencies’ functions and the lightening of their patient’s workload. Section 2. They should be vigilant in the protection of equipment and materials needed to perform their duties. Section 3. They should perform the tasks assigned them by their governmental agency employer in good faith and to the best of their abilities utilizing their technical skills and diligence, particularly in instances where the patients safety maybe jeopardized by their neglect. Section 4. They should help promote, support, assist, and establish goodwill and camaraderie towards their peer employees in the paramedical professions. ARTICLE V RELATIONSHIP Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and WITH ONESELF X-Ray Technologists should always be honest, dependable, level headed, and morally upright. Section 2. It is incumbent for them to provide for their professional growth through continuing education, attendance in seminars or subscriptions for professional journals and research materials. Section 3. They should be entitled to a just and fair compensation for services rendered. Section 4. They should not allow their names to be advertised by any person or organization, unless they are employed therein.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez PRACTICE OF MEDICINE 6. Settle Financial Obligations 7. Respect the Rights of Health Care PHYSICIAN- Trust is a fundamental characteristic Providers, Health Care Institutions PATIENT of the physician-patient relationship. and Other Patients RELATIONSHIP Patients must trust that their 8. Obligation to Self physicians will work in their best 9. Provide Adequate Health Information interests to achieve optimal health and Actively Participate in His/Her outcomes. Treatment Trust extends to many different 10. Respect the Right to Privacy of aspects of the physician- Health Care Providers and relationships including: Institutions ○ physicians’ willingness to 11. Exercise Fidelity on Privileged listen to patients Communication ○ patients’ believing that 12. Respect a Physician's Refusal to physicians value patient Treat Him autonomy and ability to 13. Respect the Physician's Decision on make informed decisions Medical Reasons based on his/her ○ patients feeling Religious Beliefs comfortable enough to 14. Ensure Integrity and Authenticity of express and engage in Medical Records dialogue related to their 15. Participate in the Training of health concerns Competent Future Physicians 16. Report Infractions and Exhaust Grievance Mechanism RIGHTS AND Magna Carta of Patient's Rights and RESPONSIBILITIES Obligations Act of 2017 OF PATIENTS SECTION 4: Individual Rights of LEGAL DOCTRINES DOCTRINE OF FORSEEABILITY Patients APPLIED TO A person cannot be held liable for negligence if ○ 15 Patient rights MEDICAL the injury sustained by the patient is on account SECTION 6: The Obligations of PRACTICE of unforeseen conditions. Patients ○ 16 Patient obligations DOCTRINE OF FORCE MAJEURE No person shall be responsible for those events which cannot be foreseen and are inevitable, PATIENT’S RIGHTS 1. Right to Good Quality Health Care such as floods, fire, earthquakes and accidents. and Humane Treatment 2. Right to Dignity DOCTRINE OF RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR Let 3. Right to be Informed of His Rights the master answer for the acts of subordinates. and Obligations as a Patient 4. Right to Choose His Physician / DOCTRINE OF RES IPSA LOQUITOR Health Institution Let the thing speak for itself. 5. Right to Informed Consent 6. Right to Refuse Diagnostic and RESCUE DOCTRINE Medical Treatment Doctrine under which anyone who negligently 7. Right to Refuse Participation in causes harm to a person or property may be Medical Research liable to one who is injured in an effort to rescue 8. Right to Religious Belief and the imperiled person or property. Assistance 9. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality FELLOW SERVANT DOCTRINE Provides that 10. Right to Disclosure of, and Access to. if a servant (employee) was injured on account Information of the negligence of his fellow servant 11. Right to Correspondence and to (employee), the employer cannot be held liable Receive Visitors (covered by workmen’s compensation law). 12. Right to Medical Records 13. Right to Health Education DOCTRINE OF CONTINUING NEGLIGENCE 14. Right to Leave Against Medical Contemplates of an unfailing duty of defendant Advice to appraise, make necessary investigation or 15. Right to Express Grievances examination of his patient's injury with reasonable care and skill, failure of whom PATIENT’S 1. Know Rights constitutes of a continuing act of negligence. RESPONSIBILITIES 2. Provide Adequate, Accurate and Complete Information WRITTEN ORDERS Summon - A writ commanding an 3. Report Unexpected Health Changes ISSUED BY THE authorized person to notify a party to 4. Understand the Purpose and Cost of COURT appear in court to answer a complaint Treatment made against him. 5. Accept the Consequences of Own Informed Consent COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez Subpoena - An order that requires a person to attend at a specific time and place to testify as a witness. Subpoena Duces Tecum - A court order that forces a witness to testify in a trial with necessary documents. Search Warrant - A warrant authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court. Warrant of Arrest - A written order from a magistrate commanding someone to take the body of the person accused, to be dealt with according to the law  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez RA 7431 “AN ACT REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF RADIOLOGIC considered in the practice of his profession if the nature TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES, CREATING THE BOARD OF and character of his employment requires professional RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY DEFINING ITS POWERS AND knowledge in the art and science of x-ray technology FUNCTIONS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.” and such employment or position requires that the holder thereof be an x-ray technologist. Nothing in This Act which is a consolidation of: this Act shall be construed to disqualify other House Bill No. 34221 professionals duly registered with the Professional Senate Bill No. 1873 Regulation Commission from performing any of the acts Approved by: above mentioned; Provided, That under the law or laws CORAZON C. AQUINO governing their respective professions, they may April 22, 1992 perform the said acts; Provided, further, That no person shall use the title "X-ray Technologist" or any other title conveying the impression that he is an x-ray technologist Sec 1. Title This Act shall be known and cited as the "Radiologic without having been issued a certificate of registration as Technology Act of 1992." x-ray technologist by the Commission in the manner provided in this Act. Sec. 2. It is the policy of the State to upgrade the practice of Statement radiologic technology in the Philippines for the purpose Sec. 5. The practice of radiologic technology shall include any of Policy. of protecting the public from the hazards posed by Practice of and all acts by which one renders, furnishes, or contracts radiation as well as to ensure safe and proper diagnosis, Radiology to render or furnish professional service as a radiologic treatment and research through the application of Technology technologist. A radiologic technologist shall also be machines and/or equipment using radiation. considered in the practice of his profession if the nature and character of his employment requires professional knowledge in the art and science of radiologic Sec. 3. As used in this Act the following terms and shall mean: technology, and such employment or position requires Definition of that the holder thereof be a radiologic technologist. Terms a. "X-ray technology" is an auxiliary branch of Nothing in this Act shall be construed to disqualify other radiology which deals with the technical professionals duly registered with the Professional application of x-rays as aid in the diagnosis of Regulation Commission from performing any of the acts diseases and injuries; above mentioned: Provided, That under the law or laws b. "Radiologic technology" is an auxiliary branch governing their respective professions, they may of radiology which deals with the technical perform the said acts: Provided, further, That no person application of radiation, such as x-rays, beta shall use the title "Radiologic Technologist" or any other rays, gamma rays, ultrasound and radio title conveying the impression that he is a radiologist frequency rays, in the diagnosis and treatment technologist without having been issued a certificate of of diseases; registration as radiologic technologist by the c. "X-ray technologist" is a bona fide holder of a Commission in the manner provided in this Act certificate of registration for x-ray technology issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology in accordance with this Act; Sec. 6. There is hereby created a Board of Radiologic d. "Radiologic Technologist" is a bona fide Creation of Technology which shall be composed of a Chairman holder of a certificate of registration for the Board of and four (4) members, all of whom shall be appointed radiologic technology issued by the Board of Radiologic by the President of the Philippines upon the Radiologic Technology in accordance with this Technology. recommendation of the Professional Regulation Act; Commission. The Commission shall recommend three e. "Radiology" is a branch of medical science (3) radiologic technologists from a list to be submitted which deals with the use of radiation in the by the Association of radiologic technologists; one (1) diagnosis, treatment and research of radiologist from a list to be submitted by the association diseases; of radiologists; and one (1) medical physicist from a list f. "Radiologist" is a licensed physician who to be submitted by the association of medical physicists: specializes in the diagnosis or treatment of Provided, however, That the said associations are disease with the use of radiation; accredited in accordance with Presidential Decree g. "Medical physicist" is a physicist who Numbered Two hundred and twenty-three: Provided, specializes in the application of the principles further, That each person whose name is submitted shall and techniques of physics in medicine; possess the qualifications prescribed in Section 7 of this h. (h) "Board" refers to the Board of Radiologic Act Technology; and i. "Commission" refers to the Professional Sec. 7. (a) Each member of the Board shall at the time of his Regulation Commission created under Qualificatio appointment: Presidential Decree Numbered Two hundred ns of Board 1. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines; and twenty-three. Members. 2. Be of good moral character; 3. Be at least thirty (30) years of age; and Sec. 4. The practice of x-ray technology shall include any and all 4. Is neither a member of the faculty, whether full Practice X- acts by which one renders, furnishes, or contracts to time, part time or lecturer, of any school, ray render or furnished professional service as an x-ray college or university where a regular course in Technology technologist. An x-ray technologist shall also be radiologic technology is taught, nor has any  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, in necessary for the maintenance of the such institution during his term of office as a standards and ethics of the profession; Board member (g) To promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the (b) Three (3) members of the Board, including the provisions of this Act: Provided, That the same Chairman, shall at the time of their appointment: shall be issued only after the approval thereof 1. Be radiologic technologist; and by the Commission; and 2. Have at least ten (10) years practice as (h) To adopt a seal to authenticate its official radiologic technologists prior to their documents. The Board shall exercise these appointment; Provided, that the three powers and duties in accordance with radiologic technologists appointed as Presidential Decree Numbered Two Hundred members of the first Board shall be deemed and twenty-three automatically registered as radiologic technologists upon assumption of their duties Sec. 10. The members of the Board shall each receive the same as members Compensati compensation as members of other Boards under the on of the supervision of the Commission as provided for in the (c) One (1) member of the Board shall at the time of his Board. General Appropriations Act. appointment: 1. Be a radiologist; and 2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a Sec. 11. Any member of the Board may be removed from office radiologist prior to his appointment. Removal of by the President upon the recommendation of the Board Commission for neglect of duty, incompetence or (d) One (1) member of the Board shall at the time of his Members. unprofessional, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, or appointment: commission or toleration of irregularities in the conduct 1. Be a medical physicist; and of the examinations, after having been given the 2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative medical physicist. investigation conducted by the Commission. Sec. 8. Term The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of Sec. 12. The members of the Board shall be under the general of Office three (3) years from the date of their appointment until Supervision supervision of the Commission. No record shall be their successors shall have been appointed and duly of the Board removed, altered or examined without the prior qualified; Provided, That the first appointees to the and authorization of the Board. All records, including Board shall hold office for the following terms: the Custody of examination papers, examination results, minutes of Chairman for three (3) years; two (2) members for two (2) its Records deliberation, records of administrative cases and years and two (2) members for one (1) year. Vacancies investigations of the Board shall be kept by the shall be filled only for the unexpired term. Commission Sec. 9. The Board shall have the following duties and functions: Sec. 13. Subject to the approval of the Commission, the Board Duties and (a) To enforce the provisions of this Act; Rules and shall set ethical and professional standards for the functions of (b) To administer oaths in accordance with the Regulations. practice of radiologic technology and x-ray technology the Boards provisions of this Act; and adopt such rules and regulations as may be (c) To issue and, after due investigation, necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. Such suspend or revoke certificates of registration standards, rules and regulations shall take effect one (1) for the practice of radiologic technology and month after publication in any newspaper of general x-ray technology; circulation. (d) To investigate any violation of this Act of the rules and regulations issued thereunder, as Sec. 14. The Board shall, at the end of each calendar year, submit may come to the knowledge of the Board and, Annual to the Commission an annual report of its activities and for this purpose, to issue subpoena and Report. proceedings during the year. Other information or data subpoena duces tecum to alleged violators or may be requested by the Commission as often as may witnesses to secure their attendance in be necessary and practicable. investigations or hearings, and the production of books, papers and documents in connection therewith and compel their Sec. 15. Unless exempt from the examinations under Sections 16 attendance by the power to cite and punish for Requiremen and 17 hereof, no person shall practice or offer to contempt; t for the practice as a radiologic and/or x-ray technologist in the (e) To conduct yearly board examinations to Practice of Philippines without having obtained the proper radiologic technology and x-ray technology Radiologic certificate of registration from the Board examinees under the supervision of the Technology Professional Regulation Commission; and X-ray (f) To look, from time to time, into the condition Technology affecting the practice of radiologic technology and x-ray technology in the Philippines, and Sec. 16. Examination shall not be required of the following adopt such measures as may be deemed Exemption persons: from  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez Examination (a) The first members of the Board of Board, through the Commission, according to its rules in X-ray Radiologic Technology as provided in Section and regulations and at such time and place as may be Technology 7 determined by the Commission (b) hereof; and (b) Those who, prior to the approval of this Act, have passed the Civil Sec. 19. Every applicant for examination under this Act shall, prior Service examination for x-ray technicians, or Qualificatio to admission for examination establish to the satisfaction the examination for the private sector x-ray ns for of the Board that he: technicians, or the examination for chest x-ray Examination (a) Is a Filipino citizen: technicians, or the proficiency examination for. (b) Is of good moral character and has not medical radiation technicians administered by been convicted of a crime involving moral the Department of Health through its Radiation turpitude; and Health Office, Radiological Health Service, of (c) Is a holder of a baccalaureate degree in Radiation Health Service. Those so exempt radiologic technology from a school, college under the aforementioned categories shall or university recognized by the Government if register with the Board after they shall have he applies for the radiologic technology complied with the requirements for examination or is a holder of an associate in registration as radiologic technologists. radiologic technology diploma from a school, college or university recognized by the Sec. 17. Examination shall not be required of the following Government if he applies for the x-ray Exemption persons: technology examination from (a) The first members of the Board of examination Radiologic Technology as provided in Section Sec. 20. Unless changed or modified by the Board, the in 7 (b) hereof, Scope of examination in x-ray technology shall cover the following Radiologic (b) Radiologists from other countries invited Examination subjects with the corresponding weights as follows: Technology for lectures of consultation or as visiting or in X-ray (a) Radiation Physics 10% , Radiology and exchange professors to colleges or Technology Radiation Protection , 10% Equipment universities duly recognized by the Maintenance 10% Government: Provided, That such radiologic (b) Radiographic Positioning 10% technologists are legally qualified to practice Radiographic Technique 10% Special as such in their own state or country: Procedures 10% Provided, further, That they shall first secure a (c) Anatomy, Physiology and Medical special permit from the Board which shall be Terminology 15% valid as the Board may determine: Provided, (d) Photochemistry and Darkroom Procedures finally, That the privilege granted in this 10% subsection shall be given only to radiologic (e) Film Analysis 5% technologists from countries giving similar (f) Nursing and Departmental Procedures in privilege to their Filipino counterparts; Radiology 5% (c) Those who, prior to the approval of this Act, (g) Professional Ethics 5% have passed the proficiency examination for medical radiation technologists administered by the Department of Health through its Sec. 21. Unless changed or modified by the Board, the Radiation Health Office, Radiological Health Scope of examination in radiologic technology shall cover the Service, or Radiation Health Service; and Examination following subject with the corresponding weights as (d) Those who prior to the approval of this Act, in follows: have passed the Civil Service examination for Radiologic (a) Radiation Physics and Equipment x-ray technicians, or the examination for Technology Maintenance 10% Radiobiology and private sector x-ray technicians, or the Radiation Protection 10% proficiency examination for medical radiation (b) Radiographic Positioning 10% technicians administered by the Department Radiographic Technique 10% Special of Health through its Radiation Health Office, Procedures 10% Radiological Health Service or Radiation (c) Anatomy, Physiology and Medical Health Service, with ten (10) years continuous Terminology 10% practice of radiologic technology after passing (d) Photochemistry and Film Analysis 0% one of these aforementioned examinations. (e) Nursing and Department Procedures in Radiology and Professional Ethics 5% Those falling under categories (a), (c) and (d) shall (f) Ultrasound 5% register with the Board after they shall have complied (g) Radiation Therapy 5% with the requirements for registration as radiologic (h) Nuclear Medicine 5% technologists. (i) Radiologic Pathology 5% (j) Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5% Sec. 18. Except as otherwise specifically allowed under the Examination provisions of this Act and other exiting laws, all Required applicants for registration as radiologic technologists Sec. 22. The Board shall, within one hundred twenty (120) days and x-ray technologists shall be required to undergo an Report of after the date of completion of the examination, report examination which shall be given once a year by the Ratings the rating obtained by each candidate to the  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez Commission which shall submit such report to the (c) Using an expired license, or suspended or President of the Philippines for approval. In order to pass revoked certificate of registration; the examination, a candidate must obtain a weighted (d) Giving any false or forged evidence to the average of at least 75% with no rating below 60% in any Board of Radiologic Technology in order to subject. An examinee who obtains an average rating of obtain a certificate of registration; 75% or higher but gets a rating below 60% in any subject (e) Posing or advertising as a registered shall be allowed to take a reexamination in only those radiologic and/or x-ray technologist or using subjects in which he obtained a rating below 60%. Such any other means tending to convey the examination shall, as far as practicable, be taken in the impression that he is a registered radiologic next scheduled examination. In order to pass the second and/or x-ray technologist; and examination, the examinee must obtain a rating of 75% (f) Violation of any of the provision or in each of the subjects repeated. If the candidate still fails provisions of this Act. the reexamination, he shall as far as practicable, be required to repeat said subjects during the succeeding Sec. 27. The amount necessary for the compensation of the examination. When an applicant fails to qualify after the Appropriatio members of the Board shall be included in the General third examination, he shall be required to take the entire ns. Appropriations Act of the year following the approval of examination this Act and thereafter. Sec. 23. All successful examinees shall be required to take a Sec. 28. All laws, decrees, orders, and other issuances, rules and Oath-taking. professional oath before the Board or before any person Repealing regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent herewith are authorized by the Board to administer oaths prior to the Clause. hereby repealed or modified accordingly. practice of their profession as radiologic technologists and/or x-ray technologists Sec. 30. This Act shall take effect one (1) month after its Effectivity publication in any newspaper of general circulation. Sec. 24. Every applicant who has satisfactorily passed the Clause. Issuance of required examination shall, upon payment of the Certificates registration fee as provided in Section 25, be issued a of certificate of registration as radiologic technologist Registration and/or x-ray technologist. The Board shall, subject to. review by the Commission, issue the corresponding certificates to persons who apply for the same who are exempt from the examinations provided under Sections 16 and 17 hereof. All certificates of registration shall contain the full name of the registrant, serial number, signature of the Commissioner, date of issuance, and the official seal of the Board duly affixed thereto Sec. 25. Unless otherwise fixed by the Commission, each Fees examinee or registrant shall pay the following fees: (a) For application for examination P350.00 (b) For registration after passing the board examinations P250.00 (c) For registration without examination P250.00 (d) For replacement of lost or destroyed certificate of registration P100.00 (e) For reissuance of revoked certificate P100.00 Sec. 26. Any person who shall practice radiologic technology Penal and/or x-ray technology in the Philippines, within the Provisions. meaning of this Act, with any of the following attending circumstances shall, upon conviction by final judgment, be punished with a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) nor more than Forty thousand pesos (P4,000), or by imprisonment of not less than one (1) year nor more than six (6) years, or both, at the discretion of the court: (a) Without a certificate of registration in accordance with the provisions of this Act; (b) Presenting or using as his own the certificate of registration of another person;  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTHCARE Access to health services means "the timely use of INDIVI- EXAMPLE: PATIENT PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY personal health services to achieve the best health DUAL The protection of private patient information is outcomes." It requires 3 distinct steps: AND one of the most important ethical and legal ○ Gaining entry into the health care SOCIETAL issues in the field of healthcare. Conversations system (usually through insurance RIGHTS between a physician and a patient are strictly coverage) confidential, as is information about an ○ Accessing a location where needed individual’s medical condition. Specific health care services are provided provisions of the Health Insurance Portability (geographic availability) and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, define exactly ○ Finding a health care provider whom what information can be released and to whom. the patient trusts and can In the field of mental health, the conflict between communicate with (personal the needs and legal rights of patients and the relationship) need for protection of society present major Access to health care impacts one's overall physical, dilemmas for health care professionals. social, and mental health status and quality of life. Barriers Public health statutes may conflict with these to health services include: concerns since they require the reporting of ○ High cost of care o Inadequate or no certain diseases and events for epidemiological insurance coverage purposes or for the specific protection of the ○ Lack of availability of services public. ○ Lack of culturally competent care CULTU- A health system must decrease geographic inequalities HUMAN EXAMPLE: TUSKEGEE STUDY OF UNTREATED RAL and must be culturally relevant to the population it serves. EXPERIM SYPHILIS IN NEGRO MEN CONSIDE- ENTATION African men with syphilis participated in a study which RATIONS In our growing multicultural society, health professionals AND purported to learn more about the treatment of syphilis for need to recognize that applying only traditional RESEARC African Americans. Little did they know that the study westernized medical practices may no longer be H aimed to document the regression of syphilis without appropriate for many patients and families. Health treatment. professionals must have an awareness of and sensitivity to the different cultural practices and spiritual beliefs that EXAMPLE:DRUG TESTING shape a family’s life. This should incorporate beliefs and All new drugs are tested on human volunteers. There is, of traditions. course, no way subjects can be fully apprised of the risks ○ Language barriers. in advance, as that is what the tests purport to determine. ○ Unfamiliarity with the concept of This situation is generally considered acceptable, provided palliative care/hospice settings. volunteers give “informed” consent. ○ Distrust of health care services/clinicians. END-OF These are often complex moral, ethical, or legal dilemmas, ○ Personal experiences/past trauma. -LIFE or combination of these, regarding a patient’s vital ○ Religious differences. ISSUES physiologic functions, medical-surgical prognosis, quality ○ Belief in alternative medicines. of life, and personal values and beliefs. These should ○ Fear of the unknown. include the following: ○ Resuscitation status TECHNO- Health care resources are defined as all materials, ○ Withholding and withdrawing medical LOGY personnel, facilities, funds, and anything else that can be therapies AND used for providing health care services. Health care has ○ Palliative care SCARCE long been a limited resource for which there has been an ○ Coma, vegetative state, and brain RESOUR- unlimited demand; everyone needs health care. death CES Services should be organized and distributed in RESUSCIT Each patient has a “code status” documented accordance with health needs and the ability to benefit. A- officially in the medical record by the attending TION physician. Health care services are inherently scarce: money for STATUS ○ FULL CODE – all appropriate efforts services is not unlimited, facilities for delivering services will be made to revive a patient after are finite, and health care professionals are limited in time, cardiopulmonary arrest geography and skills and capacities, and so on. ○ Do not resuscitate (DNR) – the EXAMPLE: In a third world nation, you only get predetermined decision to decline the care you can afford. cardiopulmonary resuscitation, including defibrillation and ACCESS Every individual should have equitable access to pharmacologic cardioversion in case TO health services. However, inappropriate financial of respiratory arrest QUALITY barriers to health care do exist. As a result, ○ Do not intubate (DNI) - the HEALTH economic disparities between the rich and the predetermined decision to decline CARE poor have a major impact on the health status of intubation for the purpose of the population.  COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, JURISPRUDENCE, AND CULTURAL SENSITIVITY SUMMER S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Natasha Louise Y. Fernandez subsequent mechanical ventilation in case of respiratory arrest WITHHOL- Withholding support – not initiating a treatment DING AND because it is not beneficial to the patient WITHDRA Withdrawing support – the discontinuation of a WING treatment MEDICAL Forgoing treatment – the combination of both THERAPIE supports, in which disease progression is S allowed to take its course. An order of “comfort measures only” (CMO) is written by the physician which means patients with this status receives medications for pain control or sedation or to otherwise eliminate distress. PALLIATIV The goal of palliative care is to “prevent and E CARE relieve suffering, and to support the best possible quality of life for patients and their families, regardless of their stage of condition or the need for other therapies. Key components are spirituality, family involvement, and non-tradiational therapies. COMA, These conditions involve unconsciousness and VEGETA- absent self-awareness but are distinct in terms TIVE of neurologic function STAGE, ○ Coma – a state of unconsciousness, AND without arousal or awareness BRAIN characterized by a lack of eye opening DEATH and sleep/wake cycles with intact brain stem reflex responses; however no meaningful interaction with the environment occurs ○ Vegetative stage– transient state of wakefulness without awareness, characterized by cyclic sleep patterns, spontaneous eye opening and movement, and normal body temperature yet lack of purposeful responsiveness o ○ Brain dead – the absence of brain stem reflexes or cerebral motor responses in addition to apnea and is irreversible.