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PODRA, JEZELLE R. PETE-1102 LESSON 1: HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND GOAL OF HISTORICAL HISTORICAL SOURCES PRIMARY HISTORICAL CRITICISM is to discov...

PODRA, JEZELLE R. PETE-1102 LESSON 1: HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND GOAL OF HISTORICAL HISTORICAL SOURCES PRIMARY HISTORICAL CRITICISM is to discover the text primitive or HISTORY original historical context and its study and interpretation by a historian literal sense. on the data and other source of the SECONDARY HISTORICAL past CRITICISM the word history came from the Greek word Historia which means inquiry. Clearly the establish a reconstruction of word Historia does not mean past events. It historical situation of the author and denotes asking question or investigation of recipients of the text. the past done by person trained to do so or by TWO TYPES OF CRITICISM persons who are interested in human past. EXTERNAL CRITICISM HISTORIAN investigates the documents form. Historian is an expert or student of history INTERNAL CRITICISM Historians seek not only historical investigates the content of the documents. evidence and facts but also to interpret these facts. He also gives meaning to these facts Traditionally, this has been to try to and organizes them chronologically. understand the text’s meaning in its original According to Gottschalk, historian is context and to answer questions about the many times removed from the events text, such as: under investigation. Who wrote it? When was it written? What else what LESSON 2: HISTORICAL CRITICISMS happening at the time of its writing? HISTORICAL CRITICISM How did it come to be in the form we is a branch of criticism that have it today investigates the origin of text or What did it mean to the people source in order to understand the word behind the text. Who first read or heard it? EXTERNAL CRITICISM The THIRD STEP in determining the authenticity of the source is by looking for This type of criticism tests the authenticity of the anachronistic style. the sources. It is interested in the writing styles of the eyewitness and his ignorance of In this test we will examine idiomatic the facts. expression or the orthography used in the documents. An idiom is an The historian also analyzes the original expression, word or phrase that has a manuscript; its integrity, localization and the figurative meaning conventionally date it was written. To ascertain if a particular understood by native speakers. data is fabricated, forge, fake, corrupted or a hoax, that source must undergo the test of The FOURTH TEST is the anachronistic authenticity. reference to events. For example if the Since external criticism is concern with the event cited in the document is prior to the explicit sign of misrepresentation, it is the actual event, then the document must be first test the historian employ to ascertain forge or fake. sources validity. The FIFTH TEST of authenticity is the TEST OF AUTHENTICITY provenance or custody of the document. The FIRST STEP to test a source is to Provenance is the place of origin of determine the date of document to see earliest known history of documents. It whether it is anachronistic. Anachronism traces the roots of any source. means out of time or order Example can be found in Rizal’s Other two test of authenticity semantics allegedly first poem “ Sa Aking Mga Kabataan” where we could find the and hermeneutics. word “kalayaan”. Rizal admitted that 1. Semantics - is the linguistic study he first encountered the word through of meaning. a Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s translation of 2. Hermeneutics - is more than Rizal’s essay “ El Amor Patrio”. Rizal interpretation or method used wrote this essay in 1882 while the poem supposedly was written by him when immediate comprehension in the year 1869. fails. The SECOND STEP is to determine the INTERNAL CRITICISM author’s handwriting, signature or seal. looks for deeper or more intense study of Example of this is the handwriting in sources. Usually historians first apply the alleged retraction letter of Jose external criticism before undergoing the Rizal. test of credibility because of internal criticisms implicit character. TEST OF CREDIBILITY from the internet and the primary source that your instructor has 1. The first step is the identification given to you. of the author. 2. The second step in testing the Next, in order to analyze the credibility of the eyewitness is to primary source, look for bias. determine the approximate date. Next is to analyze the historical 3. The third step in testing the perspective or a point of view a credibility of the source is its creator describe the event. ability to tell the truth. 4. The fourth step is the willingness Last task is to analyze the to tell the truth. historical context of the 5. The last step is to look for document. Context is the corroboration. awareness that sources were created at times which were very different to our own. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/ CREATOR CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF First the researcher must provide brief THE DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING biographical sketch of the author or THE GRAND NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE creator of the primary source. Family HISTORY background, educational attainment, religion and many others shall be given look for the cause and priority in presenting the biography of the consequences of the primary author. sources. BACKGROUND OF RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS TO THE DOCUMENT/PRIMARY SOURCE THE PRESENT TIME. Basic background of the source like the Look for the historical type of primary source, how many parts significance or what modern or chapter, how long is the document people consider to be important shall be given attention. from the past. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT First look for corroboration between the research you gather QUALITATIVE RESEARCH For example: Title Page 1. Educators 2. Students Abstract 3. Future Researchers The abstract consists of 150 to 250 Theoretical Framework words in a single paragraph. Include topic, major theories, A brief discussion of the theory keywords others might use to find your quantitative research study is your work, research methods. investigating, or a brief discussion of the theoretical perspective of CHAPTER | your qualitative research. Introduction Research Method The introduction is developed in A concise paragraph describing one to two paragraphs discussing the research method used to the general context of your investigate the problem. research topic. This can later be expanded into the You may recognize this as your preamble of your research background to the study. methods chapter. This is both an expansion of your Cite the textbooks and research abstract and a more concise articles, which inform you. summation of your Literature Review. Definition of Terms This will determine the outline of Research will define those the body of the Literature Review significant terms in 2 ways. Statement of the Problem The first one is Conceptual Definition which is based from the You will provide one concise authors, books, dictionaries and paragraph discussing your other published references. The research problem. second one is Operational Be specific in describing this Definition which details the use of problem. that word in the paper. Significance of the Study Limitations of the Study Discuss what the benefit will be of Describe what your research addressing the research problem design cannot accomplish due to might be to the population of your study, the academic community.  the scope of the project, Historical Study limitations of time and resources. A historical study is the ideal CHAPTER || choice for studies that involve extensive examination of the past Review of Related Literature — including people, events and The researchers must find different documents. studies and literatures that will The purpose of a historical study is support their study. It must be to draw conclusions about the dated 2010 up to the present. present and future, based off This RRL and RRS will help the research conducted in the past. readers to be more informed about Phenomenology the topic. 1. 5 Local Conceptual Literature Phenomenology is a wide-ranging 2. 5 Foreign Conceptual Literature form of study. 3. Synthesis In this research model, the 4. 5 Local Research Literature researcher looks to gather 5. 5 Foreign Research Literature information that explains how individuals experience a CHAPTER ||| phenomenon and how they feel Research Environment about it. The researcher will state the This model recognizes that there is environment of their study. (the no single objective reality; instead, place where the study will be everyone experiences things conducted or respondents place) differently. Also include a Map via Google Grounded Theory Satellite. The purpose of grounded theory is Research Design to develop a theory surrounding a To perform qualitative research, social issue. you must choose at least one This theory seeks not only to research design approach that fits identify problems in social scenes, your topic. but also to define how people deal Here are five common design with those problems. approaches: Ethnography Data Gathering Instruments Ethnography is the study of a For this study to be more accurate specific grouping within a culture. and reliable, adopted survey Researchers pursuing this study questionnaire was utilized as the format will immerse themselves researchers’ primary data into the culture they are gathering instrument to collect researching. data and information from the The qualitative data is gathered respondents that is relevant to this through direct observation of — study. and interaction with — 1. Construction of Questionnaire participants who belong to that 2. Validation of Questionnaire. culture. 3. Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaire. Case Studies Case studies, one of the most common qualitative designs, are used to examine a person, group, community or institution. Researchers often use a bounded theory approach that confines the case study in terms of time or space. To conduct the case study, the researcher may draw upon multiple sources of data, such as observation, interviews and documents. All participants chosen must share a unifying factor, which means they all must have a direct or indirect connection to the research question or subject being studied. After collecting the data, the researcher will analyze it to identify common