Midterms: The Philippine Revolution PDF

MIDTERMS: THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION ATTY. MILDRED MARIE LACOSTALES-PRESBITERO  PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION MIDTERM THE AGUINALDO ADMINISTRATION COVERAGE AMERICAN REGIME THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION  A TIMELINE...

MIDTERMS: THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION ATTY. MILDRED MARIE LACOSTALES-PRESBITERO  PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION MIDTERM THE AGUINALDO ADMINISTRATION COVERAGE AMERICAN REGIME THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION  A TIMELINE OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT The Cavite Mutiny took place and was followed by state repression in Rizal returned to the An educational decree which prominent Philippines to lead La which provided for the Filipinos were arrested, Jose Rizal’s incendiary Liga Filipina but after The Manila – Acapulco establishment of imprisoned , exiled or novel Noli me Tangere three days was Galleon trade was primary schools in each executed including the was published in Berlin imprisoned and exiled in abolished town was proclaimed. GOMBURZA PRIEST. Germany. Dapitan, Zamboanga 1813 1863 1872 1887 1892 1834 1869 1882 1889 1896 The port of Manila was The Suez Canal in Egypt The bilingual The Bimonthly Filipino Graciano Lopez died in open for international was opened. This greatly nationalistic newspaper Newspaper La Barcelona, Spain. trade shortened the travel Diariong Tagalog was Solidaridad was Marcelo H. del pilar time from Europe to the established with established in Barcelona, succumbed to Philippines and vice Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Spain with Graciano tuberculosis and Rizal versa. Lopez Jaena as editor. died and executed by a firing squad.  THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION IN EARLY 18TH CENTURY In order to understand and appreciate the Propaganda Movement, it is important to consider the Philippines condition during this period. The opening of Philippine ports to world trade during the first half of the century had set into motion significant political and socioeconomic changes. There was economic development because of the export demand of certain crops like sugar, tobacco and abacca. The entry of foreign capital which stimulated local agriculture, this in turn, gave rise to the land estates or Hacienda dedicated to the cultivation of cash crops such as sugar, rice and abacca.  THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION IN EARLY 18TH CENTURY II. The new system launched a wealthy class of Filipino Hacienderos and Inquilino Families ( or tenants leasing lands from friars) who were mostly Chinese mestizos and natives. III. The education reform of 1863 opened institutions of higher learning in the colony to all who can afford it. This reform gave the rich mestizos and natives the opportunity to send their children to the school and colleges in Manila, and if possible, to Europe. IV. Their distinguished education and considerable wealth differentiated illustrados from the masses of indios. They would exert efforts to propose political and economic reforms beneficial to the colony  THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION IN EARLY 18TH CENTURY V. One of the targets of the liberal-minded Filipinos were the Catholic Church and the friar orders in particular, which have long exercised great influence over the colonial affairs. VI. The Secularization Issues, with the church, there was also a movement for change led by Fr. PEDRO PELAEZ and Fr. Mariano Gomes, demanding equality of treatment between Filipino secular priest and Spanish regular clergys, and the turnover of the administration. VII. The movement for the liberal reform and secularization would be destroyed by state repression which followed the Cavite Mutiny of 1872. Prominent Filipinos including lawyers, businessmen, and priest were implicated as conspirators of the revolt in Cavite.  As early as 1774, a royal decree ordering the transfer of the administration of parishes from the religious orders to This, unfortunately, never the secular clergy was already materialized with the abolition of in effect. However, because of the strong condemnation of the Cortes in 1814, however the THE ISSUE OF the regular clergy to this decree, little to none was done decree’s contents had spread to the SECULARIZATION to implement the order. By secular clergy despite the 1813, another decree was disapproval of the Governor- passed in the Cortes to transfer parishes to the secular General and Dominican prelate, order, assigning displaced missionaries to missions to the citing the inadequate preparedness infidels, and turning over the of the country’s secular clergy. haciendas’ management and administration to the Indios.  THE ISSUE OF SECULARIZATION The conflict between the regulars and the secular priests began The Regular Priest The Secular priest when bishops insisted on visiting friar-run parishes. The bishops thought that it was their duty to check how such parishes were They belong to the order or These were local or native being handled. The friars refused their parishes to be visited by congregations of the Jesuits, priest that does not belong Dominicans, Franciscans and to any order. Filipino priest bishops, saying that they were not under the latter’s jurisdiction. Augustinians were then not accepted by But to make matters worse for the regulars, King Ferdinand VI the regular clergy and were issued two royal decrees —one in 1752 and another one in mostly assigned as assistants to Spanish friars. 1757— ordering the gradual takeover of the parishes by the seculars. A similar decree was issued by his successor (and half- brother), King Charles III in 1774 WHAT HAPPENED IN THE The mutiny, as it turned out, was to start in Manila. Days CAVITE MUTINY? before, the conspirators at the capital informed their Caviteño accomplices to start the mutiny in San Felipe as soon they see cannon shots fired in the air; the plan was January 20. 1872 to set the arrabal (district) of Tondo in fire to distract the authorities while the artillery regiment and infantry in troops stationed at the Fortaleza de San Manila could take control of Fuerte de Santiago in Felipe in Cavite Nuevo (now Cavite City) Intramuros and use cannon shots as a signal for the San mutinied against their peninsular officers, killing eleven of them. Felipe troops to start attacking their peninsular officers. But before this could happen, the mutiny in Manila was discovered. Leaders were promptly arrested.  WHAT HAPPENED IN THE CAVITE MUTINY? The arrests in Manila were not yet known to those in That is why the mutineers in Cavite were caught in surprise Cavite. They stood vigilant by the bay, waiting for the signal. when the soldiers who arrived there were not their allies Finally, they saw what they thought was the signal — but government troops. They were easily overwhelmed. rockets firing through the air! That is when they Several more were apprehended the following day, and those included Fr. Burgos as well as two more priests: Fr. commenced the attack. But unbeknownst to them, those Mariano Gomes and Fr. Jacinto Zamora. Following a hurried were not cannon shots from their allies but fireworks trial, the three priests, including a state witness who coming from Plaza del Carmen in Quiapò, for it was the testified against them, were sentenced to death garrote. feast day of San Sebastián de Milán, the titular patron of the Manila Archbishop Gregorio Melitón Martínez, nevertheless, famous steel church in front of plaza del Carmen which refused to unfrock the three for he believed in their bears the same saintly name. innocence.  WHAT HAPPENED IN THE CAVITE MUTINY? The accounts of Jose Montero y Vidal and General Rafael Izquierdo Ø In the Spaniard’s accounts, the event of 1872 was premeditated and was part of a big conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plant to liquidate high- ranking Spanish officers, then kill Friars. Ø According to Jose Montero – The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption from the tribute and polo y servicio, according to some, the cause of the insurrection Ø Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s account stated, that abolishment of privileges and an attempt to overthrow the Spanish Government in the Philippines, to install a new”hari” in the persons of Fathers Burgos and Zamora Ø According to him, ”native clergy” attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because they have God’s support.  WHAT HAPPENED IN THE CAVITE MUTINY? The Accounts of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera Ø Tavera was of the opinion that the Spanish Friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as way to address other issues by blowing out of proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. Ø According to this account, the incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal. Soldiers and laborers of the arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of Izquierdo, such as the abolition of privileges and the prohibition of the founding of the school or arts and trades for Filipinos, which the General saw as a smokescreen to creating a political club. THE GOMBURZAS Ø Mariano Gomes Ø The first priest to go Ø Born in Santa Cruz, Manila, on Aug. 2, 1799 Ø Died at the Age of 85 He was the oldest and most venerable of the three; well- known for his anti-Spanish sentiment, well-loved by parishioners in Bacoor that he served long and well. Eyewitnesses described Gomes as calm and resigned to his fate. His eyeglasses fell as he walked to the scaffold, and his famous last words were: “Let us go where the leaves never fall or move without the will of God.” o Jacinto Zamora o Born in Pandacan on Aug. 14, 1835 o He died at the age of 35 years old Ø At the time of his death, reading for a doctorate in canon law at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1860, he headed a student protest and was punished by being confined to quarters for two months. His juvenile act of subversion did not affect his appointment to parishes in Marikina, Pasig, and Lipa, but his subversive record was brought against him in 1872. Zamora’s fatal vice was gambling, specifically panguingue. His guilt and complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 was built on a note in his confiscated mail. It was an innocent invitation to a card game that read: “Grand reunion … our friends are well provided with powder and ammunition.” Taken literally by the authorities, it sealed his fate even if it simply referred to money for an overnight card game. Witnesses marveled at Zamora’s amazing serenity at the execution site not knowing the priest had suffered a nervous breakdown. One could say that he was already dead before the garrote broke his neck. Ø Jose Burgos Ø born on Feb. 9, 1837, in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Ø He died at the age of 35 years old Had the worst time, having heard the crank of the garrote followed by the sound of breaking necks thrice before his turn He had doctorate degrees in theology and canon law, he was a prolific writer (though “La Loba Negra,” a novel attributed to him, is a 20th century forgery by Jose E. Marco), he was an accomplished swordsman and boxer, and he was appointed to some responsibilities at the Manila Cathedral. Burgos’ death was the most dramatic, as retold in detail by the Frenchman Edmond Plauchut, who said he was in a bad state. Before the hood was placed over his head in preparation for execution, Burgos stood abruptly from the garrote seat and shouted: “What crime have I committed to deserve such a death? Is there no justice in the world?” Then 12 friars restrained him and calmed him down with advice to accept a Christian death. Pushed back into the seat, Burgos sprung up again shouting: “But I haven’t committed any crime!” At that point, one of the friars holding him down hissed: “Even Christ was innocent!” That remark calmed Burgos who then accepted his fate after pardoning his executioner and giving one last blessing that brought the curious crowd to their knees.  THE DEATH OF THE GOMBURZAS Father Mariano Gomez, 85; Father Jose Apolonio Burgos, 35; and Father Jacinto Zamora, 36 -- who were executed by garrote in Bagumbayan (now named Luneta) in Manila on February 17, 1872, on charges of subversion and treason against Spanish colonial authorities. The three priests allegedly instigated the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872. Through the efforts of the secular clergy movement, the nationalist sentiment of Filipinos was firmly established. The constant assaults against Filipinos for their seeming inabilities resonated not only among the secular native clergy but with Filipinos from different walks of life. The lamentable events that transpired in 1872 cemented the legacy of the three Filipino martyr priests in our history. The hasty and unjust trial they received awakened Filipinos to the cruel and prejudicial treatment we received from the Spanish colonialists, enkindling a sense of self-regard and desire to be liberated from these oppressions. THE IMPORTANCE “Without 1872 there would not now be a OF THE Plaridel, a Jaena, a Sanciangco, nor would MARTYRDOM OF the brave and generous Filipino colonies GOMBURZA TO exist in Europe.Without 1872 Rizal would THE now be a Jesuit and instead of writing the Noli NATIONALISTIC Me Tangere, would have written the contrary. At SPIRIT WAS the sight of those injustices and cruelties, REFLECTED IN though still a child, my imagination awoke, JOSE RIZAL’S and I swore to dedicate myself to avenge LETTER TO one day so many victims.With this idea I have MARIANO PONCE gone on studying, and this can be read in all my IN 1889: works and writings. God will grant me one day to fulfill my promise.”  THE FRIAROCRACY The power of the religious orders remained one of the greatest constants, over the centuries of Spanish Colonial Rule. In the late 19th century, the friars Dominicans, Augustinians and Franciscans conducted many of the executive functions of government on the local level. They were responsible for: 1. education and health measures 2. Kept the census and tax records 3. Reported on the character of the individual villagers 4. Supervise the selection of local officers and town officers 5. They were responsible for maintaining public morals and reporting incidences of sedition to the authorities.  DEFINITION OF TERMS REBELLION SEDITION TREASON The levying of war against the government during The levying of war against the government would The levying of war against the government would peace time for any purpose mentioned in Art. constitute treason when performed to aid the constitute treason when performed to aid the 134 of the RPC enemy. enemy. 1. There must taking of arms against the 1. It is sufficient that the public uprising is government tumultuous. 1. It is a violation by a subject of his allegiance 2. The purpose is always political. ( Art 134 2. The purpose may be political or social to his sovereign RPC) 3. It is the raising of commotions or 2. ART. 114. Treason. - Any Filipino citizen who disturbances in the state. ( Art 139 RPC) levies war against the Philippines or adheres to her enemies, giving them aid or comfort within the Philippines or elsewhere, shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death and shall pay a fine not to exceed Four million pesos  THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) was the first Filipino nationalist movement, led by a Filipino elites and inspired by the proto nationalist activism of figures such as José Burgos and by his execution at the hands of colonial authorities. Propagandists were largely young men, often mestizos and creoles whose families could afford to send them to study in Spanish universities in Madrid and Barcelona. There, they encountered the tumult of 19th century political movements inspired by Enlightenment thought, individual rights, constitutionalism, and anti- clericalism. Ø It was an assimilationist movement in that the propagandists—many of whom were of half Spanish parentage and saw themselves as inheritors of Spanish civilization—believed that the Philippines should be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province and not merely as a colony, with Filipinos granted the same citizenship rights accorded to Spanish citizens. Second, it sought the expulsion of the Spanish friars from the Philippines and the empowerment of a native Filipino clergy. Lastly, as a cultural movement, it showcased the writing and artistic production of the young Filipino elite as a means of demonstrating their intellectual sophistication, on par with their Spanish peers. Ø The Propaganda Movement targeted the Spanish government and public, but as an elite movement failed to engage with the wider Filipino population. The Spanish government was little interested in the conditions of the Philippines, particularly with the immense political foment in the Spanish political environment, and the movement ultimately received scant support and made little headway in Spain. The propagandists themselves were considered to be rebels at home in the Philippines, and many were exiled. Despite its overall failure, the movement generated a political consciousness that fed into the nationalist revolution of 1896 and the struggle for independence that followed. (John N. Schumacher, The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895)  GOALS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT I. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain II. Equal Status for both Filipinos and Spaniards III. Recognition of Human Rights IV. Secularization of Philippine parishes V. Recognition of Human Rights VI. The Proganda movement never asked for Philippine Independence because its members believed that once Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking  Ø Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandist or reformist. They worked inside and outside the Philippines. Ø The movement was essentially a Filipino-led campaign for reform THE MEMBERS and assimilation which can be dated from the appearance of the OF THE reformist bilingual newspaper Diariong Tagalog in 1882 to the PROPAGANDA demise of the publication La Solidaridad. MOVEMENT Ø Filipino students and professional then living in Spain engaged in public speeches, political lobbying and petitions and publications of books, pamphlets, and articles in order to exposed the conditions in the Philippines and advocate necessary reforms. Marcelo H. del Pilar (PLARIDEL) Ø A lawyer and propagandist par excellence Ø He was famously known for his pen name Plaridel Ø He was Born on August 30,1850 in Barrio Kupang Bulacan Ø He concerned himself in igniting the patriotic sentiments of his countrymen and attacking the abuse of the friars by going around the provinces and seizing every chance to speak at public places. Ø He founded the first bilingual newspaper in 1882, the Diariong Tagalog. Ø July 4,1896 – He aboarded a ship in Barcelona to return to his beloved country but in few months his health collapsed, and he died due to tuberculosis. Ø Dr. Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Realonda (Laon Laan) Ø He was born on June 19,1861 at Calamba, Laguna Ø He was born to a wealthy inquilino family Ø He studied in Ateneo Municipal School and travelled to Spain to take up medicine. Ø He joined the reform movement as its celebrated intellectual leader and moral guide. Ø Noli Me Tangere ( Touch me not) – the first novel written by Rizal and was published on March 21,1897 in Berlin Germany. This novel exposes to the social ills afflicting the colonial Philippines, this made him a hero in the eyes of the Filipinos and archenemy of the friars who banned the work in the country Ø Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos ( Indolence of the Filipino people) and Filipinos centro de cien anos ( The Philippines a Century Hence) – were essays he contributed to the newspaper publication La Solidaridad. Ø December 30, 1896 – He died by firing squad in Bagumbayan ( Luneta Park) Graciano Lopez Jaena ( Diego Laura) “The Great Orator of the Propaganda” Ø a native of Jaro Iloilo, he was the first editor chief of the publication La Solidaridad. Ø Born on December 29,1856 Ø The greatest orator of the propaganda movement Ø He wrote his first satirical piece entitled FRAY BOTOD which depict the abuses of the friars. Ø He went to Spain to study medicine in 1880, however he turned to journalism and politics. Ø He proved to be an astute critic of the Spanish Government, and he often writes issues concerning the problems in the Philippines. Ø His obsession to free his country sapped his physical strength, until he died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, in Barcelona, Spain.  OTHER MEMBERS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Mariano Ponce – a Medical Pedro Serrano Laktaw – A Student and a biographical Pedro Paterno – A lawyer Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo teacher and a tutor of writer. He used tikbalang, and Man of Letters. – The Master of Brush Prince Alfonso de Bourbon, naming and kalipulakoas as later King Alfonso XIII of his pen name. Spain. Jose Alejandrino – An Jose Maria Panganiban – Fernando Canon – Engineer Dominador Gomes – engineer and Political Linguist and Essayist and Musician Physician and orator Writer Ferdinand Blumentritt – An Isabelo delos Reyes – Austrian who never folklorist, news paperman travelled to the Philippines, he was one of the major and a scholar contributors of the newspaper.  ASSOCIATION LA SOLIDARIDAD ØAssociation La Solidaridad – a patriotic society which cooperated in the crusade for reforms. ØDecember 13,1888 – the year the association was inaugurated. ØBy unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen as Honorary president.  LA SOLIDARIDAD NEWSPAPER Ø February 15,1889 – the establishment of the newspaper LA SOLIDARIDAD, it was the official mouthpiece of the propaganda movement. Ø The newspaper publication was founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona, it was created due to the reality that mass media is important in propagating the propaganda objectives.  To portray the To work peacefully for deplorable conditions political and social of the Philippines so reforms that Spain may remedy them. THE OBJECTIVE To oppose the evil To advocate liberal forces of reaction and OF LA medievalism ideas and progress. SOLIDARIDAD To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness.  THE FIRST ISSUE OF LA SOLIDARIDAD ( THE SOLIDARITY) Our aspirations are modest, very modest. Our program, aside from being simple, is clear: 1. to combat reaction 2. to stop all retrogressive steps, 3. to extol and adopt liberal ideas, 4. to defend progress: in a word to be a propagandist, above all of democratic ideas. We shall discuss all problems relating to the general interest of nation and seek solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic manner. With regard to the Philippines, since she needs the most help, not being represented in the Cortes, we shall pay particular attention to the defense of her democratic rights, the accomplishment of which is patriotic duty. That nation of eight million souls should not, must not be exclusive preserve of theocracy and traditionalism.  ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD I. Los Agricultores Filipinos ( The Filipino The first article which appeared in the newspaper which was published on March Farmers) 25,1889 II. A La Defensa ( To La Defensa) This was a reply to an anti-Filipino writing of a Spanish author. III. La Verdad Para Todos ( The truth for all) Rizal’s defense against the Spanish charges that the native local officials were ignorant and depraved. IV. Vicente Barrantes,Teatro Tagalog Rizal’s exposes Barrabates ignorance on the Tagalog theatrical art. V. Una Profacion ( A Profanation) A bitter attack against the friars from denying Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa (Husband of Lucia) in Calamba because he was the brother-in -aw of Jose Rizal VI.Verdades Nuevas ( New Truth) A reply to Vicente Belloc Sanchez’s letter which asserted that the granting of reforms in the Philippines would ruin the peaceful “maternal rule” of the friars. VII. Crueldad ( Cruelty ) A brilliant defense of Blumentritt from the scurrilous attack of his enemies. VIII. Diferencias ( Differences) a reply to an article which ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reformed. IX. Inconsequencias ( Inconsequences) A defense of Antonio Luna against the attack of Pablo Deas. X. Ingratitudes ( Ingratitude) A reply to a Spanish Governor telling the people of Calamba “that they should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons”  THE DOWNFALL OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT In the end the campaign proved to be a failure as basic rights and privileges such as freedom of speech, press , association and representation of the Spanish Cortes ( Legislative Body) continued to be denied by the Filipinos. Second reason was the political instability in Spain caused by the struggle for dominance between the liberals and conservatives. Mired on its internal predicaments, the Spanish government paid little attention to its colonies and depended upon the influence of the religious orders. Third the Friars themselves were engaged in counter propaganda, funding newspapers which answered the accusations of the Filipinos. Fourth the lack of fund and resources of the Propaganda Movement. And lastly the personal rivalries among the ranks of illustrados – the most unfortunate one was the break between Rizal and Del Pilar. In 1892 Rizal decided to return to the Philippines, while Lopez Jaena and Del Pilar died poor and hungry in Barcelona Spain.  FILIPINO MASONRY Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the lodge “Revolucion” in Barcelona in 1889. Masonry has existed in the Philippines since 1856, when the first Masonic Lodge was established in the Many Filipino patriots were masons, including : country. This lodge was called “Primera Luz Filipina” Jose P. Rizal established by a Spanish Naval Officer , Jose Malcampo in the province of Cavite. Although organized under a Marcelo H. del Pilar Portuguese Grand Orient and exclusively for Mariano Ponce Spaniards , its information marked the introduction of Masonry in Philippine soil. Emilio Aguinaldo Andres Bonifacio Apolinario Mabini  FILIPINO MASONRY The aims of Filipino Masonry 1. To work for freedom and prosperity The impact and influences of Masons and of the Philippines Masonry in the struggle for freedom cannot be denied. This is probably even 2. To work for good government more evident in the fact that Philippine heroes were descendants of Continental 3. To ask for representation to the Grand Orients, nurtured in the same Spanish Cortes brand of Masonry that inspired the French Revolution in 1789-1799 and the 4. To make the Philippines a province of Spanish uprising in 1868. Spain.  LA LIGA FILIPINA Ø During Rizal’s bold return to Manila he established La Liga Filipina Ø According to Rizal “that the fight for Filipino liberties had assumed new phase, it must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain, the Battlefield is in the Philippines’ he told the countrymen in Europe “There is where we should meet, there we will help one another, there together we will suffer or triumph perhaps” Ø July 3 1892 – Rizal meet with the patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino Mestizo Doroteo Ongjunco on Ylaya Street, Tondo Manila. Ø Rizal explained the objective of the “La Liga Filipina” a civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in the socio-economic life of the people. It was formed not for the purpose of independence, but for mutual aid and protection of its members, and the fostering of a more united spirit among Filipinos Ø Unus Instar Omnium ( One Like All) – the motto of the La Liga Filipina.  LA LIGA FILIPINA : THE DUTIES OF ITS MEMBERS 1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council 2. To help in recruiting new members 3. To keep strictest secrecy the decisions of the La Liga authorities. 4. To have symbolic name which he cannot charge until he becomes president of his council 5. To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the La Liga. 6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino. 7. To help fellow members in all ways.  To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body. Mutual protection in every want and necessity. Defense against all violence and injustice. GOALS OF LA LIGA FILIPINA Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce. Study and application of reforms.  1. The members or his sons, while not having the means shall show application and great capacity shall be sustained 2. The poor shall be supported in his right against any powerful person 3. The member who shall have suffered any loss shall be aided; THE PURPOSE capital shall be loaned to the member who shall need it for THE FUNDS OF the industry or agriculture. LA LIGA 4. The introduction of machines and industries, new or necessary in the country shall be favored 5. Shops, stores and establishment shall be opened where the members may be accommodated move economically elsewhere.  THE DIVIDE OF LA LIGA FILIPINA CUERPO DE COMPROMISARIOS KATIPUNAN Ø The Conservative group Ø The radical group Ø JULY 6 , 1892 – Rizal was secretly arrested , Ø Its aim was to continue Ø The group was and the following day he was deported to the to gather funds in formed by Bonifacio Dapitan by the order of Governor General support of La Solidaridad. on the night Rizal was Eulogio Despujol. Ø They were afraid to be captured. Ø The La Liga continue to function for a while involved with the radical Ø The groups aim was however some members were convinced that group and opted the to gain independence peaceful agitations for reforms was futile. dissolution of the LA from Spain. LIGA.  THE KATIPUNAN MOVEMENT q On the night of July 7, 1892, the members of the defunct LA LIGA FILIPINA led by Andres Bonifacio, convened in a house in Calle Azcarraga ( now Claro M. Recto Avenue) to found the KATIPUNAN. q The ultimate purpose of the organization was the nation’s total liberation, the secret society’s immediate goal was to institute a government to be installed upon the overthrow of the Spanish administration. q The word ”KATIPUNAN” comes from the root word “tipon”, an indigenous tagalog word, meaning “society” or “gather”. Its official revolutionary meanings are translated as ”Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak nang Bayan ( Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation). The word were used by Filipino revolutionary rebel leaders. Katipunan was also known as KKK.own by its acronym KKK Ø Andres Bonifacio, 1863-1897 Ø The Father of Katipunan q The Supremo q Born on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila q He is regarded as the Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. He also is known as the Father of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society he founded in 1892 and whose goal was to win Philippine independence from Spain by means of a revolution. q Bonifacio’s Masonic name was Sinukuan. He was the third (after Roman Basa), fourth and last Supremo of the Katipunan and led the start of the revolution in Manila in 1896. q Deodato Arellano, 1844-1899 Deodato Arellano, Masonic name Buan. He was the first Supremo or president of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, 1892-93. He was present during Rizal’s founding of La Liga Filipina and was elected its secretary. He married Hilaria, the sister of Marcelo del Pilar. He worked as a clerk in the Maestranza de Artilleria or Spanish military arsenal in Manila. He was imprisoned in 1896 and went home to Bulacan after the first phase of the revolution. At the outbreak of the Philippine-American war, he joined the army brigade of his nephew, General Gregorio del Pilar. Arellano died of tuberculosis on October 7, 1899 while fighting in the Cordillera mountains. Ladislao Diwa, 1863-1930 Ladislao Diwa Masonic name Baguio. A native of San Roque, Cavite, he was working as "Escribano del Juzgado" when he was captured by the Spanish authorities in Betis Pampanga, after the exposure of the Katipunan. He was released after the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Upon learning that he would be re-arrested, he fled to San Francisco de Malabon and joined the army of General Mariano Trias. He was instrumental in the surrender of General Leopoldo Garcia Peña, in San Francisco de Malabon in May 1898. General Peña was the commander of Spanish forces in Cavite. Diwa served as delegate in the Malolos Congress; survived the Philippine- American war and returned to Cavite. In 1906, he joined the formation and became Worshipful Master of Bagong Buhay Lodge No 291 in San Roque, Cavite. Ladislao Diwa died on March 12, 1930. Caridad Elementary School in Cavite City was renamed in his honor in November, 1964. Teodoro Plata, 1866-1897 Teodoro Plata Masonic name Balany. He was the cousin of Gregoria de Jesus who became the wife of Andres Bonifacio. He in turn married Bonifacio's sister Espiridiona. He was a close friend of Ladislao Diwa and both studied at the "Universidad de Santo Tomas" (UST). But he was not as fortunate as Diwa because he was executed at Bagumbayan (Luneta) on February 1897. v Jose Dizon, ca 1870 - 1897 Jose Dizon, Masonic name Montgomery was the founder of Logia Taliba No 165. He served as Venerable Master of Taliba and later became the Grand Fourth Vice-President of the Gran Consejo Regional de Filipinas. He was the uncle of Emilio Jacinto, son of his sister Josefa Dizon Jacinto. On January 11, 1897, Jose Dizon and 12 other Masons and Liga members, were publicly executed at Bagumbayan (Luneta.) Valentin Diaz, 1849-1916 Valentin Diaz, Masonic name Tupas. Diaz was from Paoay, Ilocos Norte. He became Official de Mesa del Juzgado de Binondo and like the others, joined Rizal's Liga Filipina. He served as a councilor in the Supreme Council of the Katipunan from 1892 to 1893. He was one of the signatories of the pact of Biak-na-Bato and joined General Aguinaldo in exile in Hong Kong. He served as Colonel of the army during the Philippine-American war. Diaz died in 1916.  THE WOMEN OF KATIPUNAN o As great as our brave Katipuneros were, the revolution would not be as successful without the strong women who fought along with them. These courageous notable women include Gregoria de Jesus, Melchora Aquino, Teresa Magbanua, Henerala Agueda Kahabangan, and Trinidad Tecson, among others. Even before the Katipunan was created, there were other women who bravely fought for our country such as Gabriela Silang. o Philippine revolutionary history is not only about the story of our gallant men but also of the fearless women.  GREGORIA ALVAREZ DE JESUS Also known as Ka Oriang, (May 9, 1875-March 15, 1943) was the founder and vice president of the Katipunan’s Women’s chapter. She also served as the custodian of the Katipunan as almost all belongings of the Katipunan—seal, revolver, documents—were under her care. As such, when the Guardia Civil would conduct search operations within their vicinity, she would gather all Katipunan-related items and documents and drive away, even all night, as needed, to ensure that the Katipunan would not be discovered. She also joined the war; she too took arms and fought.  MELCHORA AQUINO Ø Popularly known as Tandang Sora (January 6, 1812—March 2, 1919), was known as the “Mother of the Revolution.” During her time as a supporter of the revolution, she would feed the Katipuneros, provide them shelter and other necessary provisions, and tend to their wounds. Ø When she was arrested and jailed by the Spaniards, she refused to reveal her knowledge of the Katipunan despite the interrogations. She was deported and exiled to Guam and was only brought back to the Philippines when she was repatriated by the US government.  TERESA MAGBANUA Nanay Isa, (October 13, 1868—August 1947) was known as the “ Visayan Joan of Arc.” She was a Filipino school teacher and military leader. When the Philippine revolution began, she did not hesitate in joining the Katipunan despite the opposition of her husband. She was known to have joined and led numerous battles against the Spaniards and the Americans. She was arguably the bravest Ilonggo woman in her time as she had been known as the only woman to have ever led troops in the Visayan region during the revolution.  AGUEDA KAHABAGAN also known as Henerala Agueda, was the only known female general of the Army of the Filipino Republic. She was known as fierce combatant in the battlefields of Laguna as she rode a white horse and used rifles in battle.  Trinidad Tecson Ø (November 18, 1848—January 28, 1928) is known as the “Mother of Biak na Bato.” She joined the revolution in 1895 at the age of 47. She pilfered firearms, delivered food, and tended to Katipuneros’ injuries. Ø She was also known as a brave soldier as she had joined numerous fights such as in San Ildefonso, San Miguel and San Jose, Nueva Ecija. She has served under numerous generals, with Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in Biak- na-Bato being the most notable. THE KATIPUNAN Over the next 4 years , the Katipunan founders would recruit new members, they An Admonition was placed on the started with 300 members and grew up to entrance of the initiation room which 15,000– 45,000 members. states: “If you have strength and valor, you can proceed. If Aside from Manila , the Katipunan also had sizeable chapters in Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, what has brought you here is only curiosity, retire. If Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. There were also smaller chapters in Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, and the Bicol you cannot control your passions, retire. Never shall region. the doors of the Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the People be opened to you” The recruit process underwent initiation rights akin to the freemasonry ritual. Only 3 recruits were initiated so that no member knew more than two other members of the society.  ORGANIZATION OF KATIPUNAN 1. KATAASTAASANG THE CENTRAL LEADERSHIP OF THE SANGGUNIAN ( KATIPUNAN SUPREME COUNCIL) 2. Sangguniang Bayan The provincial councils 3. Sangguniang Barangay The popular councils in their jurisdiction 4.Sangguniang Hukuman The Judicial councils which settled disputes among its members Kartilla nang Katipunan The primer created by Emilio Jacinto, in which he intellectualized the society’s aims and formulated the principles of the society. It was written in Tagalog and all recruits were required to commit it to heart before they were initiated. Ø Emilio Jacinto Ø He was born on December 15, 1875 Ø The Brains of the Katipunan Ø Pen name : Dimas Ilaw Ø At the start of the revolution, he gave up his studies and joined the revolution. His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan, he wrote the Kartilla and the editor of newspaper publication ANG KALAYAAN. His greatest  DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN q Two Katipuneros, Teodoro Patio and Apolonio dela Cruz, were engaged in a bitter personal dispute. In early August 1896, Patino a worker at the Diario de Manila printing press, revealed the existence of the society to his sister, Honoria, who then informed a nun Sis Teresa de Jesus. He was advice to confessed to Fr. Mariano Gil, he then reported the information to the Spanish authorities. Patinos confession become the standard version on how the revolution started. q August 19, 1896 – the discovery of the Katipunan  THE CRY OF PUGADLAWIN August 23, 1896 – Bonifacio along with the 1000 katipuneros convened in the house of Juan Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino. They decided to start the armed uprising and revolution. They tore their cedulas as a sign of their commitment to the revolution. Bonifacio and his men cried “Mabuhay ang Pilipinas, Mabuhay ang Katipunan, Mabuhay ang Republika ng Pilipinas ” The Battle of Pasong Tamo – the first meeting of the Katipuneros were discovered and the first battle occurred. This battle was unsuccessful and they were forced to moved to Rizal. August 30, 1896 – the Philippine revolution had begun, it spread in different areas of Manila, including the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.  RIZAL REJECTS THE REVOLUTION AND HIS EXECUTION q The Katipunan sent Pio Valenzuela, a friend of Rizal to Dapitan to inform the latter about the revolution. q Rizal vehemently rejected violence, believing It was premature. However, he suggested that they should gather firearms, solicit funds to the rich and acquire the services of Antonio Luna q December 11, 1896 – Rizal was captured and charged of being the “Principal organizer and living soul of the Filipino Insurrection, founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to formenting propaganda ideas of rebellion” q December 30, 1896 - the execution of Dr.Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan at 7:00 am. He died at exactly 7:03 and his last word was “Consummatum est” it is done. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  SCHISM ( DIVISION) :THE ISSUE OF LEADERSHIP The province of Cavite gradually emerged as the The other group in the province of hotbed for the uprising. The revolutionary group Cavite was called the Magdiwang, led by young General Emilio Aguinaldo had a string headed by Mariano Alvarez, a relative of of victories starting with the Battle of Imus on September 1, 1896 Bonifacio’s wife. The Magdalo Faction, led by Aguinaldo’s cousin They recognized the leadership of the Baldomero Aguinaldo wanted the General to be Supremo, since he was the founder of the the head of the organization because of his Katipunan. successes in the Battlefield. The friction between the two-group This faction believed its about time to create a intensified when they refused to revolutionary government abolishing the Katipunan. cooperate and aid each other in the battlefield.  TEJEROS CONVENTION qDecember 31, 1896 – On this day a convention was held at Imus, Cavite to settle the dispute. The assembly dispersed without a consensus. qMarch 22, 1897 – a convention was held in Tejeros in order to settle the dispute between the two councils and to decide on what type of government should be installed qDuring the early phase of the convention the crowd became unruly, causing a recess. When the convention resumed, Bonifacio was assigned to preside in the election of the officers of the new government that was to be set up. Before this, however, Bonifacio laid down the rule that the assembly should respect whatever would be the outcome of the election. qThe turned-out vote was in favor of Aguinaldo - 140 vs 80 votes. He was elected during his birthday.  TEJEROS CONVENTION q The voting was conducted resulting to Emilio Aguinaldo winning the election and was declared as the president. He was not even present during the election since he was leading a battle in Pasong Santol. q Bonifacio was elected to an inferior position , director of interior. q Daniel Tirona – a member of the Magdalo, questioned the qualifications of Bonifacio that the person should at least have a Law degree. q Bonifacio felt insulted and drew his pistol aiming at Tirona, Artemio Ricarte intervened. q Bonifacio declared the election null and void and did not recognize the newly established revolutionary government. q According to historian Ambit Ocampo, Together with other primary source accounts of the events in Tejeros, anomalies in the election have been hinted at: “dagdag-bawas,” forged ballots, etc. That our Founding Fathers cheated in the first elections is one thing, but that Tejeros is not surprising shows we have not progressed since. Whether these documents find their way to a private or public collection is immaterial, what is important is not the high price paid for them, but the price we pay for not learning from the past to change our present and future Read more: https://opinion.inquirer.net/111209/dagdag-bawas-1897#ixzz8Sk5xizZc  TEJEROS CONVENTION q Acta de Tejeros – is a document proclaiming the Tejeros Convention as invalid because of its lack of due process, and also because of the underhanded chicanery that marred its election. The document was written and signed on March 23, 1897 q Naic Military Agreement - In a meeting in Naik, Cavite sometime in April 1897, Bonifacio and his men drew this document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of and separate from that established at Tejeros. Among the forty-one men who signed it were Andres Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas.  THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO q April 26, 1897 – Bonifacio was arrested by two loyal officers of Aguinaldo. During this arrest Bonifacio’s brother Ciriaco was killed. q Andres and Procopio were tried by the Military Court in Maragondon, Cavite. They were charged with treason and trying to overthrow the new president and his government. q By some accounts the Bonifacio brothers were never given a fair trial. q May 8, 1897 – The Bonifacio brothers were sentenced to death. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence and instead ordered the exiled of the Brothers. Aguinaldo was convinced by his Gen. Mariano Noriel a former Bonifacio loyalist. q May 10,1897 – The Bonifacio brothers were executed at the foothills of Mount Buntis, a small mountain near Maragondon. They were buried in a shallow grave marked only with twigs. The execution was conducted by Lazaro Macapagal. q The death of Bonifacio marked the dark days of the Philippine revolution. It cannot be denied that Bonifacio laid the foundations of the struggle for independence. He may not have the academic qualifications like the rest, but his brilliance was very much evident when he led the organization of the Katipunan. His role in the Philippine history will always be appraised with the highest accolades as the one and only Supremo that started the bitter fight to the end. q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qp6eIa9tvfE  TERMS THAT WE NEED TO KNOW! Constitution defined Sovereignty is the supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in the State by which the state is governed. that body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised ( COOLEY) Two kinds of sovereignty: The Philippine Constitution Legal Sovereignty — authority which has the power to issue final That written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by commands which the fundamental powers of the government are established, Political Sovereignty — power behind the legal sovereign, or the sum total of all the influences that operate upon it limited and defined, and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for Sovereignty may also be internal or external: the benefit of the body of politic ( Malcolm, Philippine Constitutional Law) Internal Sovereignty — refers to the power of the state to control its domestic or internal affairs Purpose: External Sovereignty — the power of the State to direct its relations with other states, also known as independence To prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government , to assign to the several departments their respective powers and Section 1, Article II. The Philippines is a democratic and duties, and to establish certain first principles on which the republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and government is founded ( Nachura, Constitutional Law) all government authority emanates from them.  Emilio Aguinaldo o Born on March 22,1869 in Kawit, Cavite o He studied in Colegio San Juan de Letran, he quit his studies at the age of 17 to take care of there family farm. o He became the municipal mayor of Kawit, Cavite before the revolution broke. o He became a revolutionary leader winning battles after battles. o He continued the revolution after ordering the death of Bonifacio o He surrendered to the Spanish troop in lieu of the Truce of Biak na Bato. o He proclaimed the Philippine Independence o He fought against the Americans and at one point sided with the Japanese invaders. REPUBLIC OF BIAK NA BATO After the the death of the Bonifacio brothers the revolution continued. Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured several towns in Cavite. Aguinaldo and his men moved northward, from one town to the next, until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo. Here they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the Cuban Constitution. Republic of Biak-na-Bato was inaugurated on November 1, 1897.  The Salient Features of the treaty: TRUCE OF BIAK-NA-BATO I. The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps. II. Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution. III. Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership IV. Payment by the Spanish Government of 800,000 The new Spanish Mexican pesos ( around $ 5,000 in 2023) to the Governor-General revolutionaries of three installments: Fernado Primo de Revira wanted to a) 400,000 for Aguinaldo and his companions in their December 14-15 exile to Hongkong end the rebellion ,1897 – the Treaty hence with the help of Biak na Bato was b) 200,000 if they can surrender 700 pieces of firearms of the Spanish mestizo Pedro ratified and signed. c) The remaining 200,000 for the soldiers in the Paterno, he offered Philippines will be released if the amnesty was the olive branch declared That they will pay additional 900,000 for the families of non-combatant victim who suffered during the war  This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  THE FAILURE OF THE TRUCE Both Filipino and Spaniards violated the treaty of Biak na Bato The Spaniards were still arresting Filipinos even after Amnesty was declared Another issue was that the firearms were not entirely surrendered, and it was kept with the plan to continue the revolution The indemnity given by the Spaniards were used to purchased more firearms and the recruitment of revolutionary Filipinos were still on going even after the ratification of the treaty.  o December 27, 1897 – Aguinaldo along with the Filipino revolutionaries sailed to Hong Kong and left the country o The Hong Kong Junta – was an organization formed as revolutionary government while in exile. It was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo along with other Filipinos who were exiled in Hong Kong. o While on exile he then meet with several American Consuls and generals with the AGUINALDO Help of Howard Bray , a British Businessman, he spoke with the Americans WHILE ON regarding the situation in the Philippines. EXILE o US Consul E. Spencer Pratt – sought Aguinaldo’s support in their campaign against Spain. o US Consul General Rousenville Wildman – he informed Aguinaldo that Commadore Dewey wanted him to return to the Philippines to continue the battle. o Commodore George Dewey – the commander of United States Asiatic Squadron assigned to conquer the Philippines and defeat the Spaniards.  ACCORDING TO FILIPINO SCHOLAR MAXIMO KALAW A few of the principal facts, however, seem quite clear. Aguinaldo was not made to understand that, in consideration of Filipino cooperation, the United States would extend its sovereignty over the islands, and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in.The truth was that nobody at the ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States