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READING IN PH HISTORY Shane Kauri Dudos BSED FIL 1-1 Week 9 - Agrarian Reform Agrarian Reform - Is a comprehensive approach to improving the agricultural sector of a country. It encompasses land reform but also includes other measures such as providing credit to farmers, improving market access, an...

READING IN PH HISTORY Shane Kauri Dudos BSED FIL 1-1 Week 9 - Agrarian Reform Agrarian Reform - Is a comprehensive approach to improving the agricultural sector of a country. It encompasses land reform but also includes other measures such as providing credit to farmers, improving market access, and providing social services to rural communities. Land Reform - redistribution of land from large landowners to small farmers or landless peasants.First step in agrarian reform, but it is not enough on its own. Farmers who receive land under a land reform program also need access to credit, inputs, and markets in order to be successful. ( Muling Pamamahagi) Philippines - total land area 300,000 square kilometers, 42.5% is used for agriculture. - Most agriculturally intensive countries in Southeast Asia. - Agricultural Country - Quarter of Filipinos work in agricultural sector HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Spanish Colonization Encomienda System (lupa) - Polo y Servicio Encomendero - Espanyol na may ari ng lupa na dating pagmamay ari ng Pilipino Friar Lands Haciendas - Came from Encomienda System Haciendero - Pilipinong mayaman na may lahing Kastila Reservation and Forced - Relocations Royal grants and Titles Remontados - Pilipinong na relocate sa Kabundukan American Colonization Torrens Land Registration System - Registering the Land Public Land Act ( Also known as Act of 2874) passed in 1904 - can't buy public land such as forest, park, etc. Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1993 ( Pangungupahan) - Proteksyon para sa mga nangungupahan na mga pilipino - Paghahati ng Landlord at Magsasaka Japanese Colonization Abolished Tenancy Act Raised the Rent Allowing landlords to evict tenant without case PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS (Chronological Order) 1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899 -1901) 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) 3. José P. Laurel (1943-1945) 4. Sergio Osmeña (1944-1946) 5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) 6. Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) 7. Ramón Magsaysay (1953-1957) 8. Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) 9. Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) 10.Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) 11.Corazon Aquino (1986-1992) 12.Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) 13.Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) 14.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) 15.Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) 16.Rodrigo Duterte (2016- 2022) 17.Ferdinand Marcos jr. (2022-present) 1. President Ramon Magsaysay (1954 -1957) 1st president to give serious attention to agrarian reform Established The National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) - to resettle landless farmers in new areas. Enacted Agricultural Tenancy of 1954 - Regulated the landlord and tenant relationship - Provided security of tenure of tenants 2. President Diosdado Macapagal (1961 - 1965) Enacted The Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 - expropriation and redistribution of private agricultural lands to tenant farmers. - NOT FULLY IMPLEMENTED 3. President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965 - 1986) Issued Presidential Decree 27 in 1972 - Over 7 hectares = expropriation and redistribution of all private agricultural lands - Slow and inefficient - Benefits cronies of Marcos  4. President Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992) Executive Order 229 in 1987 - accelerated the implementation of agrarian reform Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) in 1988 - Regardless the size, expanded the coverage of agrarian reform to include all agricultural lands. - Slow and inefficient 5. President Fidel Ramos ( 1992 - 1998) Continued CARL The Agrarian Reform Community Development Program (ARCDP) - Provide farmers with access to credit, inputs, and markets 6. President Joseph Estrda (1998-2001) Continued CARL and ARCDP Established Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) - coordinate the efforts of different government agencies involved in agrarian reform 7. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) Continued CARL and ARCDP Issued Executive Order 446 - Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs) 8. President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016) Continued CARL and ARCDP He established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER) - to extend the coverage of agrarian reform to another 1 million hectares of land. 9. President Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022) He directed the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) - Prioritize the distribution of land to landless farmers - Slow and inefficient HACIENDA LUISITA Don Antonio Lopez from Santander Spain - Bought the land in 1882 Maria Luis Lopez = Hacienda Luicita - His wife Sugar cane, Cigarettes, sugar American Colonization - supplied almost 20% of all sugar in the US Japanese Colonization - continued to operate, like all haciendas and tabacaleras in the Philippines. PEPE CUANGJO PERIOD - Problems with HUK lead to selling the Hacienda Luisita - President Ramon Magsaysay reportedly blocked the sale of the plantation to the wealthy Lopez’es - Magsaysay was a “ninong" (principal sponsor) at the wedding of Ninoy and Corazon Cojuangco Aquino - Magsaysay and Benigno Simeon "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr.discussed the possibility of Jose Cojuangco Sr., Aquino's father-in-law, acquiring Hacienda Luisita. - The Philippine government assists Cojuangcos in acquiring Hacienda Luisita and Central Azucarera de Tarlac. - Central Bank support - acquire Hacienda Luisita for distribution to small farmers. - Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)- with the condition of subdivision among tenants. April 8, 1958 Tarlac Development Corporation (TADECO), owned by Jose Cojuangco Sr., becomes the new owner of Hacienda Luisita and Central Azucarera de Tarlac. The Mendiola Massacre - Farmers from Hacienda Luisita walked to Mendiola - November 16, 2004