Chapter 9-11 Notes: Roman Emperors and Society

AMBER. LOCK IN. I SWEAR TO GOD. CHAPTER 9: The early Principate - Imperial: era of empowers (common era) - Two parts: - 1: Principate - Agustus was given this as an honorary title - “Leading citizen” - Empowers are still pretending they a...

AMBER. LOCK IN. I SWEAR TO GOD. CHAPTER 9: The early Principate - Imperial: era of empowers (common era) - Two parts: - 1: Principate - Agustus was given this as an honorary title - “Leading citizen” - Empowers are still pretending they are citizens like everyone else - 2: Dominate - Master Augustus: Military Concerns - Adopted son of Julius Caesar (julius) - Empower for 45 years, he had influence and reputation { no real power - Wants to hand his successor his authority with: The senate The equestrians Roman people and provincials The army (maius imperium { greater imperium ) Tiberius: Personality & early career - Augusus forced him to marry his daughter and divorce his wife in order for him to be next in line - Augustus daughter was a whore - Was disliked because he was secretive, awkward and bad at social prospects - He was given responsibilities out of spite in power (on condition that he is named his nephew) Nephew Germanicus - Agustus said he will be my successor but he wanted his nephew more because he thought Tiberius was incompetent - He was beloved & military successful - Was a problem because Tiberius never wanted him to win wars in germany: only wanted to expand if it was economically profitable - Augustus and Tiberius decided if you wanted to take troops & invade, you have to take them from the empire: no increasing of the roman army/empire Majesty trials - Criminal charges are laid against people under Tiberius - These trials were (if you insulted the empower in some way, you undermine social stability and government structure: weakening respect and you were prosecuted) Increased reliance on praetorian guard  - PG: hundreds of elite soldiers that were his personal bodyguard (whether in war or not) - Left rome and told Sejanus (closest friend and bodyguard) what to do on his behalf - He then says his own son wants to assassinate him to gain his power - Has him sent to trial and to death - Sejanus was having an affair with his daughter in law (tiberius son’s wife) so he could take over: they both betrayed him and his son for power { he crashed out Semi- retirement - He was forced to marry a woman who was a whore rather than a woman he loved - After he dies, Germanius son Giaus becomes in power Admin of empire - Tax reliefs - Secured borders Gaius: (Caligula) Germanicus’ son His early policies ○ Lowered taxes ○ Increased entertainment ○ Majesty trials were dropped Madness / illness ○ Behaviour became bazaar: wasted money freely ○ Bankrupts treasury  ○ He wanted to invade germans and britain: expanding roman empire (had a panic attack, called off campaign and looted the ocean with seashells) Assassinated by his own Praetorian Guard ○ Sacred code: passwords were obscene Claudius: His early life & Nomination by PG ○ Named as the next empower ○ Was hidden by tapestry ○ Competent, impressive scholar: under the radar His reliance upon his wives and ex-slaves ○ Unlike the other romans and empowers, he had no connections with his upper class but his slaves: offended the aristocrats Admin of empire Messalina and Aprippma ○ Messalina was cheating on him, everyone was so scared to tell him (fuck sakes) ○ Had a contest how many men she could sleep with in one night (she won, slay) ○ When he was told, they got him to sign a paper so she could be executed ○ Found him a new hoe (his niece) Agrippima ○ Claudius was convinced by Agri to name her biological son, not as empower, but his son Nero: Emperor at 17, controlled by Agrippma  ○ Coin: issued Nero and Agrippina ○ Choice his spouse but then grew tired of her The Neronia ○ Was a performer (insanity) ○ Neronia was the competition he made ○ Goes on tour throughout roman empire (entered thousands of competitions and won every single one) Majesty Trials ○ Revives them (not clapping long enough at his performance) Great Fire ○ Wipes out ⅔ of rome: he blamed it on the christians and had them burned at stake ○ Rumor was that he started it because of a great theatrical theme Conspiracy Plot ○ Plot to kill him, failed ○ Reign ended because of a rumor of an uprising in spain ○ In a panic, he fled rome ○ As he did that, uprising came into roman empire: turned into a large rebellion Suicide ○ Because of his fail, he killed himself ○ “When an artist, the world now loses” Civil War: Four commanders called emperor ○ Spain, Germany, Rome and Jugurtha Economic and social Change: Cities and Provinces: Introduction of Roman civilization/ cities to empire ○ Concrete roads, harbors, forums, engineering Imperial Cult: Temples/ Priests sacrifices for Emperor and his family ○ Go to temple and pray to guardian (genius) that the emperor stays healthy Deification of dead emperors ○ When they died, they turned into gods ○ Refer to textbook* *Ceramic bowls, earrings are part of roman empire *tiles from turkey: depicts the god of Tigris River - Eras sees part of roman empire - Outside of rome, prosperty Marriage: Primary sources used as evidence ○ How women operated in roman history ○ They are left out of roman history, though they were influential Marriage in hand and without the hand  ○ In hand: old form of marriage that was part of the husbands family (livestock, property) ○ Without hand: she comes but keeps her own dowry (he can use it, but it is always hers and she is not part of his family) - she could easily exile her property, you could get out of the marriage easily {initiating divorce proceedings Legal requirements for marriage ○ Go for a lawyer ○ 12 for girls 14 for boys ○ Both had to be roman citizens (if not, it was not a valid contract) Marriage ceremony ○ Bride was supposed to weave her own white wedding dress with a long orange veil: came with a knot that was cinched in the front that the husbands would undo on the wedding night ○ Exchanging of rings ○ Bad luck by the romans to trip as you entered their house, so he would carry the wife coming into the house for the first time ○ They would spend the first night it in the bed of the atrium Ideals of marriage ○ They had to have wives to have families ○ “Gentleman, if we could live without a wife, we would all avoid that annoyance” The univira and the nuclear family A woman who just has one husband throughout her life  Even if he dies, you ought to not get remarried but to devote yourself to the children you did have The nuclear family: husband, immediate children Testimony of epitaphs Roman moralists on marriage ○ Critical of how women practice marriage (believed in monogamy) ○ Criticized how they are detached from their kids ○ Ideal was parents should be closely involved with their family ○ Hated other women who breastfed, tutored or their foods and abortion (due to inconvenience) ○ In upper class, if you are faithful in marriage it is proof that you are unattractive Status of children: Ceremonies after childbirth ○ Enrolled as roman citizens Adoption ○ You could adopt anyone at any age ○ You could adopt from any family Inheritance laws ○ Lot of court cases involving a stepmother as an heir: children challenge that ○ NO anna nicole smith!! Legal rights and status of women: Property rights  ○ Could adopt wills ○ Guardians (approval): a women can get what she wants, she can find another guardian to represent her if she disagreed with his judgment Visibility of social presence of women ○ In the republican era: the ideal of Matrona A mother who is devoted to her children Imperial Era: transgressive women Lots of wealth, the opportunities grew At the highest levels of society (almost emperor) Aggapina Moralist: “why is Conessnia the best of wives? She brought him money. At that price, he was ignoring his affairs. A rich woman who marries a money-loving husband is just as good as single” Roman Literature 😀 Literary style and its significance to Roman culture - Devoted to developing a literary style: essential to a writer - Fashion style: a person is able to take clothing, to provide protect from elements, hygiene and indecent exposure; using that to provoke emotions and personality— like a language Precision: - They did not always want to be precise, but if they did, they had complete control over it - They will put the thing that matters the most first, and then elaborate on it (latin language) Cinematographic: - How you would experiencing it if you were watching it - Like a movie, writing with a camera (descriptive imagery) Juxtaposition: - Putting two things side by side that you do not expect it to: the result is hiding within the piece Chapter 10: Missing a few slides— Institution of thee principate Law concerning the imperium of Vespasian ○ Setting out the powers of the emperor Imperator becomes an official title ○ Princeps, augustus ○ Eventually even caesar Vespasian Nous Homo first person to be a senator of the flavius family ○ Seen as not being a full aristocrat, but he claims he should be the next emperor ○ He reformed of by raising taxes to maximize revenue instead of impressing through aristocratic characteristics Governor of Judaea ○ First jewish war  Military reform ○ Limiting the amount of military troops in any one province ○ Followed him taking advantage from the very thing he tried to reform to sweep into power, once he was in power, the amount of troops had be kept at a certain amount (so no one could do what he did) “It doesn't smell” ○ From making people pay for bathrooms He started building the amphitheater ○ colosseum ○ for gladiator combat, a circle building with a space in the middle for performance Titus: Jewish revolt Domitian He took over ○ Greatly disliked (very paranoid) ○ Torture small animals in people Lord and God ○ He asked people to write to him this way ○ (he was assassinated) his wife found a book of the names of people he wanted to kill and she was on it, so she had him killed End of the FLavian Dynasty A New Better Era? Adoptive emperors Nerva: Elderly ex-consul ○ Steps forward and then adopts Trajan Complaints from praetorian guard Rumors of rebellions Adtops trajan and names him his successor ○ Adopted and groomed potentially successor people early in your ruling for someone to take over in case their heritage wasn’t sufficient enough ○ Not relying on bloodline, but someone who is well connected to the empire Trajan: A spaniard ○ Born and raised in spain Optimus Princeps ○ The ‘best’ because he was so successful Military Campaigns ○ Empire reached its largest extent: armenia, Iraq, Ethiopia and expanded in Britain (allied to it) Social Reforms: ○ Alimenta  Nourishment Roman government had a surplus: received more taxes than they were spending Making low interest loans to business that had good ideas (stimulated business growth) Reached out to poor children who could not afford education ○ Curator To look at social issues 2nd Jewish Revolt ○ Tried to reclaim their land Trajan's Market & baths of Trajan ○ A building or mall set up only for commerce: to conduct business ○ For economic growth ○ The Column in market: all along the column are scripts of one continuous piece of art to detail one of his military campaign ○ The bath is a multi-purpose place, to bathe, swim, work out or sports (a social gathering) Adopted Hadrian on death bed Hadrian: Wandering emperor ○ Spent as much time travelling outside the roman empire as well as in ○ Interest in foreign cultures (non-romans; greeks, egyptians, poetry and art)  Border policy ○ Abandoned from what his successor, trajan, had conquered ○ Told troops to surrender (there had to be economic interest as it was very expensive to go into war ○ Permanently inforce with walls in his empire (to set limits) 3rd Jewish Revolt ○ Put down, there is no province called Judaea, he called it Palenstine and jewish practices were not allowed in public, only privately ○ No longer tolerant with the jews (me either) Roman Cities and the Empires Peoples (read textbook)\ Pompeii Was perfectly preserved as it was to be discovered centuries later Run of the mill roman town: population of 20 thousand ( was an italian city) When hannibal invaded, Pompeii stayed loyal to rome Social war: pompeii revolted and broke away from Rome Ampatheatre was closed, due to social disruption Mount Vesuvius erupted and then buried Pompeii ○ Thought to be dormant, but eruption was coming ○ Heated rock was thrown up into the sky and hit land, the rest poured over the mountain like a mudslide  ○ Eyewitness: Pliney (the younger) was with Pliney the (elder) his uncle was in charge of the roman navy. The family saw ‘pillar and smoke erupted from the mountain like a pinetree ○ Uncle decided to get into a boat to take a closer look (by himself) the younger stayed back because of homework ○ As he got closer, he realized all the people living on the coastline could not escape because they had sailboats (because of the hot air was going straight up, air was sucking in from all directions towards the mountain; the winds were all blowing very firmly) ○ He commanded his fleet to sail in to shore to rescue people ○ He made a mistake by saying go into their homes (unaware the mountain would overflow) ○ He suffocated from the fumes Taverns: ○ Made for soups, stews, and drinks for public use Shops: ○ Jewelers, bake shops (mostly downtown) Brothels ○ Tiny windows, small bedrooms ○ Would wear scandals, on the bottom would be an arrow or ‘follow me’ and then you would find your way to a brothels Ancient Graffiti  ○ Designated area in every city where you could have legal graffiti to express themselves ○ Anyone who had an announcement, holding a banquet or performance you could paint it on the walls (after they would white out the walls to put new info) Amphitheatre ○ Sat 20 thousand ○ Valuable tourist attraction Chapter 11: Italy and the Provinces The Golden age: Was most happy and prosperous Antoninus Pius ○ His adopted successor: Marcus Aurelous First to turn away from adopted successor He successes his first son Commodus (who was not very reliable) ○ Assassinated by his own bodyguard (end of adoptive emperors ) ○ Hes everyone; you cannot be above him ○ Addicted to gladiatorial combat The meditations  The parthian War, natural disasters, the danube river Major famine, earthquakes The parthians started to become aggressive Septimus Severus ○ Year of 4 emperors Tried to create his own dynasty Put his basis power entirely in the army ○ Phenonican african ○ Military reforms (very reliant to remain his grasp of power) Rarely visited rome, or senate but traveled with his army The senators followed him wherever he went and be scouted as a new emperor ○ Juila Domna Mother of army (senate, empire) Marked by very powerful women and are openly wielding this power Female master or mistress The Severan Dynasty: (relied on the army too much, when you couldn't give them what they wanted they tried to get someone else) ○ Carcalla Murders brother Geta Attacks from germany, Armenia and Perthia Assassinated by officers in his own army Constitutio Antonina  Passed under caracalla, a law that said every free person in the roman empire is a citizen Given citizenship to communities ○ Marcinus Tries to negotiate peace, reduce military pay and peace treated Was assassinated by his troops ○ Elagabalus Worshiped Syrian sun god, Elah-Gabal Taken his name from this Wore female clothing where gender was fluid : the good goddess It was the problems of the army that caused him trouble Assassinated by his bodyguard Chapter 11: About 50 years (dynasty and eras) Juilo Claidians Flavians Adoptive Emperors Severans 3rd Century Crisis 4 main emperors of adoptive emperors (each ruled around 20 years Trajan Hadrian  Antonius oius Marcus aurelius Mid 3rd century Rise of germanic peoples ○ Two defeats that were humiliating 1st was at the hands of the Germans: roman emperor went north to deal with their son as army was alienated and emperor was killed with his son 2nd was emperor heading to the east to deal with problems and he was captured the roman emperor alive Increasing pressure on rome from peoples roundabout Especially the germanic peoples ○ Raiding and taking in troops from the borders Terrifying or disturbing people Romans feared them ○ The huns ○ People making alliances in the north to protect themselves from people in the east ○ Was uncivilized due to roman standards Then new people from the east began to harass them and then the germans seek refuge in the roman empire  Instability ○ Making militias against the border when the roman army seemed no longer capable of handling and struggled Zenobia ( in the east) Aurelian (roman emperor) ○ Monotheism (sol invictus) A religion to increase moral among citizen: an organizing religion He was the ‘chosen hand’ or promoted of the god he wanted in the religion ○ Abonds land across the danube Gave up a large portion of the Roman empire, trim all the parts that were unmanageable ○ Aureian wall built in rome First roman wall Built massive walls around rome for protection Diocletian (son of ex-slave) and the Tetrarchy ○ Only one name in this era: the principate (leading citizen) ○ Though diocletian we enter through the dominate (being like a higher god) ○ The tetrarchy Had to emperors tha one would rule east, and one west while they each had successor  Two agustus’ (east +west having successor, a cesar), 2 caesars (2nd in command) After the augustus steps down, the caesar is the augustus and then he chooses a new caesar ○ Numerous wars and revolts throughout empire Dissolution of the tetrarchy and the rise of constantine ○ Diocletian abdicates While he was in power, the system worked: he retired and so did his other agustus’--- the two caesars were then elected and when they adopted new caesars it created a problem When they didn't elect their own family, the family rebelled The children insist on being part of the tetrarchy Constatine defeated Maxentius at the battle at Milvian Bridge Comes to be the next soul emperor Scepter of Maxentius was found Constantine had a large power base because he had a larger democratic society (the christians) and were a crucial part of his supporters ○ Constantinte’s arch + statue Administrative reorganization under the dominate The image of the emperor  ○ Had to be a floating circle, a halo ○ Had many god-like statues and were seen as god-like people ○ Conistorium Special room where you have to honor the emperor by their ways Kissing the hem: a way of them proving they are loyal to the emperor Bureaucracy of the 35,000 civil servants ○ The roman government is getting involved in every aspect of people's lives to ensure stability and maintain control Military doubles in size ○ Hard to protect the border ○ Had two troops: one at border, and another (imperial) at the center of the empire to follow wherever was crisis State run businesses ○ Buy out private businesses and run them (manufactures of ships, armor and clothing) Price freeze and tax planning ○ In response to inflation (setting a price limit for # of goods and would be illegal to overcharge for what he charged) ○ Made it illegal for people to sell their property and move, wanted complete control of roman land (only could do with permission) to make tax collection easier and more efficient for government Empires: 4 Prefectures (perfects)  10 Dioceses (organization of churches, vicar) 150 Provinces (governors) Gladiators: Liked gladiators but were more interested in chariot-racing Coliseum:Amphitheater Held gladiatorial events and combat ○ Circular structure, had sand on the battle center to soak up the blood ○ Also can be known as a slang term for arena: meaning sand ○ Tallest and heaviest building in rome made of concrete (but originally in marble) ○ Had a retractable roof, had rolls that would retract down through beams of strings ○ Seats were restricted according to social status Hypogeum (underground of colosseum) ○ Underground of wooden floors for structure and convenience ○ Things like prompts, animals or people could come up from beneath the bottom of the stage ○ Also was an underground tunnel connecting to a training facility (gladiator training school) Editor ○ Producer of the battles or shows ○ Private citizen that is funding out of his own pocket, expecting of no profit ○ Competition amongst editors for the best show  Advertising ○ People running for office would try and post games in gaining votes for people ○ Was frowned upon at first, but because it was loved so much it became accepted if running for office ○ Came competitive to make the best shows ○ Graffiti on walls to inform people of events and news ○ Pamphlets of who is fighting with people or animals ○ Parade of gladiators Gladiators Banquet ○ The night before the event, a banquet was there and only the gladiators would eat and people would watch them eat MORNING: animal events NOON: Executions EVENING: Munera (funeral: gladiator combat) Animal displays and tricks ○ Editor was always responsible for coming up with unusual animals ○ Eventually, they became hunts where humans would be hunting animals or animals hunting each other ○ Schools for training people to hunt for animals *** see slideshow for mourning events Executions: Retributive vs Reformative justice ○ To watch people who were undermined by disrespecting roman society was ○ Roman governors scented people to death, but the editors would look for people on death row to put them on display at noon ○ It wasnt about improving or reforming, but getting revenge on the people Types of executions ○ Crucifixion Hoisted on a staff or stick ○ beasts Most likely die from an animal ○ flames and games Being a gladiator for 3 years would give you freedom (to fight your way out) Christians ○ Were fought in the theatre because they either refused roman religion or ways ○ Or were fought for being blamed for the fire (nero) Munera (funeral) ○ Gladiatorial Origins Estrucasns tomb paintings Evidence from southern Italy Developed a custom that when someone died, their slaves are ought to provide entertainment on behalf of the dead person  Most likely source for gladiatorial combat Rome adapted this due to popularity that businesses had to be set up to organize the amount of gladiators The romans stopped pretending you needed a funeral to host a show because of its populairty Gladiator schools ○ Could rent out gladiators from here ○ Recruitment of gladiators Recruitment prisoners war, criminals, slaves free men would choose this as a career ○ Infames Means unspeakable A legal term that referred to a group of people that had reduced civil writes Could not vote, could not sign wills or contracts You had to perform in public for pay Training and quality of life ○ Excellent medical care, diet and training ○ To keep them healthy and productive ○ Training was by numbered Certain moves or blows were performed in numeric ways to study new strategies When renting gladiators, you tended to rent them all from the same school  Techniques ○ Equipment to cover; helmets for heads, legs and groin ○ Used very short swords to jab person (like fencing) ○ There were about a dozen gladiators per day and have a Pompa Pompa was a parade were all gladiators would come in and musicians would play throughout the entire day Palm branches Horses Editor (right in the middle) Statues of gods Horses Prolousio ○ Retired gladiators to fight with wooden swords Referees (2) ○ Job was to (1) check the weapons for sharpness (2) pay attention for breaks ○ Match could end (1) be copastated or (2) for one of the fighters to give up by raising your finger or throwing weapon down The ref would look off to the side when they surrendered Turning of the thumb; audience gets to vote if the person would live or die They made their vote known by a gesture of the thumb Once done, the editor decides if they live or die (editor would have to pay 50 times the rental cost of the gladiator) *most gladiators were 18-25 *fought at least twice a year Gladiator as sexual objects ○ They were lusted over by the upper class because the upper class was denied to have them *women (wealthy) was down with the gladiator (necklace from slideshow) probably from sexual relations with gladiators Armor ○ Loincloth ○ Belt ○ Leather and linen ○ Metal arm protectors (manica) ○ Metal leg protectors (greaves) ○ Helmets Primary focus was on the safety of the performers The helmets protected their entire face Knowing gladiators: Same type of gladiator never fought against another kind ○ Only the equities did (horseman) if identical Murmillo ○ Fishman: fought only against the thrachin and hoplomachus  ○ Has a huge rectangular shield and has a helmet with a fish fin on it Thracian ○ Only fought against fishman ○ They have a smaller shield, but a spear and a sword and extra leg protection ○ Had an animal coming out of the helmet Hoplomachus: ○ Fought against fishman with tiny shield Retiarius ○ Net fighter ○ Does not have a helmet ○ Opponent is securor (the pursuer) changed helmet so the trident could not get caight ○ Had a net and a trident (pitchfork) ○ ‘ Last chapter: Western Empire Theodosaian dynasty down to the first sack of rome Acaduaius bib the east with Rufinius and honorius in the west stucco Angosaplins: Britain was vulnerable to Rome because they were overrun by germans From then, we get the language English English is a germanic language from the angels  ○ The goths were a given a major part of roman empire (spain and southern Gual) they now ruled subsection First sack of rome Fall of western empire Visagoths were given Vandals ○ Took over key area of northern africa (cartridge, costal region) ○ Called Vandals cause they also sacked rome ○ Were once germanic peoples but then migrated Migrations of the Huns ○ Scared the people around the border ○ People who thought they were refugees would attack them ○ Paid them a tax every year to keep them outside of their borders Western empire fragmented into barbarian kingdoms ○ Didn't want to be a part of it so they were the Frank kingdom Romeulous Augustus ○ Exiled to leave rome because he wasn't wanted ○ And now they were independent kingdoms Growth of the Byzantine Empire in the East: ○ Byzantine Emperors weakened by couriers and bishops  ○ Annual tribune paid to the Huns Romeluous Augustus was the last emperor of the western empire City of Rome: Last Chapter 7 Hills of Rome: ○ Good defense of location ○ Unsuited for boeing a capital of a major empire ○ All about Rome there were salt flats (flooding from water) Slow Urban development: ○ Paved streets, marble buildings and stone bridges only ○ Opinion of rome and the romans was not high (like the Greeks) ○ Didn't get paved streets for a long time (so would be a worthy capitol) Prestige Urbanism / Triumphal Architecture ○ Urbanis it / update to add prestige to themselves ○ Added lavish things to buildings to make themselves look good, high above everyone else ○ A lot of buildings were donated by rich people to get their rich prestige 1 million Inhabitants in 7 sq.m ○ Capitoline Hill Steep hill in center of Rome Place of refuge, look down on Roman Forum Religious center  Temple of Jupiter ○ The best and the greatest that dominated the Hill ○ Spiritual center, visual center and meeting center of Rome Palatine ○ Another hill where the wealthy people lived ○ Gradually the empire looks over the elder peoples residents ○ Word palace– the empire soon lived there as he took over more and more of the hill ○ Look down at the circus maximus Field of Mars (Campus Martius) ○ Couldn't train them in the city, so they trained in the Field of Mars ○ Very marshy: river floods, water spills over in different areas ○ Largely inhabitable ○ Augustus wanted to drain this area and then build a lot of structures within the once unlivable areas Rome: 45 C Tavern (Early Republic) ○ Place where people used to live in, a workshop on the bottom and living space upstairs ○ Lower middle class ○ As the population increased, sold farms and moved to Rome, the Taversn came to be replaced by ‘Island’ large apartment complexes  Insula = Islands (public and Imperial Era) ○ Taverns were then turned down because of apartment ○ Cool in summer, less exposed in winter ○ Structures were made from shitty concrete ○ When the great fire by Niro started, each fire casted building to building Heated up concrete and caused building to fall Passed law saying these buildings have to be a min of 20 ft apart to prevent fire ○ Fire Burn their own fire in their house Little fire pits and if you don't take it out you would be beaten up in public ○ Waste Disposal: Seweres each dweller was responsible for taking their pot to dump it into sewage system to throw it away Complaints 1) people did not actually dump it into drain and 2) people did not recycle their bones or wedge things down into the sewage system, causing blockage ○ Public Restrooms Gendered rooms where you would just shit in front of everyone Chamblepot (weird banana looking thing) was a form of bathroom used at home ○ No street cleaning Every property owner (of island)had to clean it themselves  Received complaints from neighbors ○ Public fountains Throughout city, on during night and day Kept the streets constantly running with water to cleanse the streets Infectious diseases ○ Would wear magic amulets to protect themselves from diseases ○ Diseases would most likely be from the water fountain