ROBOTICS 10.pdf

ROBOTICS 10 QUARTER 1│S.Y. 2024-2025 A.M.R ⋆. 𐙚 ˚ Electrical and Electronics Relays Symbols and Meanings Symbol Name Description...

ROBOTICS 10 QUARTER 1│S.Y. 2024-2025 A.M.R ⋆. 𐙚 ˚ Electrical and Electronics Relays Symbols and Meanings Symbol Name Description SPST relay This shows the Wires Symbols symbol of relay that close Symbol Name Description connections by an electromagnet Electric wire It is the symbol that is used to represent a wire SPDT relay This shows the symbol of relay that open Connected This symbol connection by an wire represents the electromagnetic wire connected crossing Relays are electrically operated switches that open and close the circuits by receiving Not connected This symbol electrical signals from outside sources. wire shows that wires are not Earthing connected on crossing Symbol Name Description A wire is made of a single electrical conductor, while a cable is a group or bundle of multiple Earth ground This symbol is used for zero wires inside a common sheath. potential reference and Switches Symbols electrical shock protection Symbol Name Description Chassis This symbol SPST toggle It is the symbol ground shows the wire switch of a switch that connected to the disconnects chassis of the current when circuit open Digital ground It refers to the SPDT toggle This symbol of reference switch switch selects voltage of digital between two analog connections Push button It is a symbol Ground, or earth, is the reference point in an (N.O) that denotes electrical circuit from which voltages are momentary switch - normally measured as a common return path for electric open current or a direct physical connection to the earth. Push Button This denotes the (N.C) symbol of a momentary switch - normally Inductors closed Symbol Name Description DIP switch It is the symbol of the DIP switch which is used for Inductor Symbol of a coil onboard / solenoid that configuration generates a magnetic field A switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in Iron core It is the symbol an electrical circuit, interrupting the electrical inductor of the iron core current or diverting it from one conductor to inductor that has a variable another. magnetic field  The resistor is a passive electrical component Variable It is the coild or inductor solenoid that has that creates resistance in the flow of electric a variable magnetic field current. BINARY NUMBERS An inductors, also called a coil, choke, or series of 0 and 1 reactor, is a passive two terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic DIGITAL CIRCUITS field when electric current flows through it. 2- 1:0 3- 1:1 Motor and Transformer ELECTRONICS SYMBOL AND THEIR Symbol Name Description HIDDEN POWERS ★ The universal language of circuits Motor Symbol of motor, which changes ★ Each component has its own electric energy to kinetic energy corresponding symbol. ★ They represent components and AC Transformer changes AC their functions in a schematic transformer voltage from diagram. high to low or low to high ★ Understanding these symbols is essential. ★ Symbols convey meaning without An electric motor is an electrical machine that words. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. ★ Each symbol in a circuit holds the A transformer is a passive component that key to understanding how transfers electrical energy from one electrical electricity flows and interacts with circuit to another circuit or multiple circuits. components. RESISTOR: the current controllers Resistor ★ Resistors are vital components that control the flow of current in a Symbol Name Description circuit. Variable It is the symbol ★ They help to protect the sensitive resistor of an adjustable components from overload. resistor which has 2 terminals CAPACITORS: energy storage heroes ★ Store energy and release energy Potentiomer It is the symbol of an adjustable when needed. resistor that has 3 terminals ★ Smoothing out voltage fluctuations DIODES: the circuit protectors Trimmer It is the symbol ★ Arrowhead is the direction of the resistor of a trimer which is also known as current. a preset resistor ★ They allow the current to flow in Thermistor It is the symbol one direction. of thermal resistor that ★ Protecting circuits from damage changes the resistance when TRANSISTORS: the amplifiers temperature ★ Build blocks of modern electronics changes ★ Can amplify signals or act as a Photoresistor It is the symbol switch of photo resistor change INDUCTORS: the magnetic storage resistance with ★ Stores energy in magnetic fields light intensity change when current flows through them.  Source CONCLUSION: unlocking potential Symbol Name Description ★ Decoding electronic symbols is the first step in understanding the Voltage source It is the symbol of a voltage power of circuits. source which Diode generates constant voltage Symbol Name Description Current source It is the symbol of a current Diode Diode allows source which current flow in generates one direction constant current only left (anode) to the right AC voltage The symbol (cathode) souce shows the AC voltage source Zener diode It allows current flow in one direction but Battery cell It is the symbol also can flow in of single cell use the reverse to generate direction when constant volt the above breakdown volt Battery It is the symbol of a battery which is the Schottky Schottky diode is a diode with a combination of diode two or more cells low voltage drop Controlled It is the symbol Varicap diode Variable capacitance voltage source of a constant diode voltage source that gives controllable Light emitting LED emits lights voltage at the diode when current output flow through it Controlled It represents the Photodiote This is the current source controlled symbol of current source photodiode that which gives allows current controlled flow when current at the exposed to light output A diode is defined as a two-terminal electronic An electrical supply, or simply, a source, is a component that only conducts current in one device that supplies electrical power to a direction. circuit in the form of a voltage source or a current source. Capacitor Meter symbol Symbol Name Description Symbol Name Description Capacitor Capacitor is Voltmeter It is the symbol used to store that shows the electric charge. voltmeter that is It acts as a short used to measure circuit with AC the voltage. and an open circuit with DC. Ammeter It represent the ammeter whose Variable The symbol work is to capacitor represent the measure the adjustable current in the capacitance circuit A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in a electrical field.  Ohmmeter It is the symbol ELECTRON THEORY of the ohmmeter which is needed to measure the Composition of matter: value of a atoms: thex smallest particle of resistor matter that retains its chemical identity. Wattmeter This represents the power meter What are the basic sub-atomic particles? which is shows the power 1. Protons (positive electrical consumptions charges) 2. Neutrons (neutral electrical Meters are basically measuring instruments charges) that measure different parameters like the voltage, current, power, resistance, etc. 3. Electrons (negative electrical charges) Converter and amplifier symbols The nucleus is the center of atoms and Symbol Name Description contains neutrons and protons. Operational Gives amplify amplifier input signals Fundamental law of electrostatics like Analog to digital ATD converts an charges repel converter analog signal to digital numbers Digital to analog DTA converts converter digital numbers to analog signals Dynamic electricity: motion and movement a. Controlled flow of electrons b. Effects of electron flow are felt at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). c. Valence rings the outer orbit or shell that contain valence electrons. Conductors a. A material that contains 1 to 3 free electrons (copper and aluminum) b. These electrons are loosely held and free to move from atom to atom. Semi-Conductors a. A material with 4-6 free electrons (silicon and germanium)  Insulators a. A material with 7 or more free electrons (rubber, glass, and wood) b. These electrons are tightly held and cannot move from atom to atom. c. Most insulators are compound Direction of current flow 1. Conventional current theory A. current flow from positive to negative 2. Electron current flow A. negative flow from negative to positive Circuit Diagrams and Connections Factors that influence resistance We use circuit symbols to show 1. Type of material different components (parts) of 2. Length (L) an electrical circuit. 3. Cross section area (A) Circuit diagrams are drawn in 4. Temperature (T) pencil and a ruler used to draw 5. Resistivity (⍴) the connecting wires. FORMULA Series circuits follow one single ★ R=⍴L/A or loop. ★ ⍴=RA/L Parallel circuits contain more ★ σ=lAR than one loop. ★ σ=l/⍴ What happens to resistivity when Complete and incomplete circuits temperature increases? Parts of a circuit will only work if there is a complete circuit. If Metals: resistivity increases with there is a break in the circuit, temperature then it’s incomplete. Semiconductors: resistivity decreases with temperature Insulators: Some with semi-conductors, but either compared to semi-conductors  SPLICING TOOLS BORING TOOLS Basic electrical tools and equipment: CUTTING TOOLS DRIVING TOOLS STRIKING TOOLS SOLDERING TOOLS MEASURING TOOLS wedge-shaped end, and furnished with a handle 1. Soldering Iron is a device for applying heat to melt solder in attaching two metal parts. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. For electrical work, wires are usually soldered to printed circuit boards, other wires, or small terminals. A low-power iron (20-30 Watts) is suitable for this work. DRIVING TOOLS A driving tool is any tool used to push 2. Soldering Tool Stand is a place or drive an object into another object. where the soldering iron is placed Their general purpose is to connect during usage. This will keep the two pieces of objects together, or to soldering iron away from flammable connect wood or a material to another materials. The stand often comes with material. a sponge used in cleaning the tip of 1. Screwdrivers are hand tools the soldering iron. specifically designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove 3. Desoldering tool is used in screws. A screwdriver comprises a removing soldered wires and head or tip, which engages with a components on printed circuit boards screw, a mechanism to apply force by for troubleshooting and repair rotating the tip, and some way to purposes. position and support the screwdriver, the tip of which is shaped in to fit a SPLICING TOOLS particular type of screw. Splicing tools are an essential part of a. A slotted screwdriver is used to any electrician’s toolkit. They're drive or fasten negative slotted uniquely designed to help create screws. smoother splices. b. Phillip’s Screwdriver is used to drive or fasten positive slotted screws. 1. Long Nose is used for holding, It is a screwdriver that could take bending, and stretching the lead of greater torque and could provide electronic component or connecting tighter fastenings. wires. c. The Jeweler’s Screwdriver Set is a 2. Side Cutter is a wire-cutting plier, set of small screwdrivers composed of though they are not used to grab or slotted and Phillips screwdrivers. turn anything, but are used to cut wires. SOLDERING TOOLS A soldering tool is an instrument for 3. Wire Stripper is a pair of opposing soldering, consisting of a bit or bolt of blades much like scissors or wire copper having a pointed or cutters. The addition of a center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation 2. Hacksaw is used for cutting metals. without cutting the wire. Some have pistol grips which keep the hacksaw firm and easy to grip. The BORING TOOLS small hand-held hacksaws consist of a Boring is the process of enlarging a metal arch with a handle that fits hole that has already been drilled or around a narrow, rigid blade. cast by means of a singlepoint cutting tool or of a boring head containing STRIKING TOOLS several such tools. A striking tool is a very basic hand tool consisting of a weighted head 1. Portable Electric Drill Equipment is attached to a handle. used for boring holes in plastic or metal chassis with the used of drill 1. Hammers are tools used in driving bits. or pounding and pulling out nails. They are made of hard steel plastic, or 2. Metal Files are hand tools having a rubber. series of sharp, parallel ridges or teeth. a. Claw Hammer is a hammer Most files have a narrow, pointed tang with one side of the head split at one end to which a handle can be and curved, used for extracting fitted. nails. It is used for driving nails into, or pulling nails from, some a. Flat File is parallel in width and other object. tapered in thickness; they are used for b. Mallet is a kind of hammer, flat surfaces and edges. often made of rubber or b. Half Round File is tapered in width sometimes wood, that is smaller and thickness, coming to a point, and than a maul or beetle, and is narrower than a standard half round usually has a relatively large and used for filing inside of rings. head. It is usually used in c. Round File is also called rat-tail file carpentry to knock wooden which is gradually tapered and used pieces together, or to drive for many tasks that require a round dowels or chisels. tool, such as enlarging round holes or c. Ball-peen Hammer is a cutting a scalloped edge. hammer with a rounded end opposite the face. It is CUTTING TOOLS commonly used to drive cold Cutting tools are tools used in chisels, set rivets, and bend and electronics to cut materials. These also shape metal. include sawing tools. MEASURING TOOLS 1. Utility Knife is a common tool used To measure wire length and other in cutting various trades and crafts for items, the electrician finds a variety of purposes. considerable use for measuring tools such as the ruler or foot rule, push-pull rule and a wire gauge.  Splicing Tools: 1. Push-pull rule is used to measure the length of an object in centimetre Create smooth splices. and inches. This is also used to Long Nose Pliers: Holds and measure heights for switches and bends wires. outlets. Side Cutter: Cuts wires. Wire Stripper: Removes wire 2. Ruler / Foot rule is used to insulation. measure length, width, and thickness Boring Tools: of short flat objects, and to draw straight lines. Enlarge existing holes. Portable Electric Drill: Bores 3. Wire Gauge is a slotted circular disk holes in plastic/metal. used to find the diameter or size of an Metal Files: Hand tools for filing electrical wire. various surfaces. Summarize Version Cutting Tools: Driving Tools: Utility Knife: Versatile cutting tool. Used to connect objects or Hacksaw: Cuts metals, materials. hand-held with rigid blade. Screwdrivers: Insert, tighten, loosen screws. Striking Tools: ○ Slotted Screwdriver: For negative slotted screws. Hammers: Drive or pull nails. ○ Phillips Screwdriver: For ○ Claw Hammer: For positive slotted screws. pulling nails. ○ Jeweler’s Screwdriver ○ Mallet: Wooden pieces, Set: Includes slotted and dowels, chisels. Phillips types. ○ Ball-peen Hammer: Shapes metal. Soldering Tools: Measuring Tools: Used to solder metal parts. Soldering Iron: Heats to melt Measure wire length and solder. dimensions. Soldering Stand: Holds the Push-pull Rule: Measures in iron, includes a sponge for cm/inches. cleaning. Ruler/Foot Rule: Measures Desoldering Tool: Removes short flat objects. solder for repair. Wire Gauge: Finds wire diameter.