Motors and Sensors in Robotics Devices PDF

**Motors** utilize electrical energy to be converted to mechanical energy. These are extremely useful in our modern life. These are used to improve machines, which will highly expedite mechanical work. With the technological advancements, there will be more inventions aside from what we usually see...

**Motors** utilize electrical energy to be converted to mechanical energy. These are extremely useful in our modern life. These are used to improve machines, which will highly expedite mechanical work. With the technological advancements, there will be more inventions aside from what we usually see or use in doing basic tasks like washing machines, computer printers, machine tools, printing presses, railway systems, water pumping stations, among other things. A **servo motor** can rotate approximately 180 degrees. It works like but not as powerful as a standard servo. It may be easy to link the servo with other parts with the servo hub and arm. A Me RJ25 Adapter allows you to connect the servo with Makeblock boards easily. **Pins Definition** The 9g micro servo module has three pins. Each has the following functions: The Me RJ25 Adapter module can convert the standard RJ25 port into six pins (VCC, GND, S1, S2, SDA, and SCL). It is compatible with Makeblock electronic modules such as temperature sensors and servo module. This module needs to be linked to the ports with yellow, blue, or black ID on any Makeblock Board. **Color sensing** plays an essential role in the color image segmentation, which affects the result of video image segmentation and correct real-time color and temperature value. Color sensing is based on the color similarity in RGB color space.  **Color sensor** identifies colors that include black, yellow, red, blue, green, and white. The electronic wiring area surface is marked with blue and white, which means it uses the L2C protocol that to be connected properly. **Color Sensor Pack** is the extension to install in the mblock program. The **light sensor** embedded in Makeblock mCore board detects and measures light. The lighter it detects, the higher the value is, or the darker it detects, the lower the value is. The maximum range of the light sensor is from 0-1023. **Color** is the visual perception of a human being, each color describes in hue, lightness, and saturation. **Me Color Sensor** is a color sensor capable of recognizing a total of six colors, including black, white, red, blue, yellow, and green. An **emotional expression** is a person\'s facial expression or behavior that communicates with an emotional attitude with or without verbal interaction. This can be a form of **happiness**, **sadness**, **crying**, **hungry**, **fear**, **surprise**, or **anger**. - **Happiness** can be defined as an enduring state of mind consisting not only of feelings of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions, but also of a sense that one\'s life is meaningful and valued. - **Sadness** is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow**.** - **Crying** is the dropping of tears (or welling of tears in the eyes) in response to an emotional state or pain. - **Hunger** is the feeling of weakness or discomfort that you get when you need something to eat. - **Fear** is a natural response to a perceived threat or danger. - **Surprise** is a sudden and unexpected feeling caused by something unexpected or unusual happening. - **Anger** is an intense emotion you feel when something has gone wrong or someone has wronged you. - We can create and program different emotional expressions and text characters displayed in the **Makeblock LED Matrix**.  - **Force** is an action done by pushing or pulling an object that results from an object\'s interaction by changing speed or direction. - **Energy** is the capacity or power to perform a specific action, such as moving an object that applies force. There are different kinds of energy: potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, and nuclear among others. - **Dribbling** is an activity we do with basketball.  In dribbling, we release two types of energy: Potential and Kinetic energy.  This releasing of two kinds of energy is also known as the conversion of energy. - **Energy conversion**, also termed as energy transformation, is the process of changing one form of energy into another. - **Energy conversion** occurs everywhere and every minute of the day. - The main difference between potential and kinetic energy is that one is the energy of *what can be* and one is the energy. - **Potential energy** is stationary, with stored energy to be released - **kinetic energy** is energy in motion, actively using energy for movement. - Way before there were plastic drawing toys like the *Spirograph* there were wood and metal drawing machines. Some were elegant harmonographs from the 1880s. Others were simple wooden epicycloid toys like *The Marvelous Wondergraph* from 1906. While the harmonographs were infinitely adjustable, all the cycloid toys were simple and limited. - We resolved to correct this oversight by the long gone inventors. Our Cycloid Drawing Machine has infinite adjustments to allow for a fulcrum that rotates and moves. Gone are the simple rotary drawings of old. The Cycloid Drawing Machine allows for massively complex artwork. By allowing the fulcrum point to move and having a huge number of interchangeable gears our drawing machine is more like an engine turning lathe.  - **Spirograph** is a combined math and art toy used to create decorations, art effects, drawing, etc. it uses a simple mechanism in the shape of gear with different holes in which a ballpoint of a pen or a marker can fit. It comes in different sizes and creates a variety of designs. - **Speed** measures how far an object moves from one distance to another at any given time. - **Distance** is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects, points, people, or ideas are. - **Time** is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. - *Note:* An **ultrasonic sensor** works best with distances ranging from **3** cm to **400** cm. - A **Range Sensor** is a device used to capture objects from the viewpoint of a sensor. It is commonly used for measuring the distance from the transmitter to the receiver. -   - There are different kinds of range sensors or proximity sensors; examples are **ultrasonic sensors**, **IR LED (infrared sensor)**, **Laser sensor**, and **Smart Camera sensors**.  - A **self-drawing robot** is a machine that autonomously draws or paints different figures, even an art embedded or controlled by the user. -   - A **robotic arm** is an example of a drawing robot that requires a precise movement to draw images based on the program written on it. - **Scratch** is the primary programming language used for programming mBot. - **Line Follower Sensor** that can be used to detect lines for drawing purposes on the mbot. - **move\_forward()** is the function used to move the robot forward. - To draw a square with mBot, it needs 4 times the robot to turn 90 degrees. - **Pen Block** is a sprite feature which enables users to draw shapes, color lines, etc. inside the stage. - **Set Pen Color** is a command block that lets user to set and select a color in the color pallet. - **Pen Down and Pen Up** is a command block that makes the sprite character draw when it moves. - **Erase all** is a command block that clears all marks in the stage. - **Change pen size or set pen size** is a command block that changes or sets the pen\'s thickness from the assigned amount. - A **program picker** is a code in which there is more than one program to choose from. These programs are called custom blocks in mBlock 5. The usage of custom blocks introduces a new way of thinking. - A **coder** must write a single program to complete a particular task. If the task is somewhat complex and involves many different maneuvers, sensor logics, keeping track of variables, states, and more, this single program can quickly become enormously lengthy. This way of programming has two significant issues -- first is low readability, second is low reusability. - **Line following and object detection** -- the two main functionalities are combined in an mBot line picker project. - **IR Sensor -** the component is responsible for allowing the mBot to follow a line. - Using an **ultrasonic sensor** to measure distance, the mBot detect objects along its path in a line picker project. This sensor measures the distance to objects in front of the robot by emitting sound waves and detecting the reflected waves, allowing the mBot to identify when an object is within a certain range for picking up. - The detection of an object by the **ultrasonic sensor** triggers the robot to stop and pick up an object. To move the gripper mechanism to pick up or release objects is the role of the servo motor in an mBot line picker project. - **Conditional (if-else) statements** are typically used to make the mBot pick up an object when it detects one. - After receiving a command from the user, the mBot know when to resume following the line. - The **gripper mechanism** is not properly aligned, the servo motor is not functioning correctly, and the object is placed outside the sensor's detection range may cause the mBot to miss picking up an object it detects. - **Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)** in warehouses, Factory robots sorting and moving parts, and Delivery robots in controlled environments in **real-world applications can a line picker robot be compared to.** - By using a flag variable in the code to track whether an object has already been picked up in the programmed to avoid picking up the same object multiple times in a line picker project