Research Methodology: An Introduction PDF

OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction Dr.Roopa Ravish Email: [email protected] Dept of Computer Science and Engineering ...

OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction Dr.Roopa Ravish Email: [email protected] Dept of Computer Science and Engineering RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction Objectives 1)Meaning of Research 2)Objectives of Research 3)Motivation in Research 4)Types of Research 5)Research Approaches 6)Significance of Research 7)Research Methods versus Methodology 8)Research and Scientific Method 9)Importance of Knowing How Research is Done 10)Research Process 11)Criteria of Good Research 12)Problems Encountered by Researchers in India (Self Study) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Meaning of Research Research is composed of two terms combined: ○ a prefix re ○ a verb search Re means again, a new, over again Search means to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, to probe The two words form a noun to describe a careful and systematic study in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Meaning of Research A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.” A movement from the known to the unknown It is voyage of discovery RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Meaning of Research Clifford Woody - 1) Defining and redefining problems, 2) formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; 3) collecting, organising and evaluating data; 4) making deductions and reaching conclusions; 5) carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences - “The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.” RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Objectives of Research To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Motivation for Research 1) Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; 2) Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research; 3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; 4) Desire to be of service to society; 5) Desire to get respectability RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Types of Research 1) Descriptive vs Analytical 2) Applied vs Fundamental 3) Quantitative vs Qualitative 4) Conceptual vs Empirical RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 1) Descriptive Research Vs Analytical Research Major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present (ex post facto Research) Characteristic: The researcher has no control over the variables - he can only report what has happened, or what is happening; e.g.: frequency of shopping, preferences of people Methods used: Comparative and Correlation. In analytical research, the researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 2) Applied Vs Fundamental Research Applied Research Immediate problem facing a society or an industrial business organization aimed at conclusions Example : Market research, design, safety, health, pollution, societal, environmental, industrial, pharmaceutical, etc. Fundamental Research Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations about human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 3) Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Based on the measurement of quantity or amount Controlled, rather easy to carry-out Objective and repeatable Easy to draw conclusions and decisions Qualitative Research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., involving quality or kind aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour; attitude or opinion research (how people feel or think about a particular subject or institution). difficult job; should seek guidance from experimental psychologists. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 4) Conceptual Vs Empirical Research Conceptual Research Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory; generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to re-interpret existing ones Empirical Research Relies on experience or observation alone, without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. Characterised by the experimenter's control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 4) Conceptual Vs Empirical Research Conceptual Research The most famous example of a conceptual research is Sir Issac Newton. He observed his surroundings to conceptualize and develop theories about gravitation and motion. Einstein is widely known and appreciated for his work on conceptual research. Empirical Research https://edisonian.weebly.com/the-edisonian-approach.html Edison was,not the first inventor to stumble upon the idea of an incandescent bulb. Others many years before tried and failed. So what did Thomas Edison do that others hadn't thought of? The Edisonian Approach was Edison's way of inventing. Never having been fascinated by math, Edison used this system of trial and error, or hunt and search, rather than theoretical experimentation. But hunt and search was only the last resort for this process. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction 4) Conceptual Vs Empirical Research Empirical Research https://edisonian.weebly.com/the-edisonian-approach.html Edison took theories that already existed and made educated guesses on what would become a successful end product. The theories and methods that he bounced off of were usually those of the failed inventors before him. Edison said: "When I want to discover something, I begin by reading up everything that has been done along that line in the past -- that's what all these books in the library are for. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Other Types of Research 1. One Time Research 2. Longitudinal Research 3. Field Research 4. Laboratory Research 5. Simulation Research 6. Clinical Research 7. Diagnostic Research 8. Exploratory Research 9. Historical Research 10.Conclusion Oriented Research 11.Decision Oriented Research RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Approaches Two basic approaches to research, viz., quantitative approach and the qualitative approach. Quantitative approach Sub-classified into Inferential : Inferential approach to research is to form a data base from which to infer characteristics or relationships of population. This usually means survey research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the same characteristics. Experimental : is characterised by much greater control over the research environment and in this case some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on other variables. Simulation approaches to research : Simulation approach can also be useful in building models for understanding future conditions using artificial environment. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Approaches Qualitative approach: Research is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour. Generally, the techniques of focus group interviews, projective techniques and depth interviews are used. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Significance of Research Context of which the significance of research can well be understood: “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention”. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization. The increasingly complex nature of business and government has focused attention on the use of research in solving operational problems. Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. For instance, government’s budgets rest in part on an analysis of the needs and desires of the people and on the availability of revenues to meet these needs. Also can well examine the consequences of the alternatives. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Significance of Research Thus, in the context of government, research as a tool to economic policy has three distinct phases of operation, viz., (i) investigation of economic structure through continual compilation of facts; (ii) diagnosis of events that are taking place and the analysis of the forces underlying them; and (iii) the prognosis, i.e., the prediction of future developments. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry. Operations research and market research, along with motivational research, are considered crucial and their results assist, in more than one way, in taking business decisions. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Significance of Research Market research is the investigation of the structure and development of a market for the purpose of formulating efficient policies for purchasing, production and sales. Operations research refers to the application of what can be termed as optimisation problems (mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the solution of business problems) Cost minimisation or of profit maximisation. Motivational research includes determining why people behave as they do is mainly concerned with market characteristics. In other words, it is concerned with the determination of motivations underlying the consumer (market) behaviour. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Significance of Research Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems. It provides the intellectual satisfaction of knowing a few things just for the sake of knowledge and also has practical utility for the social scientist to know for the sake of being able to do something better or in a more efficient manner. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Significance of Research Significance of research can also be understood keeping in view the following points: (a) To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure; (b) To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of livelihood; (c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights; (d) To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and creative work; (e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new theories. Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of knowledge and an important source of providing guidelines for solving different business, governmental and social problems. It is a sort of formal training which enables one to understand the new developments in one’s field in a better way. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology Method – Technique / method adopted to conduct Research. Can be put in 3 groups- Data Collection Methods Statistical Techniques – establish relationships between data and unknowns Evaluation Methods for accuracy of results. Methodology – Way in which research problem is solved systematically. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research. Research methods or techniques*. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to calculate the mean, the mode, the median or the standard deviation or chi- square, how to apply particular research techniques, but they also need to know which of these methods or techniques, are relevant and which are not, and what would they mean and indicate and why. Researchers also need to understand the assumptions underlying various techniques and they need to know the criteria by which they can decide that certain techniques and procedures will be applicable to certain problems and others will not. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology Research methodology It is necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for his problem as the same may differ from problem to problem. For example, an architect, who designs a building, has to consciously evaluate the basis of his decisions, i.e., he has to evaluate why and on what basis he selects particular size, number and location of doors, windows and ventilators, uses particular materials and not others and the like. Similarly, in research the scientist has to expose the research decisions to evaluation before they are implemented. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Method Vs Methodology Research methodology Research methodology we not only talk of the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Process RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction Research Process The order/sequence concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline regarding the research process: 1) Formulating the research problem 2) Extensive literature survey 3) Developing the hypothesis 4) Preparing the research design 5) Determining sample design 6) Collecting the data 7) Execution of the project 8) Analysis of data 9) Hypothesis testing 10) Generalizations and interpretation, and 11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, 1) i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached. OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN THANK YOU RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction Dr.Roopa Ravish Email: [email protected] Dept of Computer Science and Engineering OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction Dr.Roopa Ravish [email protected] Dept of Computer Science and Engineering RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction to RM Department of Computer Science and Engineering Introduction to Research Methodology Contents: I. Research Process II. Criteria for Good Research Research Process Research Process The order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline regarding the research process: 1) Formulating the research problem; 2) Extensive literature survey; 3) Developing the hypothesis; 4) Preparing the research design; 5) Determining sample design; 6) Collecting the data; 7) Execution of the project; 8) Analysis of data; 9) Hypothesis testing; 10) Generalizations and interpretation, and 11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., format write-up of conclusions reached. 1) Formulating Research Problem 2 steps for formulating research problem Understanding the research problem thoroughly Re-phrasing same in meaningful terms. 2) Extensive Literature Survey Abstracting and indexing journals and published / unpublished biographies. Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books, etc.. Earlier studies similar to research topic in hand. Good Library. Internet to search articles. Search Engines – Google / Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com 3) Development of Working Hypothesis Working Hypothesis - Temporary assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical consequences. They affect the manner in which tests are conducted. Process to go about developing Hypothesis. Discussion with colleagues and experts about problem. Examination of data and records concerning to the problem. Review of similar studies in the area. Exploratory personal investigation which involves – field interviews. 4) Preparing the Research Design Preparation of research design involves following consideration. ○ Obtaining Information ○ Availability and skills of researcher and his staff Explanation ○ Time available for research ○ Cost Factor relating to research – finance available. 5) Determining the Sample Design Simple random sampling. Systematic sampling. Stratified sampling. Quota sampling. Cluster sampling and area sampling. Multi stage sampling. Sequential sampling. 6) Collection of Data Data in hand is inadequate. So need to collect appropriate data Ways to collect data Primary Data – Observation and Surveys Observation Personal Interview Telephonic interview Mailing of questionnaires Through Schedules. Collection of Data 7) Analysis of Data Coding Editing Tabulation Computation of percentage coefficients Statistical tests Statistical measures Hypothesis -- Meaning A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. ~ Wikipedia 8) Hypothesis Testing Various tests like Chi-square, t-test, f-test have been developed by statisticians. Hypothesis may be tested through use of one or more such tests depending on nature and object of research. Result – either accepted or rejected. 9) Generalization and Interpretation Real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain generalization. If researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to explain his findings on basis of some theory – Interpretation. 10) Preparation of Report / Thesis Preliminary pages – date, acknowledgement, foreword. Main text – introduction, summary of findings, main report, conclusion. End – appendices, bibliography – list of books, journals, reports, etc... Report should be concise. Charts and illustrations – clearly and forcibly Criteria for a Good Research Criteria for a Good Research 1) Purpose should be clearly defined. 2) Procedure used should be described in sufficient detail. 3) Design of research should be carefully planned to yield result as objective. 4) Report – complete frankness, flaws in procedural design. 5) Analysis should be sufficiently adequate, method of analysis should be appropriate. 6) Conclusion should be confined to those justified by data of research. Criteria for a Good Research Good research is systematic ○ Research should be structured with specified steps to be taken in specified sequence. Good research is logical ○ Research is guided by rules of logical reasoning and logical procedure of induction and deduction. Good research is empirical ○ Research related to basically to one or more aspect of real situation and deals with concrete data. Good research is replicable ○ Allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building on sound basis of decision. Problems Encountered by Researchers in India Good research is systematic ○ Research should be structured with specified steps to be taken in specified sequence. Good research is logical ○ Research is guided by rules of logical reasoning and logical procedure of induction and deduction. Good research is empirical ○ Research related to basically to one or more aspect of real situation and deals with concrete data. Good research is replicable ○ Allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building on sound basis of decision. OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN THANK YOU RESEARCH METHODOLOGY An Introduction OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Defining the Research Problem RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Defining the Research Problem Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chapter 2: Defining the Research Problem Contents – 1. What is a Research Problem? 2. Selecting the Problem 3. Necessity of Defining the Problem 4. Techniques in Defining a Problem What is a Research Problem A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that you will aim to address in your research. A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and systematic investigation. Difficulty which a researcher experiences in a context of either theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain the solution to overcome the same. What is a Research Problem Textbook Definition: “Research Problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same.” A RP does exist if the following conditions are met: I = Individual N = eNvironment (def by uncontrolled variables, Yj) C1, C2 = two Courses of action O1, O2 = two Outcomes What is a Research Problem The courses of action available must provides some chance of obtaining the objective, but they cannot provide the same chance, otherwise the choice would not matter. Thus, if P (Oj | I, Cj , N) represents the probability that an outcome Oj will occur, if I select Cj in N, P(Oj | I, Cj, N) = Probability P(O1 | I, C1, N) != P(O1 | I, C2, N) The choices must have unequal efficiencies for the desired outcomes. What is a Research Problem We can, thus, state the components of a research problem as under: (i) There must be an individual or a group which has some difficulty or the problem. (ii) There must be some objective(s) to be attained at. If one wants nothing, one cannot have a problem. (iii) There must be alternative means (or the courses of action) for obtaining the objective(s) one wishes to attain. This means that there must be at least two means available to a researcher for if he has no choice of means, he cannot have a problem. (iv) There must remain some doubt in the mind of a researcher with regard to the selection of alternatives. This means that research must answer the question concerning the relative efficiency of the possible alternatives. (v) There must be some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains. Topic, Problem, Purpose & Questions General Topic Online Learning Research Lack of students in the Problem online classes Deductive Process Purpose To study why students Statement do not attend online education classes Research Whether technology deters Question students from enrolling in an Specific online education class? The 5 Elements of Problem Statement Topic Subject area Social Work Issue A concern / problem needing solution Evidence for Evidence from literature the Issue Evidence from practical experience What is missing in evidence? Deficiencies What do we need to know more? in the Evidence How the solution helps: Remedy of Researchers; educators; policy makers; Deficiencies persons in the field It helps whom? Sources of Research Problems Experience Previous Consultation Research with experts Sources of Existing theory Research Exposure to field situations Problem Intuitions Social Brainstorming issues Selecting of a Research Problem 1. Subject which is not overdone is chosen 2. Controversial subject should be avoided 3. Avoid vague problem 4. Subject should be familiar and feasible 5. Before the final selection of a problem is done, a researcher must ask himself the following questions: (a) Whether he is well equipped in terms of his background to carry out the research? (b) Whether the study falls within the budget he can afford? (c) Whether the necessary cooperation can be obtained from those who must participate in research as subjects? 6. Selection of problem must be preceded by preliminary study Necessity of Defining the Problem Clearly stated research problem is half solved: 1. What data are to be collected? 2. What characteristics of data are relevant? 3. What relations are to be explored? 4. What techniques are to be used for this purpose? Technique Involved in Defining a Problem 1. State the problem in a general way 2. Understand the nature of the problem 3. Survey the available literature 4. Develop ideas through discussions 5. Rephrase the research problem Technique Involved in Defining a Problem a) Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used in the statement of the problem, should be clearly defined. b) Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the research problem should be clearly stated. c) The criteria for the selection of the problem should be provided. d) The suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available must also be considered. e) The scope of the investigation (or the limits within which the problem is to be studied) must be mentioned explicitly.  In Conclusion The task of defining a research problem follows a sequential pattern — the problem is stated in a general way, the ambiguities are resolved, thinking and rethinking process results in a more specific formulation of the problem so that it may be a realistic one in terms of the available data and resources and is analytically meaningful. All this results in a well defined research problem that is meaningful from an operational point of view, paves the way for the development of working hypotheses and means of solving the problem. OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN THANK YOU RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Defining the Research Problem Dr. Roopa Ravish Associate Professor Dept of Computer Science and Engineering OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Literature Review RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Literature Review Department of Computer Science and Engineering RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Chapter Objectives: 1)Review of Literature (RoL) What, Importance, Why/Purpose, Goal 2)Sources of Literature 3)Technique of Reviewing 4)Organization 5)Writing LR 6)Good LR Properties RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review REVIEW OF LITERATURE (RoL) A broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications. A Literature Review surveys, summarizes, and links together research (a.k.a., literature) in a given field RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review RoL Important step in Res. Process; laborious but essential An account of what is already done/known about the issue Describe, summarize, evaluate. Clarify & integrate the content of primary reports RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review What is Review of Literature? It is a CRITICAL EVALUATION of available literature on the topic of research to be carried out Provides an overview of the problem to be studied Continued…. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Importance of Review of Literature? Identification, development, refinement of RQ’s Identification of gaps/inconsistencies Strength and weaknesses of designs/methods /instruments used in research work Development of plan – research methodology Development of Research Hypothesis RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Why Review of Literature? Purpose For the chosen Research Problem, RoL Determines : 1. Design/Md. of study – Instruments, data collection, analysis 2. Replication needed 3. What is till date known 4. Gaps / inconsistencies & consistencies 5. Unanswered questions 6. Strengths / weaknesses 7. Refinement of research problem 8. Hypothesis 9. Justification RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Function of RoL The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out. To provide background information To establish importance To demonstrate familiarity To “carve out a space” for further research RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Primary and Secondary Sources Primary source: Secondary source: is written by a person(s) who developed is written by a person(s) other than the the theory or conducted the research individual who developed the theory or conducted the research Reasons for using secondary sources: 1. Primary sources is literally NOT available 2. A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or problem Secondary sources should not be overused RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Primary and Secondary Sources Primary source: Example Secondary source: Example An original qualitative on patient A literature review on patients experiences in the ICU: experiences in the ICU: Feeling safe the psychosocial needs Patient experiences of being in an of ICU patients. intensive care unit Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Stein-Parbury, J. & Mckinley,S. (2000) Journal of Nursing Scholarship, : a select literature review. 32:361-367 American Journal of critical care, 9:20- www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Sources for RoL Electronic data-bases Journals Research Reports - thesis Books Conference Papers Magazines/newspapers Encyclopedias and dictionaries RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review When you read an article: Questions to consider: Has the author clearly defined the problem/issue? How good is the study design? How valid are the results? Are there flaws in the logic of the discussion? What problems has the author avoided or ignored? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review TECHNIQUE OF REVIEWING OF LITERATURE Key words / refined / focused Shortlist articles – basis, ABSTRACT Data base / s Latest first & backwards - year Table – authors, place, year, Journal Methods (Expt. Details) Data collection, analysis Findings, results, inference Organize (acc. to time / theme / method) Transition – linking Intro. - Body – Conclusion (justify) Comprehensive, Cohesive, Concise Write-up RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review B E F O R E W R I T I N G RoL Sketch of Scheme Organize RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Organize ฀Consider organization ฀You've got a focus, and you've narrowed it down to a thesis statement. ฀Now what is the most effective way of presenting the information? ฀What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc., that your review needs to include? ฀And in what order should you present them? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review What should you write? ฀ the accepted facts in the area ฀ the popular opinion ฀ the main variables ฀ the relationship between concepts and variables ฀ shortcomings in the existing findings ฀ limitations in the methods used in the existing findings ฀ the relevance of your research ฀ suggestions for further research in the area. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review When you read your RoL: CRITIQUING CRITERIA 1. Uncover gaps, inconsistencies & consistencies 2. Relevant concepts & variables included 3. Reveal components of study of design (Expt.) 4. Strengths, weaknesses & conflicts depicted (in rel. to current area) 5. Conceptual & Data based literature included 6. Summary and synthesis done (Integration) 7. Follow a logical sequence (Time, theme, method, trend..) 8. Signify what to be researched (Justification & lead to HYPOTHESIS) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review Organization of literature review A general organization looks like a funnel – Broader topics – Subtopics – Studies like yours 25 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review A Good Literature Review is: Focused - The topic should be narrow. Present ideas and report on studies that are closely related to topic. Concise - Ideas should be presented economically Logical - logical progression from one idea to the next Developed - Don’t leave the story half told Integrative - What commonality among articles? How are some studies different? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic. Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your topic OBJECT (OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN THANK YOU RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Literature Review