Hypothesis Development Lecture Notes PDF

HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT BY DR. MEHNAZ GUL HYPOTHESES Once we have identified the DEVELOPMEN important variables in a situation T and established the relationships among them through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework, w...

HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT BY DR. MEHNAZ GUL HYPOTHESES Once we have identified the DEVELOPMEN important variables in a situation T and established the relationships among them through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework, we are in a position to test whether the relationships that have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically through appropriate statistical analyses, we are able to obtain reliable information on what kinds of relationships exist among the variables operating in the problem situation. HYPOTHESES The results of these tests offer DEVELOPMEN T us some clues as to what could be changed in the situation to solve the problem. Formulating such testable statements is called hypotheses development. DEFINITION A hypothesis can be defined as a OF logically conjectured (supposed, HYPOTHESIS assumed) relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement. Example 5.14 If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situations, air-safety violations will be reduced. Example 5.15 Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently. STATEMENT As already stated, a hypothesis is OF a testable statement of the HYPOTHESE relationship among variables. S: FORMATS A hypothesis can also test whether there are differences between two groups (or among several groups) with respect to any variable or variables. To examine whether the conjectured/ assumed relationships or differences exist, these hypotheses can be set either in the form of if–then statements, directional or non directional  1: If–Then Statements FORMATS Example 5.16 If employees are healthier, then they will take sick leave less frequently.  2: Directional Hypotheses FORMATS : If, in stating the relationship between two variables or comparing two groups, terms such as positive, negative, more than, less than, and the like are used, then these hypotheses are directional because the direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated, as in Examples: Example 5.17 The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees. Example 5.18 Women are more motivated than men. FORMATS 3: Non Directional Non directional hypotheses are those that do postulate a relationship or difference, but offer no indication of the direction of these relationships or differences Example 5.19 There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction. Example 5.20 There is a difference between the work ethic values of American and Asian employees. TYPES OF 1: Null Hypothesis HYPOTHESIS The null hypothesis is a proposition : that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables. That is, it states that the population correlation between two variables is equal to zero or that the difference in the means of two groups in the population is equal to zero (or some definite number). In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant) relationship between two variables or no (significant) difference between two groups, as we will see in the various examples in this chapter. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS: 2: Alternate Hypothesis The alternate hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null, is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups. Example 5.16 Alternate: If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently. Null: There is no significant relationship between health and sickness of employees Example 5.17 Alternate: The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees. Null: There is no relationship between stress experienced and job satisfaction of employees Example 5.18 Alternate: Women are more motivated than men. Null: There is no significant difference between the motivation levels of men and women Example 5.19 Alternate: There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction. Null: There is a no relationship between age and job satisfaction. Example 5.20 Alternate: There is a difference between the work ethic values of American and Asian employees. Null: There is no difference between the work ethic values of American HYPOTHESI If we reject the null hypothesis, then all permissible alternative S TESTING hypotheses relating to the - NULL & particular relationship tested could ALTERNATE be proved. It is the theory that allows us to have faith in the alternative hypothesis that is generated in the particular research investigation. This is one more reason why the theoretical framework should be grounded on sound, defendable logic to start with. Otherwise, other researchers are likely to refute and postulate other defensible explanations through different alternative hypotheses  HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION- DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS (DIFFERENCE) EXAMPLE 5.18 Hypothesis Statistical Form Interpretation Null: There is no H0: μm = μw where H0 represents significant difference or the null hypothesis, between the H0: μm – μw = 0 μm is the mean motivation levels of motivational level of men and women the men, and μw is the mean motivational level of the women. Alternate: Women Ha: μm < μw where Ha represents are more motivated which is the same as the alternate than men. Ha: μw > μm hypothesis and μm and μw are the mean motivation levels of men and women, respectively.  HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION- NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS (DIFFERENCE) EXAMPLE 5.20 Hypothesis Statistical Form Interpretation Null: There is no H0: μAM = μAS where H0 represents difference between or the null hypothesis, the work ethic values H0: μAM – μAS = 0 μAM is the mean work of American and ethic value of Asian employees Americans and μAS is the mean work ethic value of Asians. Alternate: There is a Ha: μAM ≠ μAS where Ha represents difference between the alternate the work ethic values hypothesis and μAM and of American and μAS are the mean work Asian employees. ethic values of Americans and Asians, respectively.  HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION- DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS (RELATION) EXAMPLE 5.17 Hypothesis Statistical Form Interpretation Null: There is no H0: ρ = 0 where ρ represents the relationship between correlation between stress experienced stress and job and job satisfaction of satisfaction, which in employees this case is equal to 0 (i.e., no correlation). Alternate: The Ha: ρ < 0 where Ha represents greater the stress the alternate experienced in the hypothesis and ρ job, the lower the job represents the satisfaction of correlation between employees stress and job satisfaction, which in this case correlation is negative.  HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION- NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS (RELATION) EXAMPLE 5.19 Hypothesis Statistical Form Interpretation Null: There is no H0: ρ = 0 where ρ represents the relationship between correlation between age and job age and job satisfaction. satisfaction, which in this case is equal to 0 (i.e., no correlation). Alternate: There is Ha: ρ ≠ 0 where Ha represents a relationship the alternate between age and job hypothesis and ρ satisfaction. represents the correlation between age and job satisfaction, which in this case there is correlation and therefore p is not equal to zero Thank You…….