Rizal 111 Midterms PDF

RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ THE FIRST HOMECOMING E...

RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ THE FIRST HOMECOMING Echevarria for examination. The latter found the novel heretical, ❖ June 29, 1887 impious, and scandalous. decided to return to the Philippines — NOLI ME TANGERE GOT BANNED — wrote a letter to his father, telling that he will go home to ❖ Governor Terrero sent the novel for further assessment to the philippines Permanent Commission on Censorship composed of priests and ❖ Rizal’s reason for returning in the Philippines: laymen headed by Fr. Salvador Font, Tondo parish priest. The For his mother body found the novel with subversive ideas against the Church Witnessed the effects of Noli Me Tangere to our country and the Spanish government. For Leonor Rivera ❖ The Commission recommended that the book be banned and ❖ July 3, 1887 - He left Rome by train for Marseilles, boarded the have its circulation in the islands be totally stopped. The move Djemnah bound to Saigon. boomeranged because it only made the Filipinos more curious in ❖ July 30, 1887 - Rizal arrived in Saigon, where he transferred to reading the novel. Thus, the novel’s price was exorbitantly the Steamer Haifong. priced. No arrests were made, thanks to the liberal-minded ❖ August 6, 1887 - Rizal arrived in Manila. He noticed that governor. Manila has not changed that much. ❖ Fernando Cando - ❖ August 8, 1887 ; 9PM Sells a copy of Noli Me Tangere He reached Calamba, where there was a dramatic Wrote Rizal a letter telling that the book is in demand ; meeting. from 1 peso to 50 pesos After a few days, Rizal turned the ground floor of their — RIZAL’S ENEMIES FROM THE CHURCH — house into a medical clinic. His first patient was his ❖ Pedro Payo - Manila Archbishop Messenger mother who could hardly see. He successfully restored ❖ Father. Gregorio Echevarria - UST Rector the eyesight of his mother which had double cataracts. ❖ Father. Salvador Font - Head of the Permanent Commission on The good news spread like wildfire as many sick people Censorship. flock to seek medical help. His professional fee was very ❖ Father. Jose Rodriguez - published an anti-Noli pamphlet simple: If the patient is poor, a simple “thank you” is entitled “Caiingat Cayo.” The pamphlet stated that “whoever enough. Some patients gave him vegetables, fruits, reads the novel commits a mortal sin.” chickens, etc. If the patient is rich, he would charge in ❖ Vicente Barrantes - Another attacker of the Noli was a Spanish the European way. The people called him Dr. Uleman writer who openly criticized the novel in the Spanish newspaper having arrived from Germany. He earned 900 dollars for La Esperanza Moderna. the first month and 5,000 dollars for his whole stay. Rizal shared his blessings to his town mates. He built a — ALLIES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL — gymnasium for the youth to discourage them from ❖ Marcelo H. Del Pilar - using the pen name Dolores Manapat, engaging in different forms of gambling. He wanted who published a pamphlet entitled “Caiigat Cayo” that refuted them to spend time on productive activities (european and ridiculed Father. Rodriguez‟ “Caiingat Cayo.” activities such as fencing, shooting and boxing) ❖ Father. Francisco Sanchez - Rizal‟s beloved Ateneo teacher. Unfortunately, Rizal failed to see Leonor in his six ❖ Rev. Vicente Garcia - a Filipino Priest and Rizal’s favorite months vacation due to the conflicts of his parents and defender Leonor’s. — A GLANCE OF EAST ASIA — — NOLI ME TANGERE CONTROVERSY — ❖ Rizal received an invitation, a summons, a writ commanding the A HONG KONG VISIT sheriff, or other authorized officer, to notify a party to appear in ❖ Terrero sent a letter to Rizal saying it’s time for him to leave court to answer a complaint made against him and in the said after staying for 6 months writ specified, on a day therein mentioned from ❖ February 1888 - Rizal left the Philippines ; Rizal’s 2nd Travel Governor-General Emilio Terrero regarding the novel which has ❖ Hong Kong - February 3, 1888 to February 8, 1888 - Zafiro become a hot issue. ❖ Amoy, in Hong Kong was the first stopover of the ship. After six ❖ He went to Malacañang to answer any question surrounding his months of staying in the Philippines Rizal left via the steamer novel. He denied that he was a spy from Germany. He explained Zafiro bound for Hong Kong. that he was only expressing the truth of what is going on in ❖ Rizal stayed in the Victoria Hotel. society in his novel. The Governor was satisfied with his answer ❖ In Hong Kong, he was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa to and asked for a copy of the novel, since he had not read the Macau. They had a short trip to Macau, a former Portuguese novel himself. colony on board the ferry Kiu-Kiang. The two visited Don Juan ❖ Rizal’s enemies kept doing everything to persecute him. They Francisco Lecaros, former Filipino delegate to the Spanish accused the novel of having subversive ideas against the church Cortes. and the Spanish government. ❖ Terrero‟s former secretary, Jose Sainz de Varanda, spied on ❖ The kind Governor assigned a bodyguard for Rizal, to protect Rizal in the said colonies. him from danger. His bodyguard was a young Spanish ❖ Jose Sainz de Varanda - a Spaniard and former secretary of Lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade. The two became true Governor-General Terrero shadowed Rizal’s movement in Hong friends in no time at all because they have common interests. Kong. It is believed that he was commissioned by the Spanish ❖ The powerful friars put the novel under strict scrutiny headed by authorities to spy on Rizal. Manila Archbishop Messenger. Pedro Payo (leader against ❖ Impressions about Hong Kong Noli). He sent a copy to the UST Father. Rector Gregorio Noisy celebration of New Year. _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ Noisy audience in a theatre and boisterous music. Tomodachi (友達; ともだち; or トモダチ) is a Japanese Marathon lauriat meal. word meaning "friend(s)". Dominican friars are the richest investors and estate Rizal boarded the ship Belgic going to the United States. owners. He met a Japanese journalist who was sent to exile for Catholics owned the most extravagant cemeteries. his anti-government articles. His name was Tetcho UNFORGETTABLE JAPAN Suehiro. They became friends, having many things in ❖ Japan - February 22, 1888 - Oceanic common. He was with Rizal until December 1888 ❖ After almost three weeks, on board the American steamer, Suehiro wrote a book entitled “The Deaf Traveler” Oceanic, he left Hong Kong and sailed to Japan where he was wherein he mentioned his travel with Rizal. invited by Secretary Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish His novel “Storm over the Southern Seas” had a similar Legation. plot like the Noli. ❖ Juan Perez Caballero - secretary of the Spanish legation visited ❖ April 28, 1888 - the Belgic docked at San Francisco, California him in the hotel inviting him to stay in the Spanish legation. ❖ The passengers were not allowed to disembark. They were put Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the offer under quarantine. They learned later that there were 600 for the following reasons: potential illegal Chinese immigrants to the United States. He could economize his living expenses ❖ Rizal registered himself at the Palace Hotel where he met the He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the founder of the Stanford University, Mr. Leland Stanford. Spanish authorities. ❖ Impressions of America He and Caballero became good friends. The United States has maintained its natural beauty in ❖ His instinct told him that it was a bait – a way for the Spanish spite of the industrial and technological advancements. officials to keep track of his activities. And since it was The energy and diligence of the people. economical to stay at the legation and he believed that he had America is truly a land of great opportunities. nothing to hide, he accepted it. Racial discrimination between the Whites and the ❖ Filipino Entertainers in Japan: Blacks. While strolling around at a park in Tokyo, Rizal went to ❖ He crossed San Francisco to New York. His journey started on listen to a group of performers playing the Western April 28, and arrived at New York on May 13, 1888. He stayed Strauss music, a rare occasion in this Oriental country. there for three days and left USA on May 16, 1888 To his surprise, the musicians started to talk in Tagalog. STUDIES IN LONDON They were Filipinos and Rizal introduced himself. ❖ Liverpool, England - May 16, 1888 to May 24, 1888 - City of ❖ An Affair to Remember: Rome Rizal was impressed by the scenic Japan and had keenly ❖ May 24, 1888 - Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England from a observed the life, customs and culture of the people. tiring trip across the Atlantic Ocean. He moved to London the He had fallen in love not only with the view but more to next day its women, particularly with the 23-year old O-Sei-San ❖ May 25, 1888 - Rizal arrived at London (a.k.a. Seiko Usui). ❖ He stayed in the house of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an 1872 The friendship bloomed to become a romance. exile and lawyer in London. They stayed together until May The relationship became so intimate that Rizal believed 1888. that it was the best affair he had so far. ❖ He boarded at the home of the Beckett’s at Primrose Hill. Rizal was tempted to settle down in Japan and stay with ❖ Gettie Beckett came to fall in love with Rizal. Rizal decided to O-Sei-San but his love for his country was more leave London to avoid her, having no feeling for her. He left for important than himself. Paris to finally forget her. O-Sei-San understood the feeling of Rizal, and so he let ❖ Why London? him leave her. To improve his English O-Sei-San could have probably waited for Rizal, because To find a book, only to be found at British Museum since his departure in 1888, she only decided to marry in London is a safe haven 1897 after she learned that Rizal had been executed in 1896. — A LETTER FROM HOME — Excerpts of Rizal’s Diary: “…O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara! I have spent BAD NEWS a lovely golden month; I do not know if I can ❖ Persecution of Filipino farmers who signed the Anti-Friar have another one like that in all my life. Petition of 1888 led by Doroteo Cortez. “…Love, money, friendship, appreciation, ❖ The Calamba tenants were persecuted by the Dominican honor… these have not been wanting. management, including the Rizal family. “…Your image lives in my memory; and that I ❖ Manuel Hidalgo (Saturnina‟s husband) was exiled to Bohol. am always thinking of you… your name lives in ❖ Laureano Viado, a UST medical student and friend of Rizal was the sighs of my lips, your image accompanies and jailed for having a copy of the Noli. animates all my thoughts…” GOOD NEWS ACROSS THE UNITED STATES ❖ Rev. Vicente Garcia, an authority of Theology from the Manila ❖ United States of America - April 13, 1888 to April 28, 1888 - Cathedral came to the defense of the Noli Me Tangere against Belgic the attacks of the friars. ❖ A Tomodachi — SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS — _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ ❖ Knowledge of the country’s history was an essential tool needed LIFE IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM by Rizal to effectively campaign for people‟s honor and pride. — FINE TIME IN BELGIUM — ❖ He engaged in extensive research about the Philippines at the ❖ January 28, 1890 - Rizal left Paris for Belgium British Museum ❖ Two reasons why Rizal left Paris: ❖ He copied and annotated the 1609 edition of Antonio de The cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.” Universal Exposition. ❖ Antonio de Morga The gay social life of the city hampered his literary A 17th century Spanish official and historian in the works, especially the writing of his second novel El Philippines. Filibusterismo. His historical accounts were considered as one of the ❖ Valentin Ventura - offered Rizal to stay with him in Paris most objective during the Spanish period. His book contained accounts of two of the earliest — BRUSSELS, BELGIUM — writings of pre-colonial Philippines. ❖ January 28, 1890 ❖ Annotation of Morga’s “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas” and ❖ According to Rizal, Belgium is more affordable than Paris others ❖ He was accompanied by Jose Albert (live with Rizal in a Rizal wanted to write a history to disprove the allegation boarding house – Rue Philippe run by 2 Jacoby Sisters (Suzanne of the friars that our ancestors were savage and and Marie) uncivilized people. ❖ Noli Me Tangere: Day to day life of Spanish Oppression He knew that such statements were a product of bigot ❖ El Filibusterismo: Call for Revolution – The Reign of Greed views of a race that are proud of their heritage. ❖ Rizal’s activities in Belgium He also wrote many articles for the La Solidaridad to He was busy writing / working on El Filibusterismo counter the attacks of Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli, Continuously writing to his family and friends generally entitled “Cuestiones de Sumo Interes.” Worked part time in a clinic Wrote a pamphlet entitled “La Vision del Fray Practiced gymnastics during his free time Rodriguez,” using the pen name “Dimasalang.” Active contributor of La Solidaridad – He was busy Also wrote “To the Women of Malolos” in which he writing articles for La Solidaridad encouraged the women to pursue their education and not — LA SOLIDARIDAD — merely blind followers of the friars. ❖ La Solidaridad “equal rights” He contributed articles to the Trubners Record, related to ❖ Official voice of the Propagandists Asian Studies such as the “Two Eastern Fables,” and ❖ Pen Names “Specimens of Tagala Folklore.” Rizal: Dimasalang & Laong Laan Marcelo H. Del Pilar (2nd Contributor): Plaridel — PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1889 — Mariano Ponce: Tikbalang, Naning, & Kapipulako ❖ September 1888 - Short visit to Paris and Madrid Antonio Luna: Taga Ilog ❖ Paris was bursting with excitement in preparation for the Jose Ma. Panganiban: Jomapa, JMO, JMP Universal Exposition of 1889 ; Inauguration year of the eiffel ❖ Rizal’s articles at La Solidaridad tower "Los Agricultores Filipinos," described the deplorable ❖ Tourists from all parts of the world moved to the city. Rizal farmers' conditions arrived here via train together with other passengers speaking "La Verdad Para Todos," (Truth for All) various languages. Inns, hotels and boarding houses were all "Una Profanacion," attack against friars' refusal to bury filled and fully booked for the event. Their rates grew sky high. Mariano Herbosa in a Catholic cemetery ❖ In Paris, he continued his research at the Biblioteque Nationale "Diferencias" to check on Morga‟s book. Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años THE KIDLAT CLUB — PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT — ❖ Rizal organized a social group with his fellow Filipinos in Paris ❖ Elite “Illustrados” Movement by the end of March 1889, called the Kidlat Club. It was a ❖ Objective: Equality temporary society to simply unite the Filipinos here in Paris ❖ March 25, 1889 - Los Agricultores Filipinos (The Filipino during the International Exposition. Farmers) ❖ Rizal and his Kidlat Club members were inspired by the Buffalo Bills troupe, a group of tall, dignified, proud and powerful Indians. They decided to change their group‟s name to “Indios Bravos” since they also don‟t have anything to be ashamed of about their race. WHITE CHRISTMAS IN PARIS ❖ December 25, 1889 was a cold winter in Paris. ❖ Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have a delightful Yuletide dinner. They had fried chicken, rice, and vegetables. ❖ Shortly after New Year, Rizal went to London, then back to Paris again. ❖ January 28, 1890 he went to Brussels, Belgium. _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ ❖ He called himself “Laong-Laan” which means “Ever Ready” — SUZANNE JACOBY — ❖ His romance with Petite Jacoby, the pretty niece of his landladies ❖ Rizal was such a charming and dignified gentleman that Suzanne was attracted to him. ❖ He was lonely in a strange country and Leonor Rivera was so far away. He found certain bliss in the company of a pretty Belgian girl. ❖ Like all the other girls in Rizal's life, Suzanne fell in love with Rizal. And she cried when he left for Madrid. ❖ Suzanne fell in love with Rizal as he described Rizal as a gentleman and a man of dignity. She even wrote a letter “Where are you now?” — MADRID, SPAIN — RIZAL’S SAD EXPERIENCES IN EUROPE, ❖ Madrid, Spain - August 1890 HONGKONG, BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT, ❖ Marcelo H. Del Pilar acted as the lawyer of Jose Rizal SECOND HOMECOMING ❖ Rizal went to Madrid to bring his protest against the injustices done by Gov. Weyler and the Dominicans to the Calamba — FRUSTRATIONS IN EUROPE — farmers at the Ministry of Colonies headed by Minister Fabie. ANTI-GAMBLING POPE ❖ The meeting was fruitless; no compromise was reached. – ❖ He received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura that “cover your eyes” “cover your ears” as stated by Minister Fabie some Filipinos in Spain are engaged in too much gambling ❖ He even asked his comrades in the Asociacion Hispano Filipina ❖ He advised them not to waste their money but continue to assist him supporting the Propaganda instead, which was the main reason ❖ Asked the Spanish media: La Justicia, El Dia, El Globo-- to for coming to Madrid. publish articles about the issue to exert pressure on the ❖ The gambling Filipinos were angered upon learning about government. Rizal’s comments and ridiculed him for acting like a “Pope.” – ❖ Del Pilar and Dominador Gomez helped him, too. called him “Papa” instead of by his name “Pepe” ❖ Rizal countered, in his letter to Del Pilar, that his fellow — HAPPENINGS IN MADRID — Filipinos came to Madrid to work for the Fatherland’s freedom. JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN THE SEQUEL: EL FILIBUSTERISMO ❖ February 1, 1863 - Jose Maria Panganiban was born in ❖ It is Rizal’s novel on a nation that is on the brink of a revolution Mambulao, Camarines Norte – call for a revolution ❖ August 19, 1890 - death of Jose Maria Panganiban in Barcelona, ❖ It is presented as an alternative course to the reform efforts of Spain Filipinos. ❖ Called “Avenger of Filipino Honor” ❖ It also presented the dangers of taking an alternative based on ❖ He was Bicolandia's greatest contribution to the historic hate and vengeance. campaign for reforms more popularly called the Propaganda ❖ “…is a morality, a profound description of the mentality and Movement. climate of revolt… to Spain it was a last and terrible warning.” – ❖ Rizal’s great friend, co-worker and idol when it comes to writing Austin Coates ❖ He wrote articles for La Solidaridad, under the pen names CALAMBA DEPORTATION (1890) Jomapa and J.M.P. ❖ From the time Rizal left Calamba, the agrarian problem had ❖ Rizal wrote the “Eulogy to Panganiban,” whom he admired as turned from bad to worse. an energetic patriot who had pure love for the country. ❖ The Dominicans increased the land rent without reason. Rizal NELLY BOUSTED advised his family and other tenants to refuse paying. This move ❖ August 1890 - Rizal had a heated argument with Antonio Luna only enraged the administrators.. The Dominicans filed a suit because Luna made tactless remarks about Nelly, the girl he had against the Calamba tenants courted but chose Rizal ❖ Through the order of Gov. Valeriano Weyler, the tenants were ❖ Rizal was offended by Luna‟s remarks and attempted to attack persecuted and ejected from their lands and homes in Calamba. the latter. The two exchanged words. Rizal challenged Luna to a 25 members of the Mercado family were affected. duel. He offered Luna to choose between a pistol or saber and ❖ Paciano and brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez and Silvestre Luna chose the saber. Ubaldo were exiled to Mindoro. ❖ Luna finally realized his mistake and asked forgiveness from ❖ Manuel Hidalgo was earlier exiled to Bohol Rizal, who accepted the apology. ❖ Rizal felt guilty about these sufferings of his family and town WENCESLAO RETANA mates. Spain’s hate on him had turned to his loved ones. ❖ Wenceslao Retaña, a pro-friar journalist, made disrespectful ❖ Rizal decided to return home no matter what the dangers are. He remarks against the Rizal family and the Calamba tenants in the confided to MH del Pilar his death wish. He expressed his anti-Filipino newspaper La Epoca. readiness to die if it would do good to his family and country. _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ ❖ He wrote that the family and the tenants deserve what happened know that Rizal was defeated because he was the acknowledged to them for failing to pay the Dominicans their land rents. leader back home. ❖ Upon reading the offensive article, Rizal sent a message to A BIARRITZ INTERLUDE Retaña challenging him to a duel in whatever weapon he would ❖ Rizal went to see Adelina in Biarritz. He finally decided to choose, anywhere and anytime. marry her. ❖ Retaña immediately made a public retraction and an apology to ❖ Conditions made by Adelina’s father: Rizal and his family. Abort all travels abroad and stay with Adelina LEONOR RIVERA Practice medicine and stay away from politics ❖ One evening, as Rizal was having fun, his locket broke out of Become a Protestant before marriage – convert the blue. This, he thought, must imply something. from Catholic to Protestant ❖ December 1890 - Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera, ❖ Rizal, however, decided to back down from his proposal his girlfriend for 11 years informing him that she was getting thinking he wasn‟t ready yet to answer the given conditions set married with an English man, Charles Kipping Jr. by Adelina’s father specially to stay away from politics. ❖ It pained his heart greatly as he still loved Leonor despite having PRINTING OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO courted girls before. He grew pale and sickly having been jilted ❖ February 1891 – Rizal went back to Brussels to edit and revise by Leonor. the novel. ❖ In his letter to Blumentritt, he accused Leonor of infidelity. His ❖ End of May 1891 – it was ready for printing love turned to hatred. ❖ July 15, 1891 - brought the novel to Ghent because printing was ❖ Galicano Apacible, a UST friend, consoled him by saying there cheaper there. are many girls in the world. He informed Rizal that the daughter ❖ No financial aid was sent by the Centro de Propaganda. He had of Pi y Margall, was deeply in love with him, ready to marry spent all his money for the printing cost. him. ❖ The novel was printed at F. Meyer van Loo Press ; agrees to a ❖ Leonor’s POV downpayment and monthly payment On Leonor‟s side, she was mad at Rizal having been ❖ Jose Maria Basa - helped Rizal financially ; gave him a 200 very quiet. She said that she still loved Rizal, that her pesos decision to marry was not because she no longer loved ❖ September 18, 1891 - release of first batch of El Filibusterismo him. She did it because she thought Rizal no longer ❖ Valentin Ventura loved her and it is also her mother’s decision. helped Rizal financially 11 years of waiting was too long. Leonor wasn’t getting an angel younger and lamented the fact that Rizal didn’t bother to Rizal gave him the original manuscripts see her. Rizal could have misunderstood her. RIZAL RESIGNS THE LEADER OF ALL FILIPINOS ❖ He sent a letter of resignation as a contributor of the La ❖ January 1981 - In a banquet at Calle de Atocha, some Filipinos Solidaridad proposed the creation of a movement to bind the colony together ❖ He also sent a message to his compatriots his decision to give up ❖ A leader called “Responsible” would be the official his political leadership and fight in his own (may mga nagsabi representative of all Filipinos abroad. na lumalaki ang ulo niya) ❖ Rizal felt he would be the rightful person. Others thought ❖ He quickly visited Adelina to bid goodbye otherwise. They endorsed MH del Pilar‟s candidacy. ❖ He will go back to the Philippines to take care of his family‟s ❖ Eduardo de Lete presided at the 1st meeting. problems. He boarded the SS Melbourne, a ship from Marseilles ❖ Rizal was in favor of the creation of a new movement. Del Pilar bound for Hong Kong. objected because to him they already have the La Solidaridad and the AHP (Asucasion Hispano - Filipino) to take care of the said objectives. His argument was overruled. — RIZAL IN HONG KONG — ❖ A committee was formed to draw the statutes. Rizal and Del ❖ Hong Kong - October 18, 1891 to November 20, 1891 - Steamer Pilar became the two candidates. They both wanted to withdraw. Melbourne ❖ The rule of the election: the winner must garner 2/3 majority ❖ Wrote Makamisa, a sequel of El Filibusterismo – unfinished vote ❖ November 1891 to June 1892 - lived in Hong Kong and opened 1st Balloting- Rizal was ahead but not enough his own medical clinic 2nd and 3rd Balloting- the same results ❖ He established his residence at D‟Aguilar St. Rednaxella ❖ The meeting adjourned. The next day, del Pilar was absent. The Terrace on top of the seaman‟s bar results didn’t change and Rizal grew impatient. He announced ❖ A few days before Christmas, his father, brother and Silvestre his withdrawal from the race and bade his farewell. Ubaldo arrived. Later, his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa and ❖ Ponce quickly asked Lete, Sandiko, Luna and others to shift Trinidad also arrived. their votes to Rizal. ❖ He noticed that his mother at 65 years old was almost blind ❖ Dominador Gomez spoke on behalf of the Pilaristas saying ❖ On Christmas day, he celebrated it with his family, after four they changed their votes for the sake of unity. years. ❖ Thus, Rizal was voted unanimously. Rizal gave his admonitions ❖ Medical Practice to the group in his acceptance speech. He put up a clinic in order to earn some money. ❖ Rizal blamed Lete for the election fiasco and expressed his He met some doctors including Dr. Lorenzo Marques disappointment with del Pilar. He said it would have been who recommended him to his ophthalmologic clients disappointing news to the nationalist movement in Manila to _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ His successful medical practice made him popular to Unknowingly, he was followed and watched carefully by Asians and Europeans alike spies sent by the government. The Guardia Civil raided His friends sent him books and equipment in support of the houses and seized copies of the Noli and Fili found in his great job. their possession. He also successfully restored his mother‟s eyesight again. FOUNDING OF THE LA LIGA FILIPINA, ❖ Writings in Hong Kong DAPITAN EXILE Rizal translated the “The Rights of Man” in Tagalog — FOUNDING OF LA LIGA FILIPINA — (about the French Revolution in 1789) ❖ “La Liga Filipina” – Civic Society ; Self-help Society Wrote “A La Nacion Española” which was an appeal to ❖ Rizal wants a unity, not a bloody war – will fight through legal Spain to rectify the wrongs committed by the Spaniards process against the Calamba tenants. ❖ Andres Bonifacio - an original member of La Liga Filipina Also wrote “Sa Mga Kababayan” ❖ July 3, 1892, on the evening of Sunday, following his morning He also contributed articles to the Hongkong Telegraph, interview with Governor General Despujol, Rizal attended a a British newspaper, through Frazier Smith, one of its meeting with patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino editors. When the Spanish censors discovered it, they mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, Tondo, Manila. immediately banned the Hong Kong newspaper. Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic — THE BORNEO COLONIZATION PROJECT — league of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in ❖ To save his townmates from the oppressive regime of Gov. the socio-economic life of the people. Weyler, Rizal dreamed of setting up a Filipino colony in North ❖ Members: Borneo (Sabah). He planned to move the landless Filipino Pedro Serrano Laktaw (Panday Pira), a mason and a families to Borneo which he will call “New Calamba.” school teacher ❖ March 7, 1892 - Rizal traveled to Sandakan, Sabah to negotiate Domingo Franco (Felipe Real), a mason and a with the British government re: a possible establishment of a shopkeeper Filipino colony there. He boarded the steamer Menon Jose A. Ramos (Socorro), an engraver, printer and owner ❖ He was offered the lands over the Bengkoka River near the of Bazar Gran Bretana Maradu Bay Amborsio Salvador, gobernadorcillo of Quiapo, a mason ❖ The British North Borneo Company agreed to give about 40,000 Bonifacio Arevalo (Harem), a dentist and mason hectares of land free of charge if Rizal would be able to bring in Deodato Arellano, brother in law of MH Del Pilar and a 50 families who will migrate to the area. Rizal thought this was civilian employee of the army enough to compensate for the lands they lost in Calamba. Ambrosio Flores (Musa), a retired lieutenant of infantry ❖ He called this “The British North Borneo Colonization Project.” Agustin de la Rosa, bookkeeper and mason — THE SECOND HOMECOMING — Luis Villareal, a tailor and mason ❖ May 1892 - Rizal decided to go home in the Philippines Faustino Villareal (Ilaw), a pharmacist and mason ❖ Rizal returned to the country with the following reasons: Maria Crisostomo, a landlord To confer with Gov. Despujol re: the Borneo Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), a notary public and mason Colonization Project: Estanislao Legaspi, an artisan and mason To establish the La Liga Filipina; Teodoro Plata, a court clerk and mason To request the lifting of the exile order against his Andres Bonifacio, a warehouse employee family; and Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), a lawyer and mason To prove to the propagandists that he had not abandoned Juan Zulueta, a playwright, poet, and government the country employee ❖ Celebrated his 31st birthday in Hong Kong ❖ Elected officers: ❖ Before he went home, he sent 2 letters to Dr. Marques – one for Ambrosio Salvador (President) his family and one for the filipinos Deodato Arellano (Secretary) ❖ June 21, 1892 - Rizal starts to travel on his way to the Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer) Philippines Agustin de la Rosa (Fiscal) ❖ June 26, 1892 ❖ Aims of La Liga Filipina: Rizal and his sister Lucia arrived in Manila To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, They were met by carabiners and their luggage were vigorous, and homogenous body; inspected. Mutual protection in every want and necessity; They checked in at the Hotel de Oriente in the afternoon Defense against all violence and injustice; Rizal went to Malacañang to seek an audience with the Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and governor. The Governor granted pardon to his father commerce; except to his brother and brothers in law. He was told to Study and application of reforms. return on the 29th of the month, Wednesday. ❖ Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) – Bawat isa’y ❖ June 27, 1892 katulad ng lahat Rizal boarded a train to Tutuban station bound for the ❖ Governing Body of the La Liga Filipina: provinces. The Supreme Council: the governing body which has He visited his friends from Malolos, San Fernando, control over the whole country – It is composed of the Tarlac and Bacolor, Pampanga president, secretary, treasurer and fiscal _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ Provincial Council: formed in every province – The ❖ Rizal lived as an exile in Dapitan, Zamboanga Del Norte, under Provincial Council shall have command of the Popular the aegis of the Jesuits. Chiefs. ❖ He was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements: Popular Council: formed in every town – The Popular Practiced medicine Council only shall have command of the members. Pursued scientific studies ❖ Duties of the Liga Members Kept his literary works Pay monthly dues of ten centavos. Enhanced linguistic acumen Obey blindly and promptly every order emanating from Established a school for boys the Council or the Chief. Promoted community development projects Inform the Council of whatever they note or hear that has Invented a brick-making machine reference to the Liga Filipina. Engaged in farming and commerce Preserve the most absolute secrecy in regard to the JOSE RIZAL AND CAPTAIN CARNICERO decisions of the Council. ❖ Rizal refused to abide with the conditions set by the Jesuit Help another member in the case of need or danger Society. Each member shall adopt a new name of his own choice. ❖ He preferred to stay at the Casa Real Help recruit new members. ❖ Casa Real - the official residence of the commandant, Capt. Treat everyone with respect Carnicero, his warden. — RIZAL’S ARREST AND BANISHMENT — ❖ Rizal and Carnicero ❖ July 6, 1892, Wednesday, – last interview – Rizal went to A new friendship developed between them. Malacañang Palace to resume his series of interviews with the The relations between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal governor general. He was asked about the Pobres Frailes (Poor (the prisoner) were warm and friendly. Friars) incriminatory leaflets which allegedly were found in ❖ Captain Carnicero Lucia’s pillow cases. it is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and realized that Rizal was not a common felon, nor a printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. filibuster. ❖ Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by gave good reports on his prisoner to Gov. Despujol. Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor General gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting Despujol – 3 days after founding La Liga Filipina only once a week at his office. ❖ July 7, 1892, the Gaceta de Manila published the story of ❖ Rizal on his part admired the kind, and generous Spanish Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant commotion among the Captain. Filipino people, particularly the members of the newly ❖ He wrote a poem, entitled “A Don Ricardo Carnicero,” on organized Liga Filipina. August 26, 1892 on the occasion of the captain's birthday. ❖ July 14, 1892 to July 15, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is ❖ Shared in buying a Lottery Ticket No. 9736 12:30AM of July 15, 1892), Rizal was brought under heavy won second prize worth P20, 000 guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This divided between the 3 of them: Capt. Carnicero, Jose steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00AM, July 15, Rizal and Francisco Equilor sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan divided the prize and got P6, 200 each. on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00PM. Captain Delgras handed Rizal gave P2,000 to Jose Ma. Basa in Hong Kong the Rizal to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish commandant of rest was used to buy farm lands in Talisay, Dapitan. Dapitan. BIRTH OF KATIPUNAN ❖ July 17, 1892 - Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, ❖ Right after Rizal was deported to Dapitan, the Liga members ❖ July 17, 1892 to July 31, 2896 - stay in Dapitan for a period of had a meeting to discuss the future of the organization four years. ❖ The group of patriots was divided into two factions: — RIZAL’S DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN — The Los Compromisarios - those who are conservative ❖ Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed members of the La Liga Filipina and still willing to disloyalty to Spain which were anti-Catholic and anti-friar demand reforms and compromise with the Spanish ❖ Found bundles of incriminatory leaflets which satirized the friars government ; still wanted to continue La Liga ❖ Published and dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to the three The Separatists - patriots who wanted to launch an martyred “traitors” armed rebellion to achieve independence from the ❖ July 14 and 15, 1892 colonizers. Under heavy guard, Rizal was brought to the steamer ❖ July 7, 1891 CEBU to be brought to Dapitan. Katipunan was founded on Azcarraga St. (C.M. Recto) Captain of the ship was Capt. Delgras in the house of Deodato Arellano. Upon arrival in Dapitan on July 17, turned him over to Founders of KKK were: Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the Dapitan Commandant. Plata, Ladislao Diwa ❖ July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s stay in Dapitan for a KKK - Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan period of 4 years na anak ng Bayan RIZAL - PATELLS RELIGIOUS DEBATES — THE DAPITAN EXILE (1892-1896) — ❖ Fr. Pablo Pastells - sent Rizal a book Sarda advising the latter ACHIEVEMENT WHILE IN DAPITAN to refrain from being proud and too judgmental. _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ ❖ Rizal’s letters revealed his anti-Catholic ideas caused by the ❖ Species named after Rizal: abuses committed against his family and people. He criticized The Draco rizali - a small lizard popularly known as a the friars for using their religious authority to oppress and abuse flying dragon other people. He said that individual judgment is a gift from God Apogonia rizali - a rare kind of beetle and everyone should use it to light his way; that self-esteem, if The Rhacophorus rizali - a peculiar frog species. used moderately, saves man from unworthy acts. He further RIZAL, THE SCULPTOR argued that pursuit of truth has different paths, thus, religions ❖ “The Mother‟s Revenge” a tribute to his dog Syria, whose may vary, but they all lead to the light. child was killed by a crocodile ❖ Fr. Pastells tried to win Rizal back to the fold of Catholicism. ❖ “The Dapitan Girl” ❖ He admonished Rizal that divine faith supersedes everything: ❖ Josephine‟s Image reason, self-esteem and individual judgment. ❖ Busts of Fr. Guerrico and St. Paul ❖ “No matter how intelligent a man is, his intelligence is limited; he still needs God‟s guidance.” RIZAL, THE AGRICULTURISTS AND ENTREPRENEUR ❖ He failed to convince Rizal. ❖ Rizal purchased about 70 hectares of land in Talisay, Dapitan where he planted fruit bearing trees. JESUITS MISSION: WIN RIZAL BACK He diligently farmed these lands with the help of his ❖ Fr. Pastells - instructed two Jesuit fathers to proceed to helpers. Mindanao on a mission “Win Rizal Back to the Catholic fold” The plants include coconuts, abaca, cacao, corn, and Fr. Obach, Dapitan parish priest sugarcane and fruit trees. Fr. Jose Vilaclara, Dipolog parish priest ❖ He also bought a fishpond ❖ Fr. Francisco Sanchez ❖ His business partner was Ramon Carreon was also assigned to proceed to Dapitan was chosen by the Jesuit superiors being a well-liked RIZAL, THE INVENTOR professor of Rizal ❖ "Sulpakan" - Rizal made a lighter that ignites through stones wasn’t able to persuade Rizal which he gave to a friend as a birthday gift respected whatever Rizal believed in ❖ Brick maker machine - 6,000 bricks per day ❖ Rizal gave Fr. Sanchez, a manuscript “Estudios Sobre la Lengua Tagala” on the latter 's birthday. — PERIOD OF PAIN — RIZAL AS PHYSICIAN UNHAPPY DAYS IN DAPITAN – DAPITAN MEDICAL PRACTICE ❖ Even after all of his accomplishments, he felt unhappy / empty ❖ Dr. Jose Rizal treated both the rich and the poor patients coming because of three reasons: from everywhere. – He treated the poor free of charge while the He missed his family; until his mother, three sisters and rich were asked for payments for consultation and medicine. nephews arrived and stayed with him ❖ His name became famous here and abroad. He was sad because of the plight of his family, the ❖ Made medicines out of herbal plants country and the people ❖ August 1893 - operated his mom for the 3rd time because her He had no opportunity to see Leonor when she died in mother keeps on removing the bandages to her eyes that led to August 1893 an infection and worsen her condition A BEAUTIFUL STRANGER ❖ Letter to Blumentritt: It is extra hard if your patient is a family ❖ In his darkest moments in Dapitan, an 18-year old Irish girl member arrived in Dapitan RIZAL AS AN ENGINEER She’s Josephine Bracken, whose mother died in – RIZAL’S COMMUNITY PROJECT childbirth. ❖ Developed the Dapitan Municipal Park – clean and green ; She is adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became beautification blind. ❖ A Relief Map The two came to the Philippines to have Mr. Taufer’s ❖ Equipped the town with a lighting system using coconut oil eyes be cured – cannot be cured since it has no cure ❖ Constructed the first water system using bamboo pipelines ❖ Josephine and Rizal Josephine chose to stay in Dapitan RIZAL, THE EDUCATOR They wanted to be married but no one wants to since ❖ Rizal believed in the power of education in human Rizal is an exile transformation. Early 1896 - Josephine got pregnant and delivered the ❖ 1893 baby (8 months – dangerous – Rizal played a prank) He established a school for boys for free in exchange for Francisco - child of Josephine and Rizal who only lived them to do gardening for 3 hours 16 students Rizal taught them mathematics and language (spanish) DAPITAN WRITINGS ❖ “Himno a Talisay” (Hymn to the Talisay Tree) RIZAL, THE SCIENTISTS A hymn/poem written in tribute to a tree to which a town ❖ He also engaged in scientific research: collecting various was named after species of plants and animal life which he sent to his friends Where Rizal often stayed abroad in exchange of books and medical instruments Rizal and his students have always used the talisay tree 203 plants and animals as a meeting place 346 seashells _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ In gratitude, the students would always sing the hymn. ❖ Rizal was told to wait for the Isla de Panay which will arrive in ❖ “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) – depicts Rizal‟s life as an exile in 28 days Dapitan ❖ Rizal was transferred to the Castilla, manned by Enrique ❖ “Canto del Viajero” (Song of the Traveler) – a poem Santalo, where he would wait for another 26 days celebrating his renewed opportunity to travel abroad and end of ❖ Aboard a launch Caridad, some KKK members sneaked in and his exile in Dapitan made a last ditch attempt to rescue Rizal ❖ Jacinto introduced himself and told Rizal he would be rescued ❖ Rizal politely refused the offer saying he knew what he was THE 1896 REVOLUTION, END OF DAPITAN EXILE, doing TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM LAST VOYAGE ABROAD — THE 1896 REVOLUTION — ❖ August 30, 1896 - Rizal finally received the letter of Gov. ❖ 1895 - the Cubans revolted against the Spaniards Blanco, expressing his congratulations and recommendation. ❖ 1896 ❖ September 3, 1896 Filipinos also staged their revolt against Spain Aboard the Isla de Panay, he left for Spain. Filipinos thought that it would be advantageous for them The ship proceeded to Singapore. because Spain would have divided attention and strength His co-passengers Pedro and Periquin Roxas escaped ❖ April 1896 - In a Montalban cave, Bonifacio and the Katipunan and he was encouraged to do the same Rizal refused decided to start the revolution. because he didn’t want to become a fugitive ❖ May 2, 1896 - Dr. Pio Valenzuela was sent by the KKK RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN Supreme Council to convince Rizal in Dapitan to join and lead ❖ The discovery of the KKK led to the uncovering of its secrets the Katipunan, he being the recognized leader and savior of the ❖ Bulk of documents were uncovered Filipinos. ❖ Many of these documents implicated Rizal to the KKK ❖ June 21, 1896 - Dr. Valenzuela arrived at Dapitan, together with ❖ Pictures, copies of the Noli and Fili were also found Raymundo Mata, a blind man. ❖ Documents declaring Rizal as the KKK honorary president were ❖ Rizal did not adhere to the idea of the KKK likewise discovered ❖ He believed the KKK would fail to defeat the powerful Spanish ❖ Spanish authorities learned that Rizal was used as a rally cry of army because of several reasons the members ❖ Reasons why Filipinos would fail according to Dr. Jose ❖ He was regarded as their true leader and hero Rizal: ❖ These documents, together with many letters and testimonies The KKK does not have enough weapons to fight against from those arrested led to the conclusion that Rizal was part of the fully equipped Spaniards the revolutionary group. The KKK members do not have enough skills and RIZAL’S ARREST training to fight a professional army tested in war ❖ As per instruction of Gov. Blanco and the prodding of Manila The KKK hierarchy lacks credibility which would result Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, Rizal was ordered arrested to confusion in the chain of command and detained inside the ship The enemy has allies which necessitates that the ❖ September 30, 1896 - Capt. A. Alemany followed the order and revolutionaries must have foreign aid to ensure sufficient kept Rizal in his cabin during the remainder of the trip funds ❖ October 6, 1896 - the ship reached Barcelona Naval ships are needed, especially in an archipelago like ❖ Rizal was imprisoned at the Montjuich detention cell – Eulogio the Philippines for communication purposes Despujol, the former Philippine governor who banished him to ❖ Rizal believed that it was not yet time for a revolution. It must Dapitan visited later that day not be held solely on the basis of sentiment and burning passion. ❖ October 7, 1896 - Rizal was transferred to a new ship, the SS It must be launched in the context of the ability to succeed in the Colon bound for Manila end. If the revolution is the last resort, it must be prepared for another five to ten years to ensure victory. RIZAL’S FINAL HOMECOMING ❖ He advised Valenzuela to seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, a ❖ Rizal kept records of the Philippines since he left for Barcelona man of military expertise. ❖ He was implicated by the Madrid newspapers to the bloody ❖ The KKK must also seek the financial support of the Japanese revolution ❖ He thought of coming home to confront his accusers and END OF RIZAL’S EXILE vindicate his name ❖ Blumentritt advised Rizal to be a volunteer war Physician ❖ Few friends from Europe and Singapore tried to help Rizal ❖ December 17, 1895 - Rizal applied as a volunteer war physician escape his present predicament to the Cuban revolution hoping to end his Dapitan exile ❖ Ma. Regidor and Lopez sent a telegram to Atty. Hugh Fort ❖ July 30, 1896 - His letter was finally approved by Gov. Gen. asking him to file a writ of habeas corpus in Rizal‟s behalf Ramon Blanco, after months of waiting ❖ Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the writ for lack of jurisdiction ❖ July 31, 1896 - he left Dapitan together with Josephine, Narcisa, ❖ November 3, 1896 - detained at Fort Santiago three nephews and a niece on board the steamer España. ❖ This ended his Dapitan exile. THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL ❖ Preliminary Investigation (ARRAIGNMENT) RIZAL STRANDED IN MANILA November 20, 1896 - the preliminary investigation on ❖ August 6, 1896 - arrived at Manila – delayed Rizal began ❖ The Isla de Luzon had left _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of He had nothing to admit on the declarations of the the charges against him before Judge Advocate Colonel witnesses; he had not met nor knew, against him. Francisco Olive MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLE ❖ Presented before him were two kinds of evidence – documentary ❖ Two days later, Rizal's case was endorsed to Blanco's successor, and testimonial. Governor Camilo de Polavieja, who had the authority to ❖ There were a total of fifteen exhibits for the documentary command that the case be court martialed. evidence. ❖ December 15, inside his cell at Fort Santiago, Rizal wrote a ❖ Testimonial evidences, on the other hand, were comprised of controversial letter, “the manifesto” addressed to his oral proofs provided by: countrymen. The Manifesto was a letter denouncing bloody Martin Constantino struggle, and promoting education and industry as the best Aguedo del Rosario means to acquire independence. – “Hindi kasagutan ang Jose Reyes madugong labanan, karunungan ang sagot sa kalayaan” Moises Salvador ❖ Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña - requested to Jose Dizon Gov. Polavieja that the publication of the manifesto be Domingo Franco prohibited Deodato Arellano ❖ Gov. Camilo de Polavieja - New Gov. Gen. Pio Valenzuela Antonio Salazar THE TRIAL OF RIZAL Francisco Quison ❖ December 26, about 8 o'clock in the morning, the court martial Timoteo Paez of Rizal commenced. ❖ The hearing was actually a kind of moro-moro, a planned trial PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION wherein Rizal, before hearing his verdict, had already been ❖ These evidences was endorsed by Colonel Olive to Governor prejudged. Ramon Blanco ❖ Unlike other accused, Rizal had not been allowed to know the ❖ Blanco designated Capt. Rafael Dominguez as the Judge people who witnessed against him. Advocate assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding ❖ The trial took place at Cuartel de España, a military building, action should be done – review with a court composed of seven military officers headed by Lt. ❖ Dominguez, after a brief review, transmitted the records to Don Col. Jose Togores Arjona. Nicolas de la Peña, the Judge Advocate General – make the ❖ Present at the courtroom were Jose Rizal, six other officers in order uniform, Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Judge Advocate Capt. Rafael ❖ Judge Advocate General Peña's recommendations were as Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney) and follows: a number of spectators, including Josephine Bracken. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial ❖ Judge Advocate Dominguez opened the trial. It was followed by He must be held in prison under necessary security Atty. Alcocer's reiteration of the charges against Rizal, urging His properties must be issued with order of attachment, the court that the latter be punished with death. and as indemnity. Rizal had to pay one million pesos ❖ Accordingly, the three crimes accused him were rebellion, Instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is sedition and illegal association. allowed to defend Rizal ❖ Lt. Taviel de Andrade, on the other hand, later took the floor ❖ Rizal chose Lt. Don Luis Taviel de Andrade reading his speech in defense of Rizal. To supplement this, Rizal 1st Lt. of the Spanish Artillery to be his defense lawyer read his own defense which he wrote in his cell in Fort Santiago. Rizal discovered that the said lieutenant was the brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade who worked as Rizal's personal body guard in Calamba in 1887. — RIZAL MILITARY TRIAL — ❖ December 11, 1896 - in the presence of his Spanish counsel, RIZAL’S DEFENSE charges against Rizal were read. According to Rizal, there are twelve points to prove his Rebellion – punishable by death innocence: Sedition – also punishable by death ❖ As testified by Pio Valenzuela, Rizal was against rebellion Illegal Association – punishable with reclusion perpetua ❖ He had not written a letter addressed to the Katipunan or lower (habangbuhay na pagkakabilanggo or 30 years comprising revolutionary elements lower) ❖ Without his knowledge, his name was used by the Katipunan; if ❖ He was accused of being: he really was guilty, he could have escaped while he was in The principal organizer and the living soul of Filipino Singapore insurrection ❖ If he was guilty, he should have left the country while in exile; The founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated he shouldn't have built a home, bought a parcel of land or to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion established a hospital in Dapitan. ❖ When asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the ❖ If he was really the leader of the revolution, the revolutionists charges, Rizal replied that: should have consulted him. He does not question the jurisdiction of the court ❖ He did not deny that he wrote the by-laws of the La Liga He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Filipina, but to make things clear, the organization was a civic Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters association, not a revolutionary society. He has nothing to admit on the charges against him ❖ After the first meeting of La Liga, the association banished because of his exile in Dapitan, thus, did not last long. _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ ❖ If the La Liga was reorganized nine months later, he had no idea Teodora Alonzo – Rizal knelt before his beloved mother, about it begging for forgiveness and understanding; the mother ❖ If the La Liga had a revolutionary purpose, then Katipunan and son were separated by the strong grip of the prison should not have been organized. guard. ❖ If the Spanish authorities found his letters to have a bitter Trinidad – arrived when Teodora left the chapel; to her, atmosphere, it was because in 1890 his family was being Rizal handed down an alcohol cooking stove and persecuted resulting in their dispossession of properties and whispered that something was inside it (turned out to be deportation of all his brothers-in-law. his last piece, the Mi Ultimo Adios, written in a small ❖ He lived an exemplary life in Dapitan – the politico military piece of paper). commanders and missionary priests in the province could attest Gaspar Castaño – fiscal of the Royal Audiencia; had a to that. good conversation with Rizal – good Friend ❖ If, according to witnesses, the speech he delivered at Doroteo ❖ Late at night, around 10 o'clock, a retraction letter prepared by Ongjunco's house had inspired the revolution, then he wanted to Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was presented to Rizal confront these persons. If he really was for the revolution, then TEXT OF RIZAL’S RETRACTION why did the Katipunan send an unfamiliar emissary to him in Dapitan? It is so because all his friends were aware that he never advocated violence. THE FINAL VERDICT ❖ The military court remained indifferent to the plea of Rizal. ❖ After a short deliberation, he was sentenced to be shot in musketry until death at 7 o'clock in the morning of December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta). ❖ The decision was submitted to Gov. Polavieja who immediately sought the opinion of Nicolas de la Peña – the latter found the verdict just and final. ❖ Two days later, the governor general signed the court's decision and ordered Rizal's execution. RIZAL’S LAST HOUR ❖ Upon hearing the court's decision, Rizal already knew that there's no way that his destiny would be changed ❖ Rizal knew it was his end, and had accepted his fate ❖ Captain Rafael Dominguez, at 6 o'clock in the morning of December 29, 1896, read before him the official notice of his execution, scheduled the next day. ❖ Rizal was immediately transferred to the prison chapel where he spent his last hours on earth. Inside the chapel, Rizal busied himself by writing correspondences to friends and family, bidding everyone farewell ❖ Conversing with his Jesuit priests friends. He had a lot of visitors, arriving one or two after the other. RETRACTION CONTROVERSY Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata – the Rector of the Ateneo ❖ Anti-ret actionist‟s contention: Municipal, arrived in the prison early in the morning. If Rizal was a Catholic before he died, why then was he Fr. Luis Viza – came with Fr. Mata; the priest to whom not given a Catholic burial? Where is the death Rizal asked for the image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus certificate? which he made during his stay in Ateneo. If Josephine Bracken were married before the former‟s Fr. Antonio Rosell – another friend of Rizal who gladly execution, where then is the marriage certificate? ate a fine breakfast with him; returned in the afternoon to Where are the books that Rizal signed? resume his talk with Rizal. There is an allegation that the retraction document was a Lt. Taviel de Andrade – Rizal extended his appreciation forgery. for Andrade's services as his defense counsel. Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the Fr. Federico Faura – had prophesied earlier rather University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, comically that Rizal would lose his head for writing the argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's Noli Me Tangere, and the latter “congratulated” the character and mature beliefs. priest for being right. He called the retraction story a "pious fraud." Fr. Jose Villaclara – Rizal's former teacher in Ateneo; ❖ Retactionist’s contention: ate lunch with him. Historians such as Austin Craig, Gregorio Zaide, Fr. Vicente Balaguer – accompanied Fr. Villaclara ,ate Ambeth Ocampo, Joaquin, Leon Maria Guerrero III, and lunch with Rizal as well. Nicolas Zafra of UP state that the retraction document Santiago Mataix – contributor to the El Heraldo de was deemed authentic by Rizal expert, Teodoro Kalaw Madrid _________________________________________________________________ EYA  RIZL111: PROFESSOR: NOEL MENDOZA Life, Works, and Writing of Rizal BASED ON LECTURE DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________________________ They also refer to the 11 eyewitnesses present when ❖ According to the story, the day before he was put to death, the Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book, family of Rizal prevailed upon Spanish authorities to turn over and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw his corpse to them later the next day. him kiss the crucifix before his execution. ❖ The pleas were met with refusal after refusal because the Supporters see in it Rizal's "moral courage to recognize authorities feared the burial site would be used as a symbol of his mistakes," his reversion to the "true faith," and thus martyrdom. his "unfading glory," and a return to the "ideals of his ❖ Finally, toward evening, the civil governor of Manila, Manuel fathers" which brings his stature as a patriot to the level Luego, took pity on Rizal’s mother and gave her permission to of greatness. take the body after the execution. ❖ Rizal’s sister Narcisa, made arrangements for a coffin and — RIZAL’S MARTYRDOM — transportation. ❖ Once notified that the execution was over, the family proceeded MARTYRDOM to the execution site, but the remains of Jose had already been ❖ December 30, 1896, by 6:30am, Rizal's march to Bagumbayan removed. commenced. He – in his black suit, black necktie, black hat, ❖ San Juan De Dios Hospital - They got Rizal’s body and put it black shoes and white vest – calmly walked from his prison cell in a plain box in Fort Santiago to the execution site. ❖ Narcisa searched in vain for the body of his brother in all the ❖ He was with Lt. Taviel de Andrade on one side, and Fathers cemeteries in Manila. Estanislao March and Jose Villaclara, on the other side. They ❖ Passing through Paco Cemetery in the afternoon, she came walked behind four advanced guards armed with bayonets. upon some civil guards and correctly surmised that their ❖ Jose Rizal was tied behind from elbow to elbow, although, still presence indicated that her brother had been buried there. had the freedom to move his arms. ❖ She searched all over Paco Cemetery until she found a grave ❖ In his right arm was a rosary which he kept on holding until his with freshly turned earth. final breath. ❖ She bribed the gravedigger to place a plaque with Rizal initials ❖ In the Bagumbayan Field, Rizal shook the hands of the two in reverse –R.P.J. to mark the site. priests and his defender, bidding them farewell. ❖ A priest blessed and offered him a crucifix which he gently kissed. ❖ Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing the firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot. ❖ Rizal had one request, that is, that he be shot facing the firing squad, however, in vain since the captain of the squad ordered a back shot. ❖ A physician by the name of Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, was amazed that Rizal's vital signs were normal, particularly his pulse rate – was Rizal really unafraid to die? ❖ Josephine was there – mixed with the public ❖ The firing squad was commanded in unison with drum beats. Upon the brisk command: “Preparar!” - Prepare “Apunte!” - Aim “Fuego!” - Fire – The guns of the squad flared. ❖ Rizal, by his sheer effort and remaining energy, twisted his body around to face the firing squad, and so, fell on the ground with his face toward the blue sky, his head slightly inclined toward the rising sun in the east. ❖ Last words: “Consummatum est” – it is finished ❖ The Spanish National Anthem was played. What could be heard from the crowd of Spaniards was their loud, audible voice, shouting “Viva España!” (Long live Spain!) “Morir el traidores!” (Death to traitors!) ❖ Jose Rizal died at exactly 7:03 in the morning of December 30. THE MYSTERY OF THE MISSING GRAVE ❖ Located at the outer circle is a landmark that indicates the burial place of National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal after his execution in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896. ❖ Unusual is how the initials of Jose P. Rizal are inscribed in reverse (RPJ) on the cross. _________________________________________________________________ EYA