Rizal's Boyhood: A Summary of the Early Years PDF

The Boyhood of Rizal BSIT 4-B Almeda, Amor, Antiqueña, Ariente, Bacabac, Batilo, Buque, Cabuctolan Jr., Cayao, Colacion, Deloviar, Denila, Deocampo José Rizal: Life and Legacy Full Name: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Nickname: Pepe Born: June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines Die...

The Boyhood of Rizal BSIT 4-B Almeda, Amor, Antiqueña, Ariente, Bacabac, Batilo, Buque, Cabuctolan Jr., Cayao, Colacion, Deloviar, Denila, Deocampo José Rizal: Life and Legacy Full Name: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Nickname: Pepe Born: June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines Died: December 30, 1896, Manila Professions: Patriot, Physician, Writer Inspiration for Philippine nationalist movement Behind “Pepe” as his Nickname Origin of the Nickname "Pepe": Explained by writer Felice Prudente Santa Maria in the book In Excelsis. Saint Joseph was the putative father of Jesus Christ. In Latin, "San José" followed by "P.P." stands for pater putativus. In Spanish, "P" is pronounced "peh," leading to the nickname "Pepe" for José. Birth and Childhood of José Rizal José Rizal’s Birth: Full Name: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Birthdate: June 19, 1861 Place of Birth: Calamba, Laguna Birth Complications: Mother’s difficult delivery, nearly fatal. Survival attributed to a vow made to Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage ("Birhen ng Antipolo"). Promised pilgrimage to the Virgin of Antipolo. Baptismal: Place: Catholic Church of Calamba Date: June 22, 1861 (Three days after birth) José Rizal’s Ancestry Ancestry Overview: Mixed Heritage: Combination of Eastern (Asian) and Western (European) bloodlines. Predominantly Malayan, a prime example of Asian manhood.  Rizal's Ancestry and Childhood Childhood Environment: Peaceful, religious, and nature-filled surroundings in Calamba. Early Development: Recited the alphabet by age 3. Interest in nature and local folklore. Close to his brother Paciano and sister Concha. Deeply religious; attended mass regularly. At age 8, wrote his first poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata."  Rizal's Ancestry and Childhood Childhood Influence of Environment: Inspired his poetic and reflective nature. Social Awareness: Noticed injustices by the civil guards and local authorities. Rizal's Ancestry and Childhood Genealogy Genealogy: Study of ancestry and family history. Ancestry: Mixed racial heritage. Parents: Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Realonda Alonzo. Siblings: 1 brother (Paciano) and 9 sisters (Saturnina, Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad). Paternal Lineage: José Rizal’s Great-Great-Grandfather: Domingo Lameo Ancestry Chinese immigrant from Changchow, Fukien (circa 1690). Converted to Christianity, married Ines de la Rosa (a wealthy Chinese Christian from Manila). Adopted the surname "Mercado" (meaning "market" in Spanish) in 1731, reflecting his profession as a merchant. José Rizal’s Ancestry Great-Grandfather: Francisco Mercado Resident of Biñan, married Cirila Bernacha (Chinese-Filipino mestiza). Elected gobernadorcillo of Biñan.  José Rizal’s Ancestry Grandfather: Juan Mercado Married Cirila Alejandro (Chinese-Filipino mestiza). Elected gobernadorcillo of Biñan. Had 13 children, the youngest being Francisco Mercado (Rizal’s father).  José Rizal’s Ancestry Francisco Mercado (Rizal’s Father): Education: Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose, Manila. Marriage: Met and married Teodora Alonso Realonda (student at the College of Santa Rosa) on June 28, 1848. Settled in Calamba, engaged in farming and business. Raised a large family, became one of the richest families in Calamba before persecution by friars. Maternal Lineage: Ancestral Link: José Rizal’s Ancestry Descended from Lakandula, last native king of Tondo. Great-Great-Grandfather: Eugenio Ursua Of Japanese ancestry, married Benigna (Filipina, surname unknown). Great-Grandparents: Regina (daughter of Eugenio and Benigna) married Manuel de Quintos (Filipino-Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan). One of their daughters, Brigida, married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso (Spanish- Filipino mestizo from Biñan).  José Rizal’s Ancestry Maternal Lineage: Notable Descendants: Children of Brigida and Lorenzo: Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s mother), Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose. José Rizal’s Ancestry Rizal Family Wealth: Economic Status: Among the richest families in Calamba due to industriousness and frugality. Built a large fortune, considered wealthy by contemporary standards.  José Rizal in Calamba Childhood Reflections: Poem Excerpt: "When early childhood’s happy days In memory, I see once more Along the lovely verdant shore That meets a gently murmuring sea." - Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)  José Rizal in Calamba Calamba, Laguna: Location: Situated on a verdant plain near Laguna de Bay. Nickname: "The cradle of a genius" Where Rizal spent his early childhood. The town's beauty deeply influenced Rizal’s mind and character.  José Rizal in Calamba Childhood Days in Calamba: Interest in Legends and Folklore: Inspired by stories from his yaya (nanny) about fairies, buried treasures, and other tales. Death of Sister Concha: Loved his sister Concha dearly. Concha died of sickness in 1865 at the age of 3.  José Rizal in Calamba Devotion to the Church: Raised as a good Catholic. Wrote poems reflecting his Catholic faith, such as: La Alianza Intima Entre La Religion y La Buena Educacion (1876) A La Virgen Maria  José Rizal in Calamba Pilgrimage to Antipolo: June 6, 1868: Pilgrimage with his father to fulfill his mother’s vow made at his birth.  José Rizal in Calamba Early Education: First Teacher: His mother, who taught him to read, say prayers, and disciplined him.  José Rizal in Calamba Early Education: Influential Uncles: Uncle Gregorio: A lover of books, instilled a love for reading in José. Uncle Jose: Encouraged José's interests in painting, sketching, and sculpture.  José Rizal in Calamba Early Education: Uncle Manuel: Focused on physical training. Encouraged swimming, fencing, wrestling, and sports to build agility, endurance, and strength. José Rizal’s Love for Art Artistic Talents: Early Display of Talent: Showed artistic abilities from childhood. Sketching: Drew sketches and pictures on his and his sisters' books. Sketched images of birds, flowers, fruits, rivers, mountains, animals, and people even before learning to read. José Rizal’s Love for Art Artistic Talents: Carving: Carved figures of animals and people out of wood. Magic Tricks: Had a talent for magic, performing tricks that amazed onlookers.  José Rizal’s Early Writings Poetic Talent: Gift for Writing: Skilled with a brush, chisel, pen-knife, and pen. A natural-born poet. Encouragement: His mother encouraged his passion for writing poetry.  José Rizal’s Early Writings Poetic Talent: Early Poetry: Began writing poems at a young age. First known poem: Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children). The poem urges love for the national language. Facts About Pepe : NOT A NATIONAL HERO AS OF TODAY: There is no law, executive order, or proclamation that formally declares any Filipino historical figure to be a national hero. 3 animal species named after him Three animals which he collected when he was in exile in Dapital were later named after him — abogonia rizalie, a type of small beetle; Drago Rizalie, a species of dragonfly; and Racoforus Rizalie, a species of toad. He operated on his mother’s eye When Rizal arrived in the Philippines in 1887, he successfully conducted an operation on his mother’s left eye. Prior to this, he trained in Paris under oculoplastic surgeon, Dr. Louis de Wecker. The Philippine Philippine Journal of ophthalmology labels the national hero as a “real ophthalmologist.” Facts About Pepe : Makamisa “Makamisa” is Rizal’s unfinished literary work. It is said to be his third novel. However, only one chapter with 10 pages titled “Makamisa” was drafted. The chapter was written in Tagalog. Treatment and Cure of the Bewitched He also wrote an extensive discourse about witchcraft while he was in Dapitan entitled “Treatment and Cure of the Bewitched.” He posed for Death of Cleopatra Dr. Jose Rizal posed for some of Juan Luna’s paintings such as The Blood Compact and Death of Cleopatra. The latter won the silver medal in the 1881 National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. Several years later, the painter and his friends reenacted the photo with Dr. Rizal posing as an Egyptian scribe. Facts About Pepe : He got good grades in college Following his graduation with honors at the Ateneo Municipal in 1877, Rizal enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas for his preparatory course for Theology and Law where he got “Excellent” marks in his first subjects Metaphysics, Cosmology, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy. He took his pre-medical course and first year in medicine from 1878 to 1879 with “Good” to “Excellent” grades. He studied medicine at UST until 1882, then later moved to Universidad Central de Madrid to continue his medical and philosophy education. Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan. -JOSE RIZAL Today's Lesson José Rizal (born June 19, 1861, Calamba, Philippines—died December 30, 1896, Manila) was a patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement.  Early years Learned the Showed signs Wrote a poem of being an titled “Sa aking alphabet at artist at age 5, mga Kababata” age 3 from where he at age 8 his mother learned to read and write  Dona Teodora Mother of Rizal, described as: patient, conscientious and , understanding Discovered that her son had a talent for poetry Encouraged him to write poems  Private tutors Maestro Maestro Leon Celestino Lucas Monroy  Biñan June, 1869 Rizal left for In academic studies, Binan Rizal beat all Binan Was accompanied by boys Paciano his older brother He was taught by Maestro He surpassed them all Justiniano in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects  Ateneo Ateneo De Municipal established by the Jesuits Rizal entered in 1872 He belonged to the class composed of Spaniards, mestizos and Filipinos His teacher was Fr. Jose Bech He was considered as an inferior and was placed at the bottom of the class  By the end of the month he became the emperor and received a prize, a religious picture To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College During his 4th year in Ateneo he received 5 medals and graduated as sobresaliente He graduated on March 23, 1877(16 years old) Received the degree of bachelor of arts, with highest honors not a valedictorian  Extra curricular Activities Classroom Emperor Campus Leader Secretary of Marian Congregation Religious Society Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences Studied painting under the famous Spanish Painter, Agustin Saez Improved his sculpture talents under the supervision of Romualdo de Jesus Engaged in gymnastics and fencing and continued the physical training under his sports-minded Tio Manuel  Medical Studies in University of Sto. Thomas (1877-1882) After graduating , he continued his education at UST He finished a year in Philosophy and Letters He decided to shift to a medical course UST was under the Dominicans , rival of the Jesuits in education Remained loyal to Ateneo participated in extracurricular activities in Ateneo and completed a course in surveying As a Thomasian he won more literary laurels During his first term in 1877-1878 in UST, he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics , Theodicy and History of Philosophy. It was during the school term 1878-1879 that Rizal pursued his studies in medicine  Reasons why Rizal wanted to study Medicine He wanted to be a physician so that he could cure his mother’s failing eyesight Fr. Pablo Ramon, the Father Rector of Ateneo whom he consulted for a choice of career, finally answered his letter , and recommended medicine  Pre- Med Course Curso de Ampliacion or Advanced course in Physics, Chemistry and Natural History. Out of the 28 young men taking Ampliacion only four including Rizal were granted the privilege of taking simultaneously the preparatory course and the first year of medicine Rizal also received his four year practical training in medicine at the Hospital de San Juan de Dios in Intramuros  Pre- Med Course During his last year at the University, Rizal had obtained the global grade of Notable(Very Good) in all of his subjects, and he was the second best student in a decimated class of seven who passed the medicine course. After which, Rizal decided to study in Spain. Academic Journey To Spain ( 1882-1885 )  Pre- Med Course His departure for Spain was kept secret from Spanish Authorities, friars and even his parents especially his mother because she would not allow him to go To avoid detection , he used the name Jose Mercado On May 3, 1882 he boarded on Salvadora bound for Singapore where he was the only Filipino passenger  Pre- Med Course On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid taking up two courses: Philosophy an Letters and Medicine On June 21, 1884 , he conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine Ophthalmology studies and travels in Europe Jose Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. Among all branches, he chose this specialization because he wanted to cure his mother’s failing eyesight. In 1885, after studying at the Universidad Central de Madrid, Rizal, who was then 24 years old, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology Ophthalmology studies and travels in Europe On February 3, 1886, after gathering some experience in ophthalmology, he left Paris and went to Heidelberg, Germany He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker, a distinguished German ophthalmologist Ophthalmology studies and travels in Europe On April 22, 1886, Rizal wrote a poem entitled A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg) because he was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the Neckar River, which was the light blue flower called “forget-me-not”. On August 14, 1886, Rizal arrived in Leipzig. There, he attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on history and psychology Rizal’s friends while in Europe Maximo Viola Senor Eusebio Corominas Don Miguel Morayta Dr. Louis de Weckert  Why did Rizal choose to stay in Germany for longer? to gain further his studies to associate with the in science and languages famous scientists and scholars to observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation lastly to publish his novel Noli Me Tangere  Jose Rizal earned a Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid, where he also took courses in philosophy and literature. It was in Madrid that he began writing Noli Me Tangere. He also attended classes in the University of Paris and, in 1887, he completed his eye specialization course at the University of Heidelberg. It was also in that year that Rizal’s first novel was published in Berlin. Thank you!  Travels of Rizal GROUP 3 1. Maduque, Rizza Mae Callora 2. Mallorca, Jesa Pearl 3. Mendiola, Vynz Androu 4. Mecinas, Daisyrey 5. Misajon, Christian 6. Naral, Kent John 7. Niño, Mark Timothy 8. Opeña, Liane Marie 9. Pacardo, Carl Emmanuel 10. Padojinog, Lander John 11. Pama, Nathan Scott 12. Panisa, Jorin José Rizal is one of the Philippines' greatest heroes, known for his brilliant writings and his fight for freedom. But before he became a hero, he was a traveler, exploring different countries and learning from the world around him. His travels took him to many places, from the Philippines to Europe, Asia, and America. Along the way, he saw how other people lived, learned new ideas, and met important people who influenced his thinking. During our hero’s time, traveling is very limited to the lay Filipino, since it was expensive. And also during that time, there were no airships that would hastily bring people to a certain place as we have today. The major transportation means were streamers, horse-power, trains, and foot. Rizal was not merely a sightseer but a traveler who studies the culture of the places he visits. He is also traveling to acquire more knowledge, most of which are sciences and literature. Rizal’s Birth: Rizal’s mother almost died giving birth because of his big head. She promised to take Rizal to the Virgin of Antipolo if she survived. Starting Point: Rizal loved his hometown, Calamba. He enjoyed taking moonlit walks there. Trip to Antipolo: On June 6, 1868, Rizal and his father traveled from Calamba to Antipolo to keep his mother’s promise. His mother couldn’t go because she had just had another baby, Trinidad. First Boat Ride: It was Rizal’s first time traveling by boat (casco) across Laguna de Bay. He stayed awake all night, amazed by the water and the quiet. Visit to Manila: After Antipolo, Rizal and his father visited his sister Saturnina in Manila, who was studying at La Concordia College, before returning to Calamba. Regular Walks: Rizal often took walks by Laguna de Bay with his dog and enjoyed thinking by the shore. Traveling Spirit: These early trips, though close to home, sparked Rizal’s interest in traveling and exploring the world. Departure from Calamba: In June 1869, after an emotional farewell to his family, Rizal left Calamba for Biñan with his brother Paciano. They traveled in a carromata (a two-wheeled carriage drawn by a pony) and arrived at their aunt's house in Biñan in the evening. Life in Biñan: Rizal’s life there was simple and orderly. He had his first school fight, took painting lessons, and became the best student at his school. Leaving Biñan: When his schooling in Biñan ended, Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina about the arrival of the steamer Talim, which would take him back to Calamba. He prayed at the town church, collected pebbles from the river as souvenirs, and said goodbye to his teachers and classmates. Trip Back to Calamba: On December 17, 1870, after a year and a half in Biñan, Rizal left for Calamba on the steamer Talim. He was excited about the trip and met a Frenchman, a friend of his father, who took care of him during the journey. Move to Manila: After the martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za, Rizal went to Manila to study at Ateneo Municipal. On his first day, he attended Holy Mass at the college chapel. Although he started at the bottom of his class, he quickly rose to the top by the end of the month. Return to Calamba: At the end of his first year, in March 1873, Rizal went back to Calamba for summer vacation and visited his mother, who was in prison at the time. He was warmly welcomed by her. Second Year at Ateneo: When vacation ended, Rizal returned to Ateneo for his second year. During this time, he had a premonition that his mother would be released from prison, which came true. He also read Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German who criticized Spanish rule and predicted Spain would eventually lose the Philippines. Rizal was deeply influenced by Jagor’s observations. Third Year at Ateneo: Rizal received news that his mother was released from prison. Fourth Year and Graduation: In his fourth year, he became an interno (resident student) at Ateneo. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, one of his professors, encouraged him to study harder and write poetry. Rizal graduated in 1877 with the highest honors in all his subjects. Transition to Medical Studies: After his first year studying Philosophy and Letters, Rizal switched to a medical course at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). Despite his mother’s objections, his father and brother Paciano supported his decision. Life at UST: During his time at UST, Rizal earned literary awards and engaged in romantic relationships. He experienced the harshness of a Spanish officer and fell in love with a woman referred to as Miss L. He also wrote the poem "To the Filipino Youth." Pilgrimage to Pakil: In May 1881, Rizal took a pilgrimage to Pakil, known for its shrine to the Birhen Maria de los Dolores. Accompanied by his sisters and their friends, they traveled from Calamba to Pakil by casco. They were captivated by the turumba, a festive dance in the streets celebrating the miraculous Virgin Mary. Dissatisfaction with UST: Rizal grew unhappy with the University of Santo Tomas (UST) due to its teaching methods and the racial prejudice he faced from Dominican professors. After completing his fourth year in medicine, he decided to study abroad despite anticipating his parents’ disapproval, and he did not seek their blessing. Decision to Study Abroad: Rizal's move to Spain was not just for education but also part of a secret mission. He aimed to observe European life, including its culture, languages, customs, industries, commerce, and legal systems, to prepare himself for the larger goal of freeing his people from Spanish oppression. Beginning of Travels: His journey to Spain marked the beginning of Rizal’s extensive travels. Secret Departure: Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by Spanish authorities and friars. His mother, who was opposed to his decision, was unaware of his plans. Only his older brother, uncle, sisters Neneng and Lucia, the Valenzuela family, Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista, some Ateneo Jesuit priests, and a few close friends knew of his departure. The Jesuit priests provided him with letters of recommendation for their colleagues in Barcelona. He used the name José Mercado for the trip. Farewell Letters: Before leaving, Rizal wrote farewell letters to his parents and to his sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. Departure: On May 3, 1882, Rizal boarded the Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore. As he left Manila, he looked back with tears in his eyes and sketched the receding skyline. Voyage Observations: During the voyage on May 3, 1882, Rizal observed the steamer's diverse passengers, which included Spaniards, British, Indian Negroes, and himself as the only Filipino. The ship's captain, Donato Lecha, became a friend. To pass the time, Rizal played chess with fellow passengers and won many games due to his skill. Arrival in Singapore: On May 9, the Salvadora arrived in Singapore. Rizal stayed at Hotel de la Paz and spent two days exploring the city. He visited the Botanical Gardens, admired the Buddhist temples, explored the bustling shopping areas, and saw the statue of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore. Departure for Europe: After spending a few days in Singapore, Rizal boarded the French steamer Djemnah on May 11, 1882. The Djemnah was larger, cleaner, and carried more passengers than the previous ship. Although French was spoken on board, Rizal struggled with his French and used a mix of Spanish-Latin and sketches to communicate. Daily conversations with French passengers helped him improve his French. Stop at Point Galle: On May 17, the Djemnah arrived at Point Galle, a coastal town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Rizal was not impressed by Point Galle. Arrival in Colombo: The next day, the ship continued to Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. Rizal was greatly impressed by Colombo’s scenic beauty and elegant buildings. Voyage Across the Indian Ocean: From Colombo, the Djemnah sailed across the Indian Ocean to the Cape coast of Africa. Rizal saw Africa's barren coast for the first time, which he described as an "inhospitable land but famous." Stopover in Aden: The ship then stopped in Aden, where Rizal found the city hotter than Manila. He was amused to see camels for the first time. Arrival in Suez: After Aden, the Djemnah proceeded to Suez, the terminal city of the Suez Canal on the Red Sea. Rizal went sightseeing and was especially moved by the beautiful moonlight, which reminded him of Calamba and his family. Traversing the Suez Canal: The Djemnah took five days to traverse the Suez Canal, which thrilled Rizal as it was his first trip through the canal, constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. Port Said: At Port Said, Rizal disembarked to explore the area. He was fascinated by the diverse languages spoken by the multi-racial inhabitants. Journey to Europe: After leaving Port Said, the Djemnah continued its journey to Europe. Arrival in Naples: On June 11, Rizal arrived in Naples. He was impressed by the city’s vibrant business activity, lively atmosphere, and scenic beauty. He admired landmarks such as Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Elmo, and other historic sites. Arrival in Marseilles: On the night of June 12, the steamer docked in the French harbor of Marseilles. Rizal said goodbye to his fellow passengers and visited the famous Château d'If, where the character Edmond Dantès from "The Count of Monte Cristo" was imprisoned. Rizal spent two and a half days in Marseilles before continuing his journey. Arrival and Initial Impressions: Rizal arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, after traveling by train from Marseilles. Initially, he found the city ugly, dirty, and its residents inhospitable. However, his impression improved over time as he came to appreciate the city’s atmosphere of freedom and liberalism. He enjoyed walking along Las Ramblas, a famous street in Barcelona. Social Life: Rizal was welcomed by fellow Filipinos who were his Ateneo classmates. They hosted a party for him at Café Plaza de Cataluña, where he shared news and gossip from the Philippines. Writing: In Barcelona, Rizal wrote his first nationalistic article, “Amor Patrio,” which he sent to Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog. Moran was impressed and encouraged Rizal to write more. News from Home: Rizal received troubling news about a cholera outbreak in Manila and the provinces. The situation worsened with failed harvests and increased land rents imposed by the Dominicans. His beloved Leonor Rivera was also suffering from his absence. Paciano advised him to continue his medical studies in Madrid, prompting Rizal to leave Barcelona in the fall of 1882. Enrollment and Studies: Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882, studying Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. He also took courses in painting and sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, and studied French, German, and English. He practiced fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell. Lifestyle: Rizal lived a frugal life, focusing on his studies and avoiding wasteful habits. He visited Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey, a former mayor of Manila, and developed a relationship with Don Pablo’s daughter, Consuelo Ortiga y Perez. Their romance ended as Rizal was still engaged to Leonor Rivera and a friend also loved Consuelo. Specialization in Ophthalmology: After finishing his studies in Spain, Rizal went to Paris in 1885 to specialize in ophthalmology, aiming to treat his mother’s eye ailment. He stopped in Barcelona to visit his friend Maximo Viola before settling in Paris. Work and Social Life: In Paris, Rizal worked as an apprentice to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a prominent ophthalmologist. He spent his free time visiting friends such as the Pardo de Taveras, Juan Luna, and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. He posed for Luna’s painting “The Death of Cleopatra.” Arrival and Studies: On February 1, 1886, Rizal left Paris for Germany and arrived in Heidelberg on February 3. He lived in a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg, where he worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker and attended lectures by Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne. Exploration and Observations: Rizal explored Heidelberg’s scenic spots, including Heidelberg Castle and the Neckar River. He noted the harmonious coexistence of Catholics and Protestants in Germany. Correspondence with Blumentritt: Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt on July 31, 1886, including a book on arithmetic. Blumentritt’s response marked the start of a lasting correspondence. Centenary Celebration: Rizal was in Heidelberg during the University of Heidelberg’s fifth centenary celebration on August 6, 1886. He was saddened to leave the city he had grown fond of. Leipzig (August 14 - October 29, 1886): Rizal arrived in Leipzig on August 14, 1886. He attended lectures at the University of Leipzig and befriended notable scholars like Professor Friedrich Ratzel, a German historian, and Dr. Hans Meyer, an anthropologist. During his stay, Rizal translated "William Tell" by Friedrich Schiller into Filipino to make the story accessible to Filipinos, and also translated Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tales. Leipzig was economical, allowing Rizal to stay for two and a half months, during which he corrected chapters of his second novel, worked as a proofreader, and kept up with physical exercise. Dresden (October 29 - November 1, 1886): Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden on October 29, 1886. In Dresden, he met Dr. Adolph Meyer, director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed for only two days but was impressed by a Catholic Mass he attended, describing its music as having great sublimity and intonation. Rizal departed for Berlin on the morning of November 1, 1886. Arrival and Experience: Rizal arrived in Berlin on November 1, 1886, and found the city to his liking due to its scientific atmosphere and lack of racial prejudice. He met Dr. Feodor Jagor, author of Travels in the Philippines, and through Jagor, he was introduced to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a renowned anthropologist, and his son, Dr. Hans Virchow, a professor of Descriptive Anatomy. Academic and Social Life: Rizal worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger and was honored to be a member of several prominent societies including the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin. He presented a scholarly paper titled "Tagalische Verkunst" (Tagalog Metrical Art), which received praise. Challenges: During his stay in Berlin, Rizal experienced financial difficulties when funds from the Philippines were delayed. He lived frugally, eating one meal a day and washing his clothes himself. Publication of Noli Me Tangere: With financial help from Maximo Viola, Rizal published his novel Noli Me Tangere in Berlin. On March 21, 1887, the book was printed, and Rizal sent copies to his friends, including Blumentritt. The novel was dedicated to the Philippines, describing it as a patient suffering from cancer. The book received positive acclaim from his friends and intellectual circles, with Blumentritt particularly praising it for its emotional depth. Dresden (May 11 - 13, 1887): Rizal and Viola traveled from Berlin to Dresden, arriving on May 11, 1887. They enjoyed the regional floral exposition and visited Dr. Adolph Meyer, who was delighted to see them. Rizal also admired the painting "Prometheus Bound" at the Museum of Art. Leitmeritz (May 13 - 16, 1887): Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz on May 13, where they were warmly welcomed by Professor Blumentritt. Rizal was impressed by Blumentritt’s hospitality and the scenic beauty of the area. They visited local landmarks, and Rizal painted a portrait of Blumentritt as a token of appreciation. Prague: After Leitmeritz, Rizal and Viola visited Prague, where they met Dr. Willkomm, a professor of natural history. They explored historic sites, including the tomb of Copernicus and the famous bridge associated with Saint John Nepomucene. Vienna (May 20 - 24, 1887): In Vienna, Rizal and Viola were captivated by the city's charm and architectural beauty. They met Norfenfals, a prominent novelist, and Rizal was pleased to recover a lost diamond stickpin. Lintz, Salzburg, Munich, and Nuremberg: Their journey continued with a riverboat ride along the Danube from Vienna to Lintz, and overland travel to Salzburg, Munich, and Nuremberg. In Nuremberg, Rizal examined historical torture devices and was impressed by the local doll-making. Ulm, Stuttgart, Baden, and Rheinfall: In Ulm, Rizal and Viola climbed the tallest cathedral in Germany. They also visited Stuttgart, Baden, and Rheinfall, where they admired one of Europe's most beautiful waterfalls. Schaffhausen, Basel, Bern, Lausanne: Rizal and Viola crossed into Switzerland, spending time in Schaffhausen, Basel, Bern, and Lausanne. They crossed Lake Geneva to reach Geneva. Geneva (June 2 - 23, 1887): In Geneva, Rizal admired the city’s beauty and conversed with locals in French, German, and Italian. He celebrated his 26th birthday with Viola on June 19 and showcased his rowing skills. They spent fifteen days in Geneva before parting ways, with Viola returning to Barcelona and Rizal heading to Italy. Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome: Rizal’s Italian journey included visits to Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence. On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome and was deeply moved by the city’s historical and religious significance. He visited the Vatican and St. Peter’s Church, which he found particularly impressive. After a week of sightseeing in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to the Philippines, having already informed his father of his imminent return. Homecoming: After five years of studying in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, landing in Manila and then moving to Calamba. Medical Practice: He established a medical clinic in Calamba, where he treated his mother as his first patient and soon became renowned, attracting many from Manila and surrounding provinces. Community Efforts: Rizal opened a gymnasium and encouraged sports while trying to divert interest from traditional activities like cockfighting. Encounter with Governor General: Rizal met with Governor General Emilio Terrero, who reassured him about his safety and requested a copy of Rizal’s novel, Noli Me Tangere. Rizal complied and was given a Spanish lieutenant as a bodyguard due to the threat from the friars. Threats and Advice: Faced with threats from friars and concerned for his safety, Rizal was advised by his parents and the Governor General to leave the country. Second Departure: Rizal left the Philippines on February 3, 1888, aboard the steamer Zafiro, heading to Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Rizal arrived on February 8, 1888, and stayed for two weeks. He observed local customs and celebrations and noted the Chinese community’s vibrant culture. Macao: On February 18, 1888, Rizal visited Macao, exploring its theaters, casinos, and churches, and then returned to Hong Kong. Arrival: Rizal arrived in Yokohama and was charmed by Japan’s beauty and culture. Life in Tokyo: He lived at the Spanish Legation, befriended Japanese individuals, and studied local arts and language. Romance: Rizal fell in love with Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San) but eventually decided to leave Japan due to his dedication to his mission in the Philippines. Trans-Pacific Voyage: Rizal’s trip from Yokohama to San Francisco included stops in various cities. He was impressed by America’s material progress but troubled by racial prejudices. San Francisco to New York: He experienced quarantine issues in San Francisco, traveled across the U.S., and arrived in New York, where he admired the Statue of Liberty and visited significant landmarks. London Life: Rizal lived in London to improve his English, study historical materials, and avoid Spanish scrutiny. He stayed with the Beckett family and engaged in writing and research. Works and Activities: Rizal wrote articles for La Solidaridad and completed works such as La Vision del Fray Rodriguez and Letter to the Young Women of Malolos. He also fell in love with Gertrude Beckett. Continued Travels: He visited Paris and Spain in late 1888, meeting key figures in the reform movement and returning to London for a final time before moving to Paris in March 1889. Arrival and Accommodation: Rizal arrived in Paris during the Universal Exposition. Initially stayed with friend Valentin Ventura and published his annotated edition of Morga’s book. Exposition Highlights: Fascinated by the Universal Exposition, particularly the Eiffel Tower. Participated in an art competition but did not win. Personal Life: Became the godfather of Juan Luna and Paz Pardo de Tavera’s daughter, Maria de la Paz. Social and Academic Activities: Founded the R.D.L.M. Society to propagate useful knowledge and redeem the Malay race. Wrote "The Indolence of the Filipinos" and joined the International Association of Filipinologists. Christmas: Celebrated Christmas with a modest dinner in Paris with Jose Albert. Short Visit to London: Visited London briefly to see Gertrude Beckett and check his annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos. Return to Paris: Returned to Paris in January 1890, where he was affected by the influenza epidemic but was not stricken. Arrival and Accommodation: Moved to Brussels with Jose Albert, staying at a boarding house run by the Jaceby sisters. Work: Focused on writing his second novel, El Filibusterismo, and contributed articles to La Solidaridad. Also engaged in medical work and gymnastics. Advocacy: Promoted Filipinization of language and criticized gambling among Filipinos in Spain. Family Concerns: Received troubling news about worsening agrarian issues in Calamba and planned to return home, but remained in Brussels. Personal Life: Enjoyed the Belgian summer festival and developed a romance with Petite Jacoby, though it did not lead to marriage. Arrival and Challenges: Arrived in Madrid and struggled with legal efforts to address the injustices against Calamba tenants. Personal Misfortunes: Faced personal setbacks, including Leonor Rivera’s marriage to a British engineer and the death of co-worker Jose Panganiban. Conflict: Nearly dueled with Antonio Luna over personal disagreements but avoided damaging their cause. Vacation: Took a break in Biarritz, where he completed the final chapter of El Filibusterismo. Romance: Fell in love with Nelly Boustead but did not marry her due to religious and financial disagreements. Return to Paris: Returned to Paris on March 30, 1891, retiring from the Propaganda Movement and La Solidaridad. Arrival and Printing: Moved to Ghent to take advantage of lower printing costs for El Filibusterismo. Lived in a cheap boarding house and worked with F. Meyer- Van Loo Press. Financial Struggles: Pawned his jewels and received financial aid from Valentin Ventura to complete the printing of his novel. Arrival and Settlement: Arrived in Hong Kong, welcomed by Jose Basa, and opened a medical clinic at Number 5 D’ Aguilar Street. Family Reunion: Celebrated a joyful Christmas with a family reunion, including his father, siblings, and other relatives. Medical Practice: Established a successful ophthalmology practice and became a well-known medical practitioner. Return to Manila: Rizal arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892, with his sister Lucia. Stayed at Hotel de Oriente. Initial Activities: Visited friends and attended interviews at Malacañan Palace on July 6. Was arrested on suspicion related to pamphlets found in Lucia’s belongings, despite his denials. Exile to Dapitan: On July 15, 1892, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan and handed over to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the commandant. Accommodation and Relationships: Chose to live in the house of Captain Carnicero, developing a close friendship with him. Manila Lottery Win: Won 6,200 pesos in the Manila Lottery on September 21, 1892. Shared the winnings and invested in agricultural lands. Debates and Friendship: Engaged in debates with Father Pastells about religion but remained friends. Also debated with his former teacher, Father Sanchez, over religious views. Medical Practice: Practiced medicine, provided free care to the poor, and performed surgery on his mother’s eye. Used medicinal plants for treatment. Development Projects: Developed a water system and beautified the town plaza. Introduced modern agricultural methods and machinery. Personal Life: Entered into a relationship with Josephine Bracken, whom he married. They had a son who lived only three hours. Departure: Exile ended on July 31, 1896. Departed Dapitan with Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica, nephews, and pupils aboard the steamer España. Voyage and Stops: Departed Dapitan and made stops at Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon before heading to Manila. Intercepted: Missed the ship to Spain but boarded the Spanish cruiser Castilla. On September 2, transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay bound for Barcelona. Journey Details: Arrived in Singapore on September 7, observed the local scene, and purchased a Chinese gown. Continued to Spain, with news of impending arrest reaching him on September 28. Arrival in Barcelona: Arrived in Barcelona on October 3 as a prisoner. On October 6, transferred to the prison-fortress Monjuich, then to the ship Colon. Arrival in Manila: The Colon reached Manila on November 3, greeted by Spaniards and friars. Rizal was transferred to Fort Santiago. Trial Preparations: Preliminary investigation began on November 20. Rizal was presented with 15 pieces of evidence and chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade as his defense counsel. Manifesto and Final Days: On December 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto advocating for liberty through education and industry. Spent Christmas alone and depressed in his prison cell. December 26, 1896: Rizal’s trial began, marked by prejudice and injustice. The court was biased, having already deemed him guilty before the actual trial. Injustice: All charges and testimonies against Rizal were accepted, while his arguments and proofs in his favor were ignored. The military court unanimously voted for the death penalty. December 28, 1896: Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja approved the death sentence and ordered Rizal to be executed at 7:00 AM on December 30 at Bagumbayan Field. December 29, 1896: Rizal received visits from family members, including Josephine Bracken, Jesuit priests, a Spanish newspaper correspondent, and friends. Last Writings: He completed his final poem and hid it in an alcohol stove. He also wrote a farewell letter to his best friend. Spiritual Preparation: Rizal attended Mass, confessed his sins, and bade farewell to Josephine, giving her a religious book titled Imitation of Christ, which he autographed. December 30, 1896: Morning Preparation: At 6:30 AM, a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, signaling the start of the execution. Soldiers aligned for the execution. Attire: Rizal wore a black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt, and black tie. Final Moments: A priest blessed him and offered him a crucifix to kiss. Rizal bowed his head and kissed it. He requested to face the firing squad, but the request was denied. He faced the sea, showing his bravery. Execution: At exactly 7:03 AM, the firing squad executed Rizal. He fell to the ground, dead, with his face facing the morning sun.  The MEN OF RIZ O AL W  JOSE RIZAL José Rizal is one of the most revered figures in Philippine history. He was a multifaceted intellectual and a political activist, best known for his political writings that inspired the Philippine revolution and ultimately led to his execution by the Spanish colonizers. Rizal was also a physician who trained in ophthalmology under 2 prominent European ophthalmologists, Louis de Wecker and Otto Becker. Segunda Solis “Unday” Katigabak Born: November 4, 1863 in Lipa, Batangas, Calabarzon, Philippines Died: January 16, 1943 at the age of 81 years old. Jose Rizal met Segunda Katigbak, a Batangueña, at the age of 16 when Rizal visited his grandmother with his friend Mariano Katigbak. The Katigbak’s, were close to Rizal's grandmother and Segunda was at her house when Rizal and Mariano arrived. Segunda is a close friendof Rizal's sister Olympia. He developed a strong attraction at first sight. However, Segunda was already engaged to a local man, forcing Rizal to stop pursuing her.Rizal wrote about the incident years later, “Ended, at an early house, my first love! My virgin heart will always mourn the reckless step it took on the flower-decked abyss. My illusions will return, yes, but indifferent, uncertain, ready for the first betrayal on the path of love.” Our heartache-filled, hugot-induced breakup films would be put to shame.  Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela Born: Estimated between 1829 and 1881 Died: The exact date of death for Leonor Valenzuela is not well-documented.  Leonor Valenzuela, Rizal's second love interest, met him when he was a sophomore medical student at the University of Santo Tomas. They lived at Doña Concha Leyva's boarding house in Intramuros, Manila. Rizal sent private love letters to Leonor using invisible ink made with water and salt. Leonor read the letters by heating the letter over a lamp or candle. They also frequented the Valenzuelas' home, a popular hangout for students. Leonor Rivera “Taimis” y Bauzon Born: April 11, 1867 Died: August 28, 1893 at the age of 26 years old.  Leanor Rivera and Jose Rizal, who met at Rizal's uncle's boarding house in Intramuros, Manila, fell in love. Leonor was Rizal's second cousin. Initially, they were a perfect match, but faced obstacles as Leonor's parents' disapproved because of Rizal being a "filibuster". Rizal initially claimed to have found the woman he wanted to marry, but his brother Paciano argued it would be unfair to leave Leonor behind after marriage because he was leaving for Europe. Their tragic love story serves as a cautionary tale for young lovers. Although the dont get married, they continued to send love letters. In 1890, Leonor got engaged and get married to a British engineer Henry Kipping. Despite her mother's persuation, Leonor burned Rizal's letters to her, but she kept the ashes. However, their dark romance ended in 1893 when Leonor died during second childbirth. Rizal heard the news from his sister Narcisa, and stayed silent for a few days. It is believed that Rizal immortalized Leonor through the character Maria Clara in Noli Me Tangere. Consuelo “Connie” Ortega y Rey Born: March 14, 1860 Died: October 5, 1931 at the age of 71 years old. Consuelo Ortega Y Rey, daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga Y Rey, was a Filipino student who Rizal met while in Madrid, as he frequently hung out at Don Pablo's house, which became a gathering place for Filipino students. He is not serious in his pursuit as he was still engaged to Leonor Rivera at the time. Rizal wrote a poem for Consuelo, titled "A La Señorita C.O.y.P,". Eventually, Consuelo got engaged to Rizal's friend, Eduardo de Lete.It is said that Eduardo’s love for Consuelo was also the reason Rizal didn’t pursue the mestiza Seiko “O Sei San” Usui Born: 1867 Died: May 1, 1947 at the age of 80 years old.  In 1888, Rizal arrived in Japan from Hongkong to work at the Spanish Legation. He was captivated by the beauty of Seiko Usui, affectionately called O-Sei-San. With the help of a Japanese gardener, Rizal introduced himself to O-Sei-San. The gardener served as a translator, then they found out that O-Sie-San spoke English and French which was a relief for Rizal as he spoke both languages, and they began to build a relationship. Rizal and O-Sei-San traveled extensively, exploring museums, galleries, and universities, and discussing arts and culture. Their love was childlike and spirited, with Rizal ready to move to Japan and live a peaceful life with him. However, due to country-saving duties, Rizal had to leave Japan for San Francisco, never seeing O- Sei-San again. Their affair lasted around two months. Gertrude Beckett Born: 1869 at Ely, Cambridgeshire Died: Unknown  While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he could finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship.  Suzanne “la petite” Jacoby Born: April 4, 1872 in Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Died: August 17, 1951 Suzanne Jacoby was a woman whom Jose Rizal, the Philippine national hero, met during his time in Brussels, Belgium. She was of Belgian nationality. While details about their relationship are not entirely clear and remain a subject of speculation among historians, it is known that Rizal had a friendship with Suzanne Jacoby during his stay in Europe. Rizal dedicated his poem "A Las Flores de Heidelberg" to Suzanne Jacoby. The poem expresses his longing for the Philippines and his appreciation for the beauty of nature. Some historians have suggested that there might have been romantic undertones to their relationship, but the exact nature of their connection remains uncertain due to the limited historical records available. The things you should know about Suzanne Jacoby include her Belgian connection, friendship with Rizal, "A Las Flores de Heidelberg" , and the nature of their relationship. Nellie Boustead Born: 1863 Died: Unknown  In 1891, Rizal took a vacation in Biarritz in order to find reprieve from his troubles in Madrid. Hewas a guest of the Boustead family in their winter residence, Villa Eliada. Mr. and Mrs. Bousteadhad two beautiful daughters, Adelina and Nelly. Their love affair unfortunately did not end in marriage. It failed because Rizal refused to be converted to the Protestant faith, as Nellie demanded and Nellie’s mother did not like a physician without enough paying clientele to be a son-in-law. The lovers, however, parted as good friends when Rizal left Europe. Marie Josephine Leopoldine Bracken Born: August 8, 1876, Central, HongKong Died: March 15, 1902 at the age of 25 years old in British Hong Kong was the common-law wife of Filipino nationalist José Rival during his exile in Dapitan. Hours before Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896, the couple were allegedly married at Fort Santiago following Rizal's alleged reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Bracken was born in Hong Kong to Irish parents and was adopted by her blind American godfather. In 1895, Bracken travelled to Dapitan to accompany her adoptive father who wanted to seek treatment from Rizal, an ophthalmologist who previously practiced in Hong Kong. Salamat! Thank you for listening