Rizal Law Chapter 1-5 PDF

CHAPTER 1: and the one who sought its sponsorship to accuse the oppositions as communist action. THE RIZAL LAW, LI...

CHAPTER 1: and the one who sought its sponsorship to accuse the oppositions as communist action. THE RIZAL LAW, LITERATURE, AND THE Catholic churches argued that such Bill defied the SOCIETY freedom of religion, encouraging as many supporters as they could get to stop the OVERVIEW reproduction and reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Believers of “How is this man relevant today?" and "Why do I need Catholic faith were advised to produce and send to study Rizal?"The answers to these questions can be written documentaries to their representatives and summed up in two points: senators stating unfavorable views about the 1. It is mandated by law. Rizal Bill. 2. The life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal comprise a lesson in nation-building that can foster the development of the Filipino youth in Crusades took place, and tension between the all aspects of citizenship supporters of Rizal and the Catholic Church emerged. Symposiums promoting the HISTORY OF RIZAL LAW eradication of the bill were organized.  RIZAL LAW  One symposium with Fr. Jesus Cavanna, as guest o Educational institutions in the o rendered a message that Rizal's works in view of the past injustices would corrupt Philippines are mandated to the present setup of Catholic churches in include Rizal's life and writings in the country. their curriculum.  Nevertheless, Jesus Paredes, a radio o The Act obliged all public and commentator, private schools, colleges and o argued that Catholics were not deprived of their right to decline reading Rizal's universities nationwide to novels if they felt like they could threaten educate students about Rizal's their salvation views which were greatly depicted  As a response, Archbishop Rufino Santos of in his famous writings like the Manila Noli Me Tangere and El o asserted that Catholic students would Filibusterismo. be affected if the mandatory reading of uncensored writings of Rizal would Rizal's firmness toward the abuses of the prevail. Spaniards and the role played by the Catholic o In his pastoral letter, he added that Church to promote such misconduct during those many versions of Rizal's writings would be read. days were condemned by numerous Catholic o The reading of the circular containing Church. Thus, Rizal Law was viewed as an act of the clear opposition of the Archbishop degradation to the Catholic beliefs. The Roman led to Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson's Catholic Church in the Philippine strongly to walking out of the mass. The Mayor opposed the printing and distribution of had always been a supporter of the Rizal Rizal's works because they would corrupt the Bill. Catholic faith of the new generation.  During those days, support groups of the Catholic churches, 1955 Senate election o like the Catholic Action of the Philippines,  making then Senator Claro M. Recto, o the Congregation of the Mission, the the main proponent of the Rizal Bill, Knights of Columbus,  o and the Catholic Teachers Guild,  This threat created a counterattack from Recto, collaborated to block such bill. saying that if such dilemma in the educational sector happened, schools would be  However, a countermovement was also nationalized. organized by The words of Recto made an impact that led Catholic  Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of schools to punish legislators who supported the Rizal bill 1896), by not supporting them in the next election.  Alagad ni Rizal, Furthermore, Recto argued that the people who  the Freemasons, eliminated Rizal's writings from schools buried his  and the Knights of Rizal. memories as national hero. He added that this was not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal  In addition, a bill cowritten by both José P. (Abinales & Amoroso, 2005). Laurel and Recto was sponsored by the Senate Committee on Education, which was APPROVAL opposed by The Chairman of the Committee of Education catered to o Francisco Soc Rodrigo, the views of the Catholic Church and made adjustments o Mariano Jesús Cuenco, and to compromise the opposition and the approbation of the o Decoroso Rosales supporters of the Rizal Bill.  Furthermore, Cuenco argued that  On May 12, 1956, the inserted compromise o Rizal directly attacked the practices, [contents] on the bill, which specified that only beliefs, and creeds of the Church. college (university) students would have the o Rizal's views were not limited to the option of reading unexpurgated versions of abuses of the friars during his days but clerically contested reading materials, such as it was a total disbelief of the Bible and Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, was the Catholic faith. approved unanimously. o Rizal did not believe in the existence of  The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956 the purgatory, and that Moses and HONORING FILIPINO NATIONAL HEROES Jesus Christ were not mentioned in the Bible. The Philippines recognized the significant contribution of o The argument that Rizal refrained from certain personalities to the growth of Filipino minds, the doubting the dogmas of the Catholic acquisition of independence, and their participation in Church was fallacious and misleading. the molding of Philippine history. o His denial of a purgatory has opposed the beliefs of the majority of the  Nonetheless, there was no law nor, executive members of the Chamber of the Senate order nor proclamation issued officially to Committee, including that of Domocao proclaim a Filipino historical icon as a national Alonto, senator of Sulu; hero. o thus, the senator bluntly exposed his  Even Jose Rizal, despite his enormous opposition to Filipinos who viewed Rizal contribution to Philippine history, was not as their national hero, and he despised clearly proclaimed as a National Hero. There his writings. were laws enacted honoring significant o He viewed Rizal as a saint worshipped historical persons and their heroic acts that by many so that his writings became a molded history. Bible of Indonesian in quest of their Jose Rizal's position in Philippine History is a tribute to independence. the continued respect or acclamation of the people  However, such views of Alonto were countered in recognition of his contribution to the significant social by a supporter of the Rizal Bill, namely, Pedro transformations that took place in our country. Lopez, a Cebuano like Cuenco, saying that the essence of the independence movement  Jose Rizal was not the only one who was began in their province when Lapu-Lapu fought recognized as a hero; Ferdinand Magellan  Bonifacio also acquired a spotlight in heroism.  The tension brought by the Rizal bill, led to the o He remained an inspiring icon who did threatening of various Catholic schools to his best to acquire knowledge and fight close down if the bill was passed. against the Spanish Colonizers.  o He received an indirect acknowledgment who define and contribute to a system or life of his heroic deeds, by being recognized of freedom; ` as a national hero and his day of birth o (b) and order for a nation; and was made a national holiday. o (c) heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation Rizal and Bonifacio were great men who contributed to the acquisition of the Philippine Rizal's written masterpieces, the Noli Me Tangere and independence from the Spanish regime and abuses. its sequel El Filibusterismo are considered constant Despite the absence of a formal declaration proclaiming and inspiring sources of patriotism and nationalism them as national heroes, Philippine history applauded for the youth during their formative years. these men and had kept their contributions passed on to generations.  The Rizal Bill showed the existence of a corrective space, an ensemble of discourses and As historian argues, that heroes must not be practices creating the field of literary education legislated, the acclamation for heroes would be in the Philippines. recognition enough. Also, their recognition is better  It is a written work, which shows the life of executed in the academe, where the stories about their Filipinos from the past and is a good source contributions to our country's history would be relived. of learning the value of education.  The novels portrayed the Filipino people whose  To recognize important personalities in our national character had been shaped by literary history, the Government promulgated works and the reading of these works; programs and committees that would keep an  the Bill gave Rizal and his novels not only a eye on remarkable icons from the past. Thus, central place in the state's nationalist project, on March 28, 1983, then President Fidel V. but also a recognition of their vital role in Ramos issued Executive Order No. 75 titled enabling Filipinos to grasp the ideals of "Creating the National Heroes Committee freedom and nationalism under the Office of the President." o The said Committee was created to Rizal was equipped with extraordinary literary skills. learn, assess, and suggest national Such was seen in his masterpieces the Noli Me Tangere personalities in recognition of the (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891). impact that such people made on Philippine history.  The Noli dealt with the country's present, and  the Fili pointed to its future. It was the Committee's duty to make sure that just  Meanwhile Rizal's remarks of recognition be given to heroes for their authentic Morga (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas) traced character and extraordinary triumphs for the country. the lineaments of the country's past.  Writing had become his tool for reforms to HONORING FILIPINO NATIONAL HEROES awaken the Filipinos from abuses that the colonizers had been doing for centuries in the In compliance, the National Heroes Committee country. submitted criteria for national heroes.  The Technical committee of the National Heroes  Literature gives importance to nationalism; Committee held a series of meetings on June 3, thus, Rizal viewed it as something essential. 1993, August 19, 1993, September 12, 1994, and  Literature has always been reliant on history, November 15, 1995, bringing people back to the past where social, o defining, discoursing, and deliberating psychological, and linguistic resources portray upon the merits of the various definitions old events that impact the present time. Two and criteria of a hero. presuppositions exist in the vitality on nationalism accorded to literary works and vice  The committee adopted the following criteria as versa: basis for historical researchers in determining who among the great Filipinos would be officially the ability of literature to honestly present proclaimed as national heroes: history and to intervene in history. o (a) heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle  Literature opens the door leading to significant for the nations freedom, heroes are those events, which describe certain setups,  behaviors and the current image of society today.  Rizal has written a Tagalog novel after the  Literature can be a good basis of history and appearance of Fili. In 1891-1892, he wrote his taking a glance of the past attributes of third novel, "Makamisa.” Filipinos. Nevertheless, literature has its intervening function, taking a look at Rizal's o This novel was written for the Tagalog novels; it was artefactual: a mixture of reality readers and not for the European best portrayed by fiction characters, which readers. represent certain people back then. o At the time he had written such novel he was on his way back to the Philippines,  It's a result of all the observations and and the propaganda movement was experiences of Jose Rizal in Philippine society. starting to shift. At home when Rizal Literature was his way of showcasing society's embarked on his third novel, he was creative hard work and ambitions. Hence, also assisting his brother Paciano in Filipinos back then were able to acquire, translating the Noli to Tagalog. Making preserve, and reshape their culture through Tagalog novels was Rizal's way of literature, which was rooted in their ancestors' speaking to his fellow Filipinos. Rizal days. This shows the intertwined relationship of was also motivated to write a novel with literature and Philippine nationalism, a modern sense of the world, an artistic strengthened by the idea that literature and literary novel. embodies and creates culture. o Rizal's third motive was to write a novel  Furthermore, literature is a good driving tool that would deal exclusively with the to execute authority and command one's usages, virtues, and defects of the country. Rizal argues that Tagalog literature is Tagalogs. living and vigorous. Through writing people can o To achieve his motives Rizal wrote exercise authority; hence, Filipinos ought to be Makamisa, which he admitted to have participative in the literary field, especially in given him a hard time in Tagalog. matters affecting the country as a whole. Though it was aborted, Rizal's "turn to  Literature allows people to speak and change the native" was not in vain, if taken as the future; it's an execution of dominance in a sign of the desire for a literature more one's literary work. deeply anchored in the realities of home  Nevertheless, literature assumed an intervening function precisely because Rizal's novels served as artefactual, concrete examples of a "Filipino culture" that was conceived as the sum total of all the products of a society's creative labor and aspirations. At the same time, these works were the means by which any other Filipino could acquire, preserve, and reshape such a culture.  In this manner, the relationship between literature and Philippine nationalism was cemented through the paradoxical notion that literary works both embodied culture and helped create that culture.  Also, literature must not only demonstrate that it has a past to show but also a future to touch.  Thus, Rizal asserted that Tagalog literature is living and dynamic. Likewise, he also recognized that writing is an exercise in authority, and in the contest over authority Filipinos must not only be active participants, they must-particularly in matters pertaining to their country-exercise command  Thus, the powerless remained helpless, and the rich CHAPTER 2: increased in power. The social structure left the indios powerless in their own native land. SOCIOPOLITICAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM ECONOMIC CONDITION OF Philippine government in the 19th century revolved THE PHILIPPINES around the dominion of the Spanish colonizers.  The relationship between the individual and The Spanish monarch held the society is interlinked. Society cannot exist  executive, without the individual; at the same time, the  legislative, individual is molded by the social structures in  judicial, and which he or she is a part. The 19th century was  religious power. a period of social change.  This was the era that Dr. Jose Rizal thrived in.  Such power was executed in the Philippines This chapter will discuss the social structures through the Ministro De Ultramar (Ministry in 19th century Philippines to place Rizal in the of the Colonies) established in Madrid in 1863. context of his time. Through the Ministro De Ultramar, the Philippine affairs were governed in accordance SOCIAL STRUCTURE with the will of the Spanish monarch. Also it  The product of Spanish colonization which was the Ministro De Ultramar's duty to report upheld the landholding system brought by the to the King of Spain. arrival of the conquistador, made the Philippines feudalistic in setup. Dominion As the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, toward the land owned was practiced wherein  he held the civil guards, and all government the authority and power resided in the hands of officials in the Philippines submitted to him. the wealthy few. Hence, there was a huge gap between the landlords and their tenants. In addition, the governor- general  It resulted in a PYRAMID STRUCTURE OF  held the supreme authority in the economic SOCIAL DIVISION. and financial dealings of the country. In 1784, o Spaniards dominated the peak of the he acquired a portion of the Intendant- pyramid structure of the social system General's power. of the Philippines in the 19th century.  The executive power resided in the governor- SPANISH OFFICIALS, general, with the central government structure PENINSULARES, AND FRIARS highly reliant on his decisions. comprised the topmost part of the  The governor-general's power extended up to pyramid. the legislative processes. He had the power to o The middle part is composed of the suspend local laws or any decree coming from favored natives, mestizos or the half- Spain if he found it ineffective in the setup of breeds, the Philippine-born Spaniards the Philippines. and the criollos. This group was called  The governor-general led the Royal Audiencia, the MIDDLE CLASS that enjoyed also known as the Supreme Court, during the second priority in the social strata. Spanish era, which lasted until 1861. He o The LANDLESS INDIOS were degraded enjoyed the judicial power in some point. and enslaved by society, allowing them  The superiority of the governor-general was also to occupy the lowest part of the depicted in the field of religion. He was given the pyramid. privilege to select a priest who would occupy  Spanish occupation shaped the social structure a certain position in the church and society of the Philippines. It made the Philippine  The Philippines' centralized system put embrace the "master-slave" relationship governance in the hands of one person, the allowing the elites to hold the indios captive. governor-general, who moved in accordance Exploitation was rampant and the Spaniards' with the mandate of the Spanish government. tax and mandatory contribution dragged the  was responsible for all government and poor down. religious activities, which included the administration of justice. He had disciplinary powers, which were often weak because of biases and decisions made through impulse.  board composed of the members of the  During the Spanish era, the Philippine town principalia. government had already existed, but it was o The principalia consisted of old or ruled and it functioned under the control of former cabeza de barangay or people of the King of Spain. The Philippines back then high standing in the community. In had its own form of government. The country addition, there was the functioned under a unified government  CABEZA DE BARANGAY, system, which moved in accordance with the o the leader of the smallest unit of demands of the Spanish government. government, the barangay or barrio.  The power within the country revolved around o controlled the barangay, and such title one person, the governador-general. He took was usually given to Mestizo or Filipino action in line with the will of Spain. Chinese people who were responsible for levying taxes and maintaining peace in Having almost all powers in the country, he could the barangay discipline or punish any person based on his impulsive  The Courts judgment. The governor-general was responsible for o were ruled by the Royal Audiencia, dealing with the nation's political matters and religious o the acting judicial body and the dealings in the church. highest court that litigated cases and was composed of Spaniards.  The Lieutenant-General or general Segundo  In each town, an Alferez or second lieutenant Cabo o headed the corps of guardia civil. o assisted the governador-general with o Peace and order in the country was regard to the matters of the nation. upheld by the guardia civil or o The Board of Authorities advised the cuardrilleros who served as the peace governor- general on matters raised to forces that did police duties. them, and with regard to the administrative agenda, it was the  The Royal Audiencia Council of Administration whose voice o also acted as auditor of the finances of was heard. In 1874, the the government.  Secretariat of the Central Government o The governor-general of the Royal o was made to further assist the governor- Audiencia, acting separately or together, general and his growing power in the occasionally made laws for the country nation. called autos acordados. These laws o Also, the central government was later covered very broad fields, ranging from on introduced to a bigger body of tribute collection to the control of administrative advisers, the corruption in the provincial Directorate of the Civil government. Administration.  Philippine government had no official body in  The national or central government was charge of the enactment of laws. Laws that were then followed by the operating hierarchy of applied in the Philippines during the Spanish governance starting at the top, colonization emanated from various sources.  ALCADIA  An example of the Philippine law during the o which was the provincial government, Spanish era was the Laws of the Indies or o run by the alcalde mayor or the civil Leyes. governors. o were royal decrees issued several times  CABILDO OR AYUNTAMIENTO, by the King of Spain intended for o Next in line was the city government call Spanish colonies. o which was under the administration of o Several laws promulgated in Spain were two alcaldes ordinarios or the mayor also adopted in the Philippines. The and vice mayor. Laws were Codigo Comercio, Codigo  GOBERNADORCILLO Penal, Codigo Civil, Las Siete o fondly called capitan. Partidas, and Las Leyes de Toro. o The capitan served as the chief o Numerous groups of laws were made by executive and judge of the towns he ran. the Spanish rulers intended only for the o Attaining such position demanded a Philippines. yearly winning vote coming from the  o The laws did not seek equality and oOpened its doors to Filipino students fairness, but they were made to hold the four decades before the end of the Philippines captive under the mandates Spanish rule up to the end of the of Spain. Spanish regime  GOVERNOR MANUEL CRESPO Y CEBRIAN For three brief periods, the Philippines was o Organized a commission to study and represented in the Spanish Cortes (Spanish recommend remedial measures to legislature): from 1810 to 1813, 1820 to 1823, and improve elementary education in the from 1834 to 1837. The Filipinos and their Spanish Philippines sympathizers failed to restore our representation to the o Such measures were put into action Spanish law-making body after 1837. when the Educational Decree of December 20, 1863 was issued. The EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM said Decree obliged all major towns in  Pitiable and limited to the wealthy few the Philippines to establish one primary  Only for middle class people school for boys and girls.  Censored by the friars for fear that the o Educators of the primary schools knowledge would expose the injustices of the were trained at a normal school for men country opened in 1865. Spanish was the  FRIARS--- medium of instruction in the school o resulted in an overemphasis on which that was placed under the religious matters supervision of the Jesuits. This school o outdated teaching methods started as the Escuela Normal o poor classroom facilities Elemental, and by 1893 it was training o limited curriculum male teachers for work in the secondary o lack of teaching materials schools o absence of academic freedom The Decree of 1863 Corruption in education existed to maintain control  was a breakthrough in the educational over the Philippine territory. There was inadequate history of the Philippines under Spain. educational system in the country for almost three  Such Decree asked, for government centuries. Government intervention in schools was supervision in public schools, as well as a nonexistent; hence, schools could freely add or omit training school for teachers. topics in their curricula. Back then, schools were mostly  Absurdly, the friars assigned to implement run by friars, embracing their teachings and the educational decree from Spain were manipulations. The fear of God was emphasized and among the most vocal and were against the obedience to the friars was instilled in the minds of teaching of Spanish to the Philippines. the people.  For them, teaching the indios the native language of the Spaniards would increase Indios remained inferior, in the belief that they were their knowledge and encourage the people incapable of growth and acquiring a higher status in to clash with the Spanish rule. An society because of their race. Obedience to the friars enlightened people could not be kept long in was preached as the gateway to being close to God; subjugation. thus, the natives remained under the control of the friars (de Tavera, 1905). Keeping the Filipinos under the Spanish control demanded for intellectual isolation and extreme The Philippine educational system was a mirror of dogmatic manipulation by the friars. This was to keep Spain's outdated educational system. Students the Filipinos away from the ideas of freedom and memorized and repeated the contents of books, which independence (Ganzon, 1967). The government's they did not understand. In most cases, knowledge was support was comprehensible because the interests of measured in terms of the ability of the students to Spain and the Spaniards were at stake. memorize, largely hampering intellectual progress. Safeguarding the interest of Spain called for the  COLLEGE OF SAN JUAN DE LETRAN friars' opposition to all initiatives that offered growth o Only official secondary school in the for the Philipine educational system. Philippines  The measure undertaken by the friars to protect  UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS the Spaniards' interest was the censorship of books and teaching materials that might  defy the church and the Spanish Trading centers and cities flourished, and government. people enjoyed material and economic  Friars blocked the enforcement of the Madrid prosperity, better standards of living, better orders regarding education. A case in point was education, and social opportunities. the Moret Decree in 1870, which intended to  The usage of metal-base equipment to secularize higher education in the colony. reproduce goods; the discovery of oil, gasoline, The friars strongly opposed the idea of electricity as basic sources of power and government control over higher education in industrial energy; and the invention of the the Philippines. This bitter opposition, coupled internal combustion engine heralded the with the political developments in Spain, made advent of the motorized age. It became a the implementation of the Moret Decree contributing factor for more businessmen to impossible (Alzona, 1932). engage in their quest for business expansion.  Industrialization was man's application of Such corrupt conditions in education urged Rizal and science in the practical problems of lighting, some of his fellow ilustrados to continue their transportation, communication, and any other studies abroad. forms of transmissions and tractions. Thus,  Students fought for their right to freedom of man was able to conquer time and distance education and for equality in the educational  Engineering was at its best, and the system between the Spaniards and the construction of bridges, and more factories, and Filipinos as regards quality of learning. the opening of Suez Canal made trading more  The biases in the educational system convenient. Also, a safer, faster, and more encouraged the students to petition in 1870 comfortable means of transportation, such as led by Felipe Buencamino at the University of railways and steamships, was constructed. Santo Tomas. Inspired by the Moret Decree,  Faster means of communication, such as the the students circulated anonymous letters telephone, telegraph, and cable facilities, that criticized the Dominican methods of enabled people to have a better contact for instruction, demanded better professors, and business and trade. Closer communication government control of the university, and between the Philippines and Spain and between suggested keeping the university updated on Europe and Asia was now feasible. academic developments in Spain. Authorities  In 1834, routes for trade opened doors for considered such petition as an act of rebellion Filipinos who got a glimpse of the rapid against the King of Spain, amd petitioners were development in the European continent. Back sought, but nobody was hurt during the heat then, the high demands for more goods also of such issue. When the social, political, and increased the need for more raw materials. intellectual dissatisfaction became widespread  The Philippines is a country rich in raw in the Philippines, Spain could not initiate the materials; thus, trade opened in the country, much-needed reforms because she was allowing Filipino businessmen to interact with harassed by her own impassive resistance to some other traders. The struggle for the the developing economic and industrial recognition of the farmer and the worker was progress of the other European countries. now imminent.  Contact with the political and socioeconomic CHALLENGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION developments in Europe opened the minds of  Mankind's advancement in the field of science, the educated few who sought changes to bring technology, physics, and chemistry resulted in what they saw and learned abroad to the the creation of a community embracing a life of Philippines. ease caused by technology.  The massive usage of new machineries was the CHALLENGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION trademark of industrialization. NEGATIVES  Production of goods and commodities was made easier, less expensive, and faster because of the  On the other hand, the development and fast state-of-the-art inventions of numerous growth brought by industrialization increased scientists in the European continent. the tension within the community.  Industrialization mechanized production,  It widened the gap between the rich and the which in turn, increased the demand for raw poor, creating a division based on the status materials and markets for finished products. quo in Europe.  It encouraged free-trade policies that hastened the development of the international commerce.   The clash between the bourgeoisie, a rich, XIII without surrendering the doctrines powerful, and influential class in western of the church. society, and the proletariat or the modern o He came to terms with Bismarck and working class that was largely illiterate and accepted Protestant hegemony in landless began. Germany.  The emerging conflict was then heated up when o Five years before he ascended the papal numerous philosophers inflicted their views on throne, the Italian Parliament curtailed the increasing injustice in society. the papal sovereign authority in the  Exploitation of workers was visible, and Vatican through a series of laws in competition among capitalists prevailed. 1871.  Workers organized unions to allow their voices o The former Pope did not protest nor to be heard, and the essence of freedom resided question the decision of the Italian in the proletariat and people who had been government, which showcased an act of exploited. Before 1848, the idea of socialism recognition of the authority of the Italian started to attract many supporters. government.  Such economic ideology demanded an equitable distribution of the fruits of On the verge of the eradication of the church power production. One of the socialist philosophers from the government, Pope Leo XIII issued the Rerum was Karl Marx (1818-1883), who brilliantly Novarum on May 15, 1891, which defined the modern expounded on the philosophy of socialism, now position of the church on social questions. known as Marxism, which has become the most o The Rerum Novarum called for just influential concept among labor circles. treatment within the labor sector but condemned Marxism and promoted ALTERED POSITION OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH social justice, which was in line with the IN THE 19TH CENTURY church's doctrines. The church in Europe  Europe's most influencial institution was the made adjustments to cope with the fast- Church. The Roman Catholic Church back then changing demands of the people brought was an ally of the monarch and aristocrats. The about by their request for reforms. Church uplifted the monarchical rule so as not  Rizal, together with his fellow patriots, to destroy the tradition within Europe. o made an effort to open the minds of the  Thus, in the battle between the republican and Filipino people to adapt the changes that the monarchical forms of govenment, the were emerging in the Western states. He Church was in favor of the monarch. and his comrades crafted a framework for  The Church became an opponent of the reforms in the Philippines. republican state; the French viewed the Church o The sight of the strengthening of the a threat to their newly established republican bourgeoisie, the emerging power of the state, and Bismarck of Germany considered the proletariat, the battle for democracy and the Church as a threat to the new unified German nationalistic ideas of great thinkers, and the Empire. flexibility of churches allowed Rizal to stipulate ideas of reform to attain a more  Pope Leo XIII opposed the unification of liberals in Italy. Meanwhile, in Spain, the liberals livable Philippines open for changes and enjoying freedom in the aspect of social, considered the Church an enemy of the reforms. In addition, other countries were also economic, and political matters. His thought encouraged the new breed of determined to break the Church's tie in political middle class to join his battle for reforms. and state matters. This movement was called "anticlericalism" (Burns and Ralph, 1964). Anticlericalism became a hot topic in the 19th  Spain abandoned the mercantilism viewpoint and century because of the increase in people's reluctantly opened the Philippines to world materialistic views brought about by economic trade. prosperity and the desire for freedom. o Such action was the result of economic liberalism in Europe and the United States. To protect the leadership of Pope Leo XIII, he o Spain opened Philippine ports to foreign accepted the changes in France and Germany to trade starting with Manila in 1834, followed maintain what was left of the church's power and by Sual, Iloilo, and Zamboanga in 1855, influence. Cebu in 1860, and Legazpi and Tacloban in o The democratic state of France and its 1873. demands was considered by Pope Leo  CHAPTER 3: o These ports became accessible to European vessels. The Philippines was drawn once again within the orbit of world trade.  Foreign trade and contact with some other RIZAL AND THE THEORY OF businessmen, made agriculture in the country become more advanced. o The introduction of agricultural machinery and increased banking facilities that NATIONALISM extended crop loans encouraged the opening of new farm areas. Improved Nationalism is a concept that has a very broad and methods of cultivation and preparation of vague meaning. It is a concept where the meaning lies crops for the market increased the volume on how people interpret it on the basis of their of local exports. experiences and preconceived beliefs. Ideally, it is o Trading and commerce were made easy understood as the feeling of belongingness, which because of the construction of better roads, uplifts the spirit of oneness to fellow countrymen and, and railroads and bridges enhanced at the same time, looking up to a common goal for the transportation and communication. nation's development. In short, nationalism is viewed o Also, steam navigation and such facilities as a basic building block in the attainment of national for speedy communication as the telegraph, unity and progress (Funtecha, 2009). the telephone, and the cable gave added impetus to economic progress. OVERVIEW Do you want to know who you are as a Filipino? These developments encouraged social mobility and Although Dr. Jose Rizal was formed by the interaction among the people, thus, facilitating closer events of his time, his thoughts and actions understanding and unity. These developments raised were rooted in his family and cultural origins. the people's awareness of what was going on around Tracing Rizal's roots will help you understand them, and experiencing a little bit of life of ease, they why Rizal was the way he was. continued to seek more freedom than before. The essence of democracy also reached the minds of the This chapter will discuss Rizal's origins and natives, and the seed of reform continued to take root influences. At the same time, being a Filipino and grow. millennial, you will also get to know yourself through your cultural origin. OBJECTIVES 1. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Explain what "nation" means and differentiate this from the concept of "nationalism": 2. Discuss Rizal's foundation of nationalism as traced by his cultural roots and 3. Explain how Rizal's work relate to Philippine nationalism Acquiring a better understanding of Rizal's life demands a deeper and more profound analysis of his life and writings. His firm beliefs were the results of what he had seen and experienced during his European days. Thus, to clear up vague thoughts about him requires a glimpse into his past. Rizal was one of the elites who demanded changes in the Philippine government during the Spanish colonization. Together with his other ilustrado friends, Rizal voiced the inclusion of Filipinos as representatives in the  Cortes. Filipinization in churches and equal schoolhouses to educate those who are worthy of it. rights were among the requests made by Rizal But in the chapter "Chase on the Lake," Elias suddenly to the Spanish government. Rizal fought for had a change of heart; he believed in reforms while equality with the Spaniards; he wanted that he Ibarra became a filibuster, initiating revolution. This and his fellow ilustrados acquired the same change of heart in Ibarra was a product of hardships education and wealth as the Spanish students and the desire to attain personal vengeance. This trend and families in the Philippines. of vagueness continued in the novel El Filibusterismo, where Rizal was reflected in the characters of Simoun. Jose Rizal came from a family belonging to the middle Basilio, and Padre Florentino. In the chapter "Simoun" class. His father owned lands. One of their most Simoun, who was Ibarra in disguise, again being profitable goods was sugar cane, and the family lived a adamant for a revolution, and Basilio was being like good life compared with the common Filipinos during Ibarra initially in the Noli when he proclaimed his belief those times. Well provided and was sustained in his in education as a tool for equality and freedom. In the studies, Rizal had a family that belonged to the wealthy conclusion of the Fili, Rizal has implied his resolution few. the ilustrados. The fortune of his family was well when in the story, he killed Simoun, the promoter of used; he was sent to schools run by Dominicans and revolution, and made Padre Florentino, an advocate of Jesuits. Rizal was able to acquire his education from peace, prevail. In real life, Rizal reiterated his stand Spanish schools, allowing him to nurture his skills and regarding this issue in his December 15 Manifesto talents. He excelled in almost all aspects of his studies. when he declared that he was against the revolution, He was good in language, spelling, and science, and he and he favored the reform programs, especially that was able to master numerous foreign languages. His regarding education. The portrayals of Rizal in the skills grew as he increased his acquisition of various different characters of his novels depicted how his courses. Rizal was good in Spanish, making it mind struggled on whether to fight for revolution or advantageous for him to interact in a class dominated reform. His mind was open as he saw the plight of his by Spaniards. Education led Rizal to a deeper fellowmen who suffered under the oppressive hands of understanding of equality and order in society. Rizal's Spain. With this, he allowed himself to be a realist as urge to learn also increased his desires for reforms. he understood why there was a need for revolution. But Education opened his eyes to biases in the Philippines his initial concept of thinking dominated his mind, as and the abuses of the Spaniards against the Filipinos. he believed in an orderly and peaceful environment wherein he did not want to see blood shed nor people hurt. This side of Rizal being an idealist was stronger The unheard cries of the natives and the increasing than his small portion of being a realist because he fame of Rizal fueled revolts in the country. The natives wanted to have freedom through peaceful means. In organized groups and continued to engage in bloody addition to being an idealist who did not want to see battles to acquire reforms and democracy. Rizal's the ugly face of society, Rizal also expressed his writings made a huge impact on the minds of the gratitude to Spain since he did not want to fight against natives who wished to break free from the abuses of the it. Since Spain was also like a mother country to him, Spaniards. Thus, when Rizal was imprisoned, it justified why Rizal, as a child of Spain, did not want numerous plans to break him of out jail were initiated to stab his own mother. But Rizal also loved his own by the revolting group. Nevertheless, none of them nation, so in the process of making circumstances prospered as Rizal preferred to engage in a bloodless favorable for both, his appeal was for reforms and battle for independence. education. However, his plea for education and some other reforms was impossible during those times, and those were not what the people then currently needed. The dilemma that Rizal faced was depicted in his two What would liberate the people was the massive famous novels, the Noli Me Tangere and El movement of the natives united against the oppressors. Filibusterismo. In Noli Me Tangere, Rizal was represented by both Elias and Ibarra. In the chapter, "Voice of the Hunted," Elias believed in the need for Rizal was very idealistic; he wanted to set the Filipinos radical reforms in the armed forces, priesthood, and free from their hardships from the hands of the administrative justice system. Meanwhile, Ibarra did Spaniards, yet he did not want to separate from Spain not agree with the reforms Elias wanted and believed too, so he failed to see what the true demand of the in the power of the authorities and the need for natives was: to totally break free from the colonizers. necessary evil. In the chapter, "Elias' Story," Elias saw the need for an armed struggle and resistance against the opposing forces while Ibarra disagreed and believed that education was the key to make the people Rizal's dream to set his fellowmen free from the wrath liberated, so he encouraged the building of of the tyrant Spaniards prevailed until the day he died. He was a victim of the abuses of the Spaniards. When difficult but significant periods of Western colonization, he died, the natives were able to push through their culminating in the eventual inauguration of the freedom with their strong nationalism that had been Philippine Republic in 1946. heated up and strengthened by his artistic and realistic viewpoints in his writings. He had influenced numerous natives to fight for independence. The result Foundation of Our Indigenous Culture. According to of independence was very sweet for the Filipinos who archeologists and historians, the origin of our culture fought and died for it, and it was a regret feel that Rizal was hypothesized based on the following: (a) our was not able to see that the revolution that he did not indigenous culture began to develop in the prehistoric favor was what liberated his people. and pre-Christian eras; (b) these early cultures ranged from the crude Old Stone Age to the Metal Age with organized community life; and (c) the early settlers Nationalism usually springs from the consciousness of came from Borneo, Indo-China, South China, and a national identity of being one people. It is that all some other parts of Southeast Asia. It is believed that pervading spirit that binds together men of diverse 25,000 years ago, the Negritos arrived in the castes and creeds, clans and colors, and unites them Philippines and were considered the first people who into one people, one family, one nation with common arrived here. The early occupants of the Philippine aspirations and ideals (Anderson, 1983). islands were believed to have reached the arcas through of a land bridge connecting Malaysia and China. There were many things that built up nationalism in the Filipinos: the abuse of the Spanish people, the opening of international trade, the influence of liberal Studies show that the Malays, one of the early settlers thoughts in the Philippines, the revolution in Cavite, in the country, migrated around 300 to 200 B.C. They the death of GOMBURZA, the rise of new middle class, brought with them their skills in mining and smelting the secularization movement, and most of all, the death of iron tools, weapons, utensils, and ornaments. Also, of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. These events developed they developed irrigation for agriculture; cultivated nationalism in the Philippines. They did not let the fruit trees, spices, fiber, ornamental plants, and some other nationality rule the Philippines. The Filipinos other agricultural products; used carabaos and horses believed that nationalism was the only thing that would as working animals; and used technology in the make them prove that they were really Filipinos and for manufacture of ornamented pottery and glass beads which they were willing to fight until the last breath of and in the art of weaving. They started the development their life. of our indigenous culture. The nationalistic ideas of Rizal inspired the realization The second wave of Malay immigrants brought with of the Filipino people of their sense of dignity, them the system of writing called the syllabarics conviction in their country, and understanding of their system. They arrived around 13th century, the true identity. The profuse declaration that Filipinos beginning of the Christian era. In the latter half of the were "indios" by the Spaniards and their other 14th century and through the 15th century, the demoralizing assertions caused the Filipino people to Muslim Malays, the last group of Malays i migrate to lose their pride and self- respect, so they became blind the Philippines cames, and it marked the foundation to the ills around them. All these were reversed when and development of Islam in Mindanao and Sulu. Rizal unceasingly defended his people through his writings, texts that were powerful enough to restore The existence of the writing system on the islands, the pride and nationalism in the hearts of the Filipinos and use of metal and the absence of human sacrifices and influence a revolution. cannibalism were the results of the country's contacts with the Arabs, Chinese, and Malay traders in the 9th century, the pre-Christian to the pre- colonial era. As time passed by, numerous cultural migrations were RIZAL'S NATIONALISM AS TRACED BY ITS experienced by the Filipinos. The combination of CULTURAL ROOTS numerous bloodlines coming from Asian migrants assimilated so well to produce the Filipino people and our indigenous culture. Until the Spaniards came, the The Philippine experience in the formation of settlers in the Philippines had established a certain consciousness of a national identity had its roots in the culture and agricultural technology of their own. They pre-Hispanic period and developed through two had their own traditions, which had been altered by the numerous traditions and cultures of the colonizers. close relationship among the members. The father is Trade relations with the other Asian neighbors the head of the family while the mother is its light. continued even before the arrival of the Spaniards, and the settlers developed religious and social norms of Respect for elders. Parents always remind their their own. During this period, the settlers already had children and say, "Respect your elders." It is very a shared language, system of writing, literature, and offending not to hear the words "po" and "opo" when political and judicial systems based on the accepted the young address older persons. Filipinos consider standards of the period. this practice as a sign of good parenting. Another one is showing parents power over their children, such as consulting them on important matters and not talking back. Remote areas in the Philippines were inhabited by the earliest descendants of the early settlers of the island, Fatalistic. Fatalism in Filipinos is best symbolized in the Negritos. The numerous historical influences made the phrase "Bahala na." It is a phrase that defies the Filipinos a mixture of various ethnicity. Despite the translation but which may be rendered loosely as countless similarities of the early Filipino tribes and "come what may." Filipinos' fatalistic nature is caused inhabitants, unity was hard to attain in the country as by their reliance on fate. Such belief has been firm a whole. Regardless of the shared territory, racial despite explanations of facts and science; no logical characteristics and beliefs, the Filipinos remained viewpoint could ever bend such belief that all things disunited and were broken into different political are in line with fate. factions during the precolonial era. Their lack of unity and identity made it easier for the colonizers to conquer oyalty. This refers to the faithfulness and the Philippines. The country was divided into small trustworthiness to a close companion or friend. Loyalty independent political groups called barangays, which is best portrayed through helping one another not only were constantly fighting for survival. However, it is the benefactor but also his family. For Filipinos, firmly established that these groups of people molded friendship is sanctified, and a small help and favor will our identity as a people and gave us a heritage that always be remembered until the reciever's last daw of Western colonization could not uproot in four life. centuries. The People. Filipinos, belong to a mixture of races. Jealousy. A man, strongly dislikes a woman who flirts Centuries of contact with the Western and Asian with several men. For him what is "his is his" and what countries through of trade and colonization made the is "yours is yours." What is meant for him is only for Filipino race very complex. A Filipino is a combination him and even his closest friend cannot kiss his wife of the East and West, so the character exhibits curious even as a brotherly kiss. In short, Filipinos are contradictions that foreigners find hard to understand. territorial. Common Traits. It is difficult, if not impossible, to define what a Filipino is. Common traits of Filipinos are difficult to depict the existence of numerous races, Sense of "pakikisama". Filipinos are able to fit in with practices, and beliefs have been developed and other people and set aside their selfish wants. They preserved with the passing of time. All that can be done have an inherit sense of camaraderie, setting aside is to pick out some traits common to the average individuality and welcoming collaboration. It is a trait Filipinos and to separate those that are obviously of honest acceptance of the differences among people, Spanish or American. creating an environment suitable for everyone. Hospitality. Hospitability is part of the Filipino culture, and it is naturally felt and seen in every household The identified traits have become an identity of whenever visitors come or even strangers pass by. Even Filipinos. Like all men the world over, the Filipino has a poor Filipino would offer what he has, such as food, the weaknesses of the fallen Adam, but he, too, has his shelter, and accommodation to the extent that the strengths that he uses to become an asset to his family owner would sleep on the floor just to make the visitor and the society in which he belongs. or stranger feel at home. Close family ties. Family, the most basic unit of society where interaction starts and simple negotiations Phelan (1957) attributes the survival of our indigenous among its members are held, may consist of culture thus: This indigenous culture was practiced on grandparents, parents, and siblings. Filipinos are the islands. Under Spain's jusrisdiction, there was a family-centered; they have always viewed blood to be blending of significant elements in the old culture coming thicker than water. The family comes first, creating a up with a new society. For the Filipinos, their identity remained while absorbing the cultural influences of the Spaniards. Whatever damage they experienced, either psychologically or materially, they survived. Phelan analyzed the factors that sustained the native culture in its survival and he considered the inward cohesiveness of native Philippine society as the most important.  CHAPTER 4:  Ang estate na kanyang tinitirhan ay binili gamit ang pera na naiwan sa Mexico ng mga relihiyosong kastila. RIZAL'S SOCIAL ORIGIN  Mayo 26, 1771-nagpakasal siya sa isang mestisang Tsino na si Cirila Bernacha AND HISTORICAL  Noong 1783, siya naging alcalde o punong opisyal ng bayan ng Biñan at pumanaw noong CONTEXT  1801. Nagkaroon sila ng dalawang anak na lalaki, si ANG NINUNONG TSINO NI RIZAL Juan at Clemente Don Dominggo Lamco Juan Mercado  isang tsinong mangangalakal Orihinal na  Ang panganay nila Francisco Mercado at Cirilia nagmula sa Chinchew, China Bernacha,  Napadpad sa Maynila noong 1960  Sa edad na dalawapu't dalawa (22) ay nakipag  Siya ay nabawtismuhan asawa kay Cirila Alejandra sa Tubigan  Sa edad na 35, siya ay nabawtismohan sa  Tatlong beses naging punong opisyal ng Biñan Parian taong 1808,1813,1815.  simbahan ng San Gabriel, isang linggo noong  Nagkaroon sila ng labing tatlong anak ni Cirila Hunyo ng 1697. Noong araw ding iyon, kinuha Alejandra at ang kanilang bunso ay si Franciso niya ang pangalang "Dominggo". (Sunday in Mercado.(Ama ni Pepe) Spanish) Francisco Mercado (Rizal) – LUNTIANG KABUKIRAN Inez Dela Rosa  Siya ang pinakabata sa labintatlong anak nina  Asawa ni Don Dominggo Lam-co Cirila Alejandro at Juan Mercado.  Nagmula rin sa Chinchow  naulila sa maagang edad na walo (8) kung saan  1741- namatayan sila ng anak na babae ni ang kanyang nakatatandang kapatid na si Dominggo na si Josepha Didnio Potencia at ang kanyang ina ang kasama para sa paglaki. Francisco Mercado  Lumipat sila sa Calamba, Laguna matapos mamatay ang kanilang ina  Nag-iisang anak ni Don Dominggo at Inez Dela  Nag-aral siya ng Latin at pilosopiya sa Colegio rosa de San Jose sa Manila at dito niya nakilala ang  Lolo sa tuhod ni Rizal kanyang asawa, si Teodora Alonso Realonda na ANG PAGPAPALIT NG APELYIDONG LAM-CO doon din nag-aral.  Sa kabila ng kabataan ni Francisco Mercado  Sa lugar ng Laguna naging isang Chinese siya ay nangungupahan ng mga ari-arian. Community Leader Taong 1948 pinakasalan ni Francisco Mercado  Nakaranas ng diskriminasyon dahil sa si Teodora Alonzo, isang katutubong taga- apilyedong instsik na "Lam-co" Maynila, na sa loob ng maraming taon ay  1849, pinalitan ni Don Dominggo ang kanyang naninirahan sa kanyang ina sa Calamba. apelyido ng kastilang "Mercado" -Alin sunod rin sa utos ng Gobernador Heneral na si Heneral Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo Narciso Claveria Bautista  Ama ni Teodora Alonzo  "Mercado"-nabagay sa kanilang pagiging  Isang kapitan-munisipal ng Biñan, Laguna, negosyante na ang kahulugan ay "palengke". isang kinatawan Espanyol Cortes PAGPAPALAYA SA NAMAMANANG IMPLUWENSIYA  Anak nina Maria Florentina isang meztisang instsik at Kapitan Mariano Alejandro Francisco Mercado Brijida de Quintos 1  Namuhay kasama ng mga "cajas ablertas" (mga nadestiyero) at ang kanilang mga paraan.  Ina ni Teodora Alonzo  Nakatira sa isang kalapit na hacienda ni San  Siya ay isa sa mga anak ni Regina Ochoa, na Juan Bautista ng Calamba. may Kastila, Tsino at Tagalog na mga ninuno at Atty. Manuel de Quintos, isang tanyag na abogado sa Lingayen.   San Pedro Macati sa panahon ng pag-aalsa ni o Ang mestiza na nagpakasal sa isang Kapitan Novales indio ay magiging isang indio pati na ang kanyang mga anak MESTIZONG TSINO  Ang implikasyon ng ganitong sistema ay  Ang dugong Tsino ni Rizal ay parehong galing nagtagal hanggang ang lehislasyon ay sa mga pamilya ng kanyang ina at ama. napanatili at laging may maraming populasyon  Manuel de Quintos ang mga mestizo o Ama ng ina ni Rizal  Nasa Ikalimang henerasyon ng mestizo Tsino si o Mestizo Tsinong na kilalang abogado sa Rizal dahil sa kanyang ninuno mula sa Maynila kanyang ama na si Domingo Lam-co hanggang  Domingo Lam-co sa ama ni Rizal ay nag-asawa ng mga mestiza. o masipag at matalinong Tsino na  Sa pagdating ng mga espanyol noong 1521,7 mangangalakal umusbong na ang naging tungkulin ng mga o lolo sa tuhod ng ama ni Rizal Tsino sa ekonomiya ng bansa. o Ang tanging anak niya na si Francisco  Ang mga Tsinong mangangalakal ay nagpatuloy na may matalas na isip at liberal na hanggang sa mayamang pangangalakal sa binata ay naging kapitan ng municipal pagitan ng Maynila at Tsina at ipamahagi ang ng Biñan noong 1783 mga naangkat mula Tsina sa gitnang Luzon.  Simula ng ika-15 siglo ay mayroon ng mga  Nanatili ang mga Tsino malapit sa pamayanan mestizo Tsinong na nagtatag sa rehiyon ng mga Espanyol at pinagsisilbihan sila sa partikular na sa Luzon. iba't-ibang paraan tulad ng pagbibigay ng  Ang mga Tsino ay direktang kasangkot sa pagkain, bilang mangangalakal ng tingian at ekonomiya at lipunan ng Pilipinas.os bilang manggagawa ng Espanyol.  Sa pagdating ng mga Espanyol noong 1560 ay  Nakilala ang Binondo bilang bayan ng mgs nakita ito bilang bagong oportunidad ng mga Tsino noong 1697. Tsino.  Isang maharlikang isang maharlikang utos ang  Taong 1603-20,000 na populasyon ng mga ipinasa para sa pagpapatalsik ng mga Tsino Tsino ang naitala na mas marami kumpara sa ngunit napagtanto ni Gobernardor Dasmarinas 1,000 na populasyon ng mga Espanyol. na kailangang panatilihin ang mga Tsino sa  Hinati ng gobyerno ng mga Espanyol sa Maynila para sa ekonomiya. Pilipinas sa apat na kategorya:  Bumili ng lupain ang Gobernador upang ibigay o Espanyol at mga Espanyol na Mestizo - Ito sa mga prominenteng Tsino para sa mga walang binabayaran mangangalakal at mga manggagawa. o Indios mga malay na dati nang nakatira  Walang kinalaman ang mga katanungang" sa Pilipinas na siyang mga Pilipino na pangrelihiyon at pangkultura, ngunit kalaunan ngayon ay ginawa ito ng mga Dominikano na isang o Tsino – purong Tsino komunidad ng mga may-asawang Katolikong o Mestizong Tsino – Tsino na may halong Tsino. ibang lahi  Sa kabilang banda naman ay ang mga hindi  Ang huling tatlong grupo ay may binabayarang katoliko ay nag-proselytize, nagbinyag pagpupugay ngunit nakabase sa kategorya ang nagpakasal, at nadagdag sa komunidad ng mga kanilang binabayad at serbisyo. kasal na Katoliko, na umabot sa limang daan o  Pinapanatili ng lehislasyon ng Espanyang mga higit pang 1600. kategoryang ito  Walang binabayarang buwis at hindi  Ang estado ng mga magulang ang siyang nahahaluan ng hindi Tsino o mestizo ang mga batayan lalo na ang estado ng ama Tsino sa Binondo na may kaakibat na mga  Hindi na magbabago ang estadong mestizo pribilehiyong pamamahala sa sarili. Tsino ng lalaki hanggang sa susunod pa na  Noong ika-17 siglo ay na dapat na maging henerasyon panirahan na ng mga Tsino at kanilang mga  Ang anak ng Tsinong ama at indio o mestizang susunod na henerasyon ang Binondo ngunit ina ay isang mestizo Tsino ang mga indios ay nagsimula naman na manirahan doon at kalaunan ay dumami na rin  Nakabatay naman sa pagpapakasal ang estado ang populasyon nila sa Binondo, ng isang babae o Ang mestiza na nagpakasal sa isang  Ang naging resulta ay ang pagbuo nga Tsino o mestizo ay magiging mestiza magkakahiwalay na pamayanan ng mestizo at Tsina indio sa loob ng Binondo.  Taong 1741, ang mga mestizong Tsino ay kinilala bilang isang natatanging elemento sa lipunang Pilipino, sapat na marami upang organisahin at iuri ng hiwalay.  Sila ay pinakamarami sa mga probinsya sa gitnang Luzon ng Tondo, Bulacan, at Pampanga, na binubuo ng 60% ng mga mestizo sa ang Pilipinas. 90% sa Luzon at 10% sa ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas   Sa kalagitnaan ng ika-19 na siglo, matatag na naitatag ang posisyon ng mestisong Tsino sa ekonomiya at lipunan ng Pilipinas,  1750-1850 na nagdala ng interesanteng pagbabago sa kanilang heograpikong pamamahagi. Nagsimula silang mapansin sa mas malayong Luzon - Abra, at lalo na sa Nueva Ecija. Sa Visayas, ang pinakamalaking grupo ng mestizo noon ay nasa Cebu, ngunit pagkatapos ay marami na sila sa Antique. Sa Mindanao, napansin na sila sa silangang bahagi ng isla (probinsya ng Caraga) at sa Misamis.  Sa paglipas ng panahon ay talagang lumakas pa ang kanilang posisyon sa ekonomiya ng Pilipinas.  Nagkaroon din sila ng malakas na interes sa monopolyo ng panloob na kalakalan na ang mga gobernador ng probinsya lamang ang kanilang mga katunggali,  Ang retail commerce ng Maynila ay eksklusibong pinangangasiwaan ng mestisong Tsino at mga Tsino. Sila rin ang may hawak sa karamihan ng mga tindahan ng mga manggagawa at aktibo sa panlungsod na wholesaling.  Inilarawan pa nga sila ni Bowring, isang kilalang mananalaysay, sa kanyang pagbisita sa Pilipinas, bilang ang pinakamasipag, mapangalagaan, at matipid na elemento sa populasyon ng Pilipinas.  Ang mga mestiza ang nagpayaman sa lungsod ng Cebu.  Mula sa Cebu, ipinadala ng mga mestizo ang kanilang mga ahente sa pamimili patungong silangan sa Leyte at Samar, patimog sa Caraga at Misamis, at pakanluran sa Negros at Panay upang bumili ng mga lokal na produkto para ibenta sa mga dayuhang mangangalakal sa Maynila.  CHAPTER 4: o Domingo Lam-co was influential in building Tubigan barrio, one of the richest parts of the RIZAL'S SOCIAL ORIGIN great estate. In name and appearance, it recalled the fertile plains that surrounded his AND HISTORICAL native, Chinchew, "the city of springs." His neighbors were mainly Chinchew men; his wife CONTEXT was also from Chinchew. She was Inez de la Rosa. They were married in the Parian church by the same priest, who over 30 years before, OVERVIEW had baptized Domingo. The Filipino-Chinese mestizos were an important element of 19th century Philippines. o Lam-co and his wife suffered a great loss in They were the Filipino middle class in those 1741 when their baby daughter, Josepha times, and they played a significant role in the Didnio, lived only for five (5) days. They had at agitation for reforms, in the revolution, and in that time one other child, a boy of ten, the formation of Filipino nationality. Francisco Mercado, whose Christian name was given partly because he had an uncle of the This chapter will discuss Dr. Jose Rizal's same name. ancestry, starting from his Chinese ancestor who moved to the Philippines from China. This o Among the Chinese, the significance of a name chapter will also discuss how Rizal's ancestors counts much, and it is always safe to seek a established themselves as a well-to-do Filipino- reason for the choice of a name. T Lam-co Chinese family amid Spanish governance. family was not given to the practice of taking OBJECTIVES the names of their god - parents. "Mercado" recalls an honest Spanish encomendero. By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: "Mercado" and "Merchant" mean much the same; Francisco, therefore, set out in life with a 1. Trace Rizal's ancestry; surname that would free him from the prejudice 2. Discuss the important role of Filipino- that followed those with Chinese names Chinese mestizos in nation-building during the reminding of his Chinese ancestry (Wickberg. 19th century; and 2000). 3. Explain the Cavite Mutiny and the LIBERALIZING HEREDITARY INFLUENCE GOMBURZA Execution. o Francisco Mercado lived near enough to hear of RIZAL'S CHINESE ANCESTRY the "cajas abiertas" (exiles) and their ways. He did not live in a Jesuit parish but in the o Within the walls of Intramuros lived the neighboring hacienda of St. John the Baptist of Spanish rulers and few other persons who the Calamba. Everybody in his neighborhood knew fear and jealousy of the Spaniards allowed to that the estate had been purchased with money come in. Some were Filipinos who ministered to left in Mexico by pious Spaniards who wanted the needs of the Spaniards, but a greater to see Christianity spread in the Philippines, numbers were the Sangleys or Chinese, the and it seemed to them sacrilege that the mechanics in all trades and excellent workmen. government should take such property for its own secular uses. Francisco Mercado was a o Domingo Lam-co was a native of the Chinchew bachelor, therefore, more free to visit Manila district, where the Jesuits first, and later the and Cavite, and he was possibly the more likely Dominicans, had a mission, and he perhaps to be interested in political matters. He married knew something of Christianity before leaving on May 26, 1771 Bernarda Monicha, a Chinese China. One church account indicated his home mestiza of the neighboring hacienda of San definitely, for it specified Siongque, an Pedro Tunasan (Craig, 2005 pp. 59-62) agricultural community near the great city. He was baptized in the Parian church of San o Mr. and Mrs. Francisco Mercado had two Gabriel on a Sunday in June of 1697. Following children, both boys, Juan and Clemente. In the customs of the other converts on the same 1783, he was an alcalde or chief officer of the occasion, Lam-co took the name Domingo, the town, and he lived till 1801. His name appears Spanish for Sunday, in honor of the day. so often as godfather in the registers of  baptisms and weddings that he must have been branch, the family of the maternal a good natured, liberal, and popular man. Mrs. grandmother, for all the archives (church, land, Francisco survived her husband by a number and court) disappeared during the late- of years and helped to nurse through his baby disturbed conditions of which Cavite was the ailments a grandson also named Francisco, the center (Craig, p. 70-71). Father of Jose Rizal. Francisco Mercado's eldest o Regina Ochoa, who became the wife of attorney son, Juan, built a fine house in the center of Manuel de Quintos, was of Spanish, Chinese, Biñan. and Tagalog ancestry. Manuel de Quintos was an attorney of Lingayen and an uncle was the o At 22, Juan married a girl of Tubigan, who was leader of the Chinese mestizos in a protest they two (2) years his senior, Cirila Alejandra, had made against the arbitrariness of their daughter of Domingo Lam-co's Chinese godson, provincial governor. The home of the Quintoses Siong-co. Cirila's father's silken garments were was in San Pedro Macati at the time of Captain preserved by the family within living memory, Novales's uprising, the so-called American and this is likely because Jose Rizal was, Siong- revolt, a protest against the Peninsulars sent co's great grandson (Craig. 68-73). Juan out to supersede the Mexican offers that had Mercado was three times chief officer of Biñan remained loyal to Spain. All the branches of in 1808, 1813, and 1815 (Craig. 68-73). Mrs. Rizal's family were much richer than the relatives of her husband; there were numerous o Young Francisco was only eight (8) years old lawyers and priests among them, the old-time when his father died, but his mother and sister proofs of social standing, and they were Potenciana looked after him well. First he influential in the country. To recall relatives of attended a Biñan Latin school, and later he Mrs. Rizal who were in the professions would seemed to have studied Latin and Philosophy at help to an understanding of the prominence of the College of San Jose in Manila. A sister, the family. Felix Florentino, an uncle, was the Petrona, for some years was a dress goods first clerk of the Nueva Segovia (Vigan) court. A merchant in nearby Calamba. There, she later cousin - germane, Jose Florentino, was a married and shortly after became widowed. Philippine deputy in the Spanish cortes, and a Probably upon their mother's death, Potenciana lawyer of note, as was also his brother, Manuel. and Francisco moved to Calamba. The priest of Rosario, Vicar of Batangas Province, Father Leyva, was a half-blood o Francisco, in spite of his youth, became a relation, and another priestly relative was Mrs. tenant of the estate. The landlords early Rizal's paternal uncle, Father Alonzo (Craig, pp. recognized the agricultural skill of the 72-73). Mercados by further allotments, as they could bring more land under cultivation. A year after o Mrs. Rizal was baptized in Santa Cruz, Manila his sister Potenciana's death. Francisco on November 18, 1827, as Teodora Morales Mercado married Teodora Alonzo, a native of Alonzo. She was given an exceptionally good Manila, who for several years had been residing fundamental education by her gifted mother with her mother in Calamba. Her father, and completed her training at Santa Rosa Lorenzo Alberto, was is said to have been very College, Manila, which was in charge of Filipino Chinese in appearance. He had a brother who sisters. was a priest, and a sister, Isabel, who was quite wealthy. Their mother. Maria Florentina was on THE CHINESE MESTIZO her mother's side, of the famous Florentina o Jose Rizal's Chinese descent came from his family of Chinese mestizo originating from maternal grandfather, Manuel de Quintos, a Baliwag. Bulacan, and her father was Captain Chinese mestizo who had been a well-known Mariano Alejandro of Biñan. Lorenzo Alberto lawyer in Manila. Both Don Lorenzo and his was the municipal captain of Biñan in 1824. father, Don Cipriano, had been mayors of The grandfather, Captain Gregorio Alonzo, was Bifiang. On the other hand, Jose descended a native of Quiotan barrio, and he was from an industrious and intelligent Chinese municipal captain twice, in 1763 and again in merchant, Domingo Lam-co, who married a 1768. Captain Lorenzo was educated to be a Chinese mestiza, Ines dela Rosa. From the surveyor. He was wealthy and had invested a Parian the family migrated to Biñan and considerable sum of money with the American became tenants in the Dominican estate. Lam- Manila shipping firms of Peele, Hubbell and Co, co's only son, Francisco who was to be Rizal's and Russell Sturgis and Co. The most obscure great grandfather, was a keen-witted and liberal part of the Rizal's family tree was the Ochoa  young man. He became quite well-to-do and o Purely in terms of his ancestry, Rizal might be popular enough to be appointed municipal considered a fifth-generation Chinese mestizo. captain of Biñan in 1783. His paternal ancestor, a Catholic Chinese named Domingo Lam-co, married a Chinese o Early in the 15th century, Chinese mestizos mestiza. Their son and grandson both married were already established in the region, Chinese mestizas. This grandson, having particularly in Luzon. The Chinese had been achieved wealth and status in his locality, was significantly involved in the economic and able to have his family transferred from the social affairs of the Philippines. Direct contact mestizo pardor.or tax census register, to that of between China and the Philippines existed from the indios. Thus, Rizal's father and Rizal at least the Sung Period (960-1279). Through himself were considered an indio (Craig. p. 41). the junk trade several points in the Philippines enjoyed regular commercial and cultural o The development of Chinese mestizo in the contacts with the Chinese. Philippines can be understood by first conside